甘肃景电灌区土壤团聚体特征研究

本文对甘肃景电灌区土壤团聚体组成及其稳定性进行了研究。结果表明,土壤团聚性很差,团聚体以非水稳性为主,稳定性很低。粘粒对于团聚体的形成和稳定性影响最大,显示土壤中粘粒物质是目前这一地区土壤结构形成的最为重要的胶结物质。碳酸钙对于团聚体形成的胶结作用次之,有机质由于含量低,其胶结作用最小,但是有机质对于团聚体稳定性的影响大于碳酸钙的影响,易溶性盐使团聚体的数量和稳定性降低,土壤微团聚体研究表明,土壤     

种植苹果树对渭北果园土壤胶结物质分布的影响

本研究通过系统研究种植果树对土壤胶结性物质的演化规律及其与土壤团聚体稳定性之间关系的影响,探索影响果园土壤团聚体状态的因素,以期为果园科学管理提供理论依据。在渭北旱塬苹果主产区分别选取10 a、20 a的苹果园和农田(冬小麦-夏玉米轮作,对照)各4个,在果树冠层投影范围内距树干2/3处逐层采集0~100 cm土层土壤样品和0~50 cm土层原状土壤样品,研究不同植果年限果园及农田土壤剖面黏粒、有机质、CaCO_3等团聚体胶结物质的分布及其与团聚体稳定性之间的关系。结果发现:在0~100 cm土层范围内,各果园土壤黏粒含量基本随土层深度的增加而递增,且在0~40 cm土层表现为农田10 a果园20 a果园,40 cm以下土层则呈现相反的态势;种植果树相比农田可显著增加0~100 cm土层土壤有机质总储量,但随着种植果树年限的增加,土壤有机质总储量呈递减趋势;在0~100 cm土层土壤CaCO_3总储量表现为10 a果园农田20a果园,但在0~40 cm土层CaCO_3含量及储量表现为10 a果园农田20 a果园,而40~100 cm土层则为20 a果园10 a农田。皮尔森相关分析发现(29)0.25 mm土壤团聚体的数量和平均重量直径(MWD)与土壤黏粒、有机质和CaCO_3含量密切相关,其中机械稳定性团聚体的数量和稳定性主要受土壤中CaCO_3、有机质含量的影响,水稳性团聚体的数量和稳定性主要受土壤中黏粒和CaCO_3的影响。总之,植果显著改变了土壤中黏粒、有机质、CaCO_3的演化过程和趋势,随植果年限增加,果园土壤黏粒和CaCO_3在土壤较深土层淋溶淀积明显;各果园土壤有机质总储量虽然高于农田,但随植果年限增加,有逐渐减少的趋势。可见植果明显加速了渭北黄土塬地土壤的残积黏化和钙化过程,影响着表层土壤团聚作用和底层土壤的紧实化和坚硬化程度。     

常规与有机农田土壤团聚体组成及碳氮储量研究

长期施用化肥或连作农田管理模式导致土壤质量退化及碳氮损失加剧。以常规农作大豆和转换后的有机农作大豆田土壤为研究对象,利用土壤物理分组技术,分析了土壤团聚体组成及碳氮储量变化。结果表明,常规农作大豆田转换为有机农作大豆田后,<0.053mm粉粒加黏粒比重显著降低,0.053~0.25mm较小团聚体显著增加,土壤稳定性增大,土壤及团聚体中有机碳和全氮含量都显著增加。有机农作大豆田土壤包被于较小的大团聚体(0.25~2mm)中的<0.053mm细颗粒有机质百分比显著降低,0.053~2mm粗颗粒有机质显著增加。有机农作大豆田土壤及团聚体中碳氮储量都显著高于常规农作大豆田,土壤碳汇和氮汇效应增大。有机农作大豆田土壤稳定性增加,团聚体中碳氮含量显著增加,土壤碳汇效应增强,有机农作方式可能比常规农作方式更有利于土壤碳氮资源持续利用。     

石灰岩土壤结构稳定性及影响因素研究

用萨维诺夫法分析了不同岩溶生态系统土壤团聚体的组成特征及差异,并研究了土壤结构胶结物质对石灰岩土壤结构稳定性的影响.结果表明,各岩溶生态系统土壤干筛团聚体含量高,差异较小,但湿筛后水稳性团聚体含量差异显著.灌丛夹马尾松生态系统土壤水稳性团聚体及水稳性大团聚体含量最高,团聚体的稳定性也最好,坡耕地和退耕地土壤水稳性团聚体及大团聚体含量则显著降低.相关分析表明,有机质含量及腐殖质品质是影响研究区石灰岩土壤水稳性团聚体含量、组成特征及稳定性的主要因素.     

南亚热带不同母质发育土壤团聚体特征及其稳定性

团聚体是土壤的基本结构单位,其稳定性是评价土壤质量的重要指标。以南亚热带地区不同母质(石灰岩、第四纪红黏土、砂页岩)发育的土壤作为研究对象,采用湿筛法和LB法测定不同母质发育土壤团聚体稳定性特征。结果表明:(1)随着土层深度的增加,土壤容重呈上升趋势,而孔隙度、有机质和游离氧化铁含量呈下降趋势。砂页岩母质发育的土壤有机质含量最高,为22.44～42.97 g/kg。石灰岩和第四纪红黏土母质发育的土壤以黏粒(40.93%,42.51%)和粉粒(41.69%,42.31%)为主,砂页岩母质发育的土壤黏粒含量最低,为33.79%。(2)经湿筛法处理后,石灰岩母质发育土壤水稳性团聚体含量为91.58%～92.31%,第四纪红黏土母质发育土壤水稳性团聚体含量为76.45%～90.80%,砂页岩母质发育土壤水稳性团聚体含量为79.18%～86.67%,3种土壤团聚体的稳定性都随着土层深度增加而降低。(3)LB法处理后土壤团聚体MWD值均表现为慢速湿润处理预湿润振荡处理快速湿润处理,砂页岩母质发育的40—60 cm土层对消散和机械破碎作用最为敏感,其相对消散指数RSI和相对机械破碎指数RMI分别为0.78和0.42。不同母质土壤团聚体稳定性均与黏粒、有机质、游离态铁含量呈正相关。     

石灰岩区土壤分形特征及其与土壤性质的关系

研究了岩溶坡地不同生态系统土壤颗粒组成和团粒结构的分形特征.结果表明,土壤颗粒组成分形维数与黏粒及物理性黏粒含量显著正相关,与砂砾含量显著负相关.团粒结构分形维数与水稳性团聚体含量显著负相关,与团聚体湿筛后的破坏率显著正相关,即分形维数愈高,>0.25 mm水稳性团聚体和水稳性大团聚体含量愈低;团粒结构的分形维数与土壤有机质有负相关趋势,与土壤阳离子交换量显著负相关,与土壤体积质量(容重)呈正相关趋势.次生灌丛岩溶生态系统退化后,土壤黏粒减少,体积质量上升,土壤水稳性团聚体含量及其稳定性下降,土壤颗粒组成分形维数降低,土壤团粒结构分形维数则呈上升趋势.颗粒组成分形维数与团粒结构分形维数对土壤质量和岩溶生态环境状况的反映是一致的.     

崩岗红土层土壤液塑限特性及影响因素研究

土壤液塑限可以反映土壤的入渗、抗冲、抗蚀和抗剪等情况,对崩岗的水土流失研究有重要的意义。通过对崩岗红土层土壤的液塑限研究以及颗粒分析和有机质测定,分析土壤有机质含量和土壤颗粒分布对土壤液塑限的影响。结果表明:崩岗红土层土壤为高液限黏土,土壤状态为坚硬;土壤液塑限值与粗砂粒、细砂粒和粉粒含量相关性不明显,与极细砂粒和黏粒含量呈二项式关系,其中极细砂粒含量与土壤液塑限呈负相关;黏粒含量与土壤液塑限均呈显著正相关关系,且模拟的方程可以较准确地描述土壤液塑限和各因素的相关关系。研究结果有利于丰富崩岗侵蚀机理的研究。     

花岗岩侵蚀劣地不同种植年限果园土壤团聚体的稳定性

[目的] 对花岗岩侵蚀劣地不同种植年限果园土壤团聚体稳定性进行研究,为南方花岗岩丘陵区侵蚀劣地的综合治理工作提供科学参考。[方法] 以桂东南花岗岩丘陵区柑橘园土壤为研究对象,运用Le Bissonnais （LB）法测定了侵蚀区不同种植年限（0,3,7,12,16,21 a）果园土壤团聚体组成及其稳定性,探究团聚体稳定性随种植年限的变化趋势及其影响因素。[结果] ①随着种植年限的延长,土壤通透性改善,阳离子交换量、有机碳含量提高,细颗粒物质含量上升,土壤质地由砂质土逐步向壤质土转化。②在LB法3种处理下,>0.25 mm粒径的团聚体质量百分数均随着种植年限的增加而增加,到21 a时均达到了65.68%以上,较对照（0 a）增加9.18%,土壤团聚度升高。③土壤团聚体平均重量直径（MWD）随着种植年限延长显著提高,且相对消散指数（RSI）,机械破碎指数（RMI）及可蚀性因子K值均有不同程度的下降,表明团聚体稳定性得到提高。④团聚体MWD与土壤有机碳含量、黏粒含量为极显著正相关关系,与阳离子交换显著正相关,与砂粒含量极显著负相关,表明土壤中有机碳、黏粒以及阳离子交换量的提高均可以显著提高团聚体稳定性;有机碳含量是影响团聚体稳定性的主要影响因素。[结论] 削坡开梯开垦柑橘园可以有效治理侵蚀劣地,且随着开垦年限的增加,土壤的结构趋于稳定,团聚体稳定性提高,土壤质量改善。     

喜马拉雅山脉南麓典型林地对土壤理化性质及可蚀性K值影响

探讨喜马拉雅山脉南麓典型林地土壤结构稳定性及可蚀性K值强弱与分布特征,为区域生态保护提供科学理论及数据基础。选取落叶常绿混交林、针阔混交林、常绿阔叶林三种林分,采集0～20cm土壤,测定团聚体、团聚体破坏率、颗粒组成及其有机质,以EPIC模型计算K值。结果表明:(1)不同林地土壤各理化指标具有差异,湿筛及干筛条件下团聚体以0.25 mm为主;团聚体破坏率在10.16%～24.74%间;颗粒组成以粉砂粒为主,黏粒仅占0.51%～3.02%。有机质在92.53～133.79g·kg-1间;(2)研究区土壤K值在0.1862～0.3430间,均值为0.2635,K值总体较高;(3)经相关分析,K值与黏粒、有机质含量及团聚体破坏率呈正相关,与粉粒呈极显著正相关,与砂粒呈极显著负相关,一定程度,团聚体破坏率可评价土壤可蚀性。     

接种蚯蚓对土壤团聚体分布、稳定性及有机碳赋存的影响

通过一个月的室内培养试验,研究在不同土壤与植物残体施用下接种蚯蚓对土壤团聚体分布、稳定性及土壤有机碳的影响。供试土壤为粘粒含量较低的潮土(86 g/kg)与粘粒含量较高的红壤(318 g/kg),试验前受试土壤的大团聚体全部人为破坏;供试植物残体为高碳氮比的玉米秸秆与低碳氮比的三叶草残体;供试蚯蚓为威廉腔环蚓(Metaphire guillelmi)。试验结果表明:不同土壤与植物残体施用下,蚯蚓对土壤水稳性团聚体分布、微团聚体分散性及土壤有机碳赋存的作用不同,潮土中施用两种植物残体时,接种蚯蚓均显著降低土壤粘粒分散率(P0.05),但不对水稳性团聚体分布及团聚体平均重量直径(MWD)产生影响,同时赋存于粘粉粒中的有机碳含量均增加;红壤中施用两种植物残体时,接种蚯蚓均显著降低土壤粘粒及粘粉粒分散率(P0.05),同时均形成2 mm大团聚体,2～0.25 mm大团聚体所占比例及MWD也显著增加(P0.05),相应赋存于2 mm大团聚体与2～0.25 mm大团聚体中的土壤有机碳含量均显著增加(P0.05)。两种土壤在施用植物残体且接种蚯蚓时均可显著增加土壤有机碳的含量(P0.05)。对于水土流失和土壤结构严重退化的地区,通过施用植物残体并接种蚯蚓是恢复土壤结构与增加土壤有机碳储存的重要生态工程措施。     

盐化及钠质化对土壤物理性质的影响

对盐化土壤、钠质盐化土壤的概念及其参数进行了讨论 ,对盐化土壤的水分物理性质、渗透胁迫以及钠质化对土壤结构性能的影响 ,有机质对钠质化土壤结构性能的影响等方面的研究进行了综述     

Soil carbon dynamics in saline and sodic soils: a review

Soil salinity (high levels of water-soluble salt) and sodicity (high levels of exchangeable sodium), called collectively salt-affected soils, affect approximately 932 million ha of land globally. Saline and sodic landscapes are subjected to modified hydrologic processes which can impact upon soil chemistry, carbon and nutrient cycling, and organic matter decomposition. The soil organic carbon (SOC) pool is the largest terrestrial carbon pool, with the level of SOC an important measure of a soil's health. Because the SOC pool is dependent on inputs from vegetation, the effects of salinity and sodicity on plant health adversely impacts upon SOC stocks in salt-affected areas, generally leading to less SOC. Saline and sodic soils are subjected to a number of opposing processes which affect the soil microbial biomass and microbial activity, changing CO₂ fluxes and the nature and delivery of nutrients to vegetation. Sodic soils compound SOC loss by increasing dispersion of aggregates, which increases SOC mineralisation, and increasing bulk density which restricts access to substrate for mineralisation. Saline conditions can increase the decomposability of soil organic matter but also restrict access to substrates due to flocculation of aggregates as a result of high concentrations of soluble salts. Saline and sodic soils usually contain carbonates, which complicates the carbon (C) dynamics. This paper reviews soil processes that commonly occur in saline and sodic soils, and their effect on C stocks and fluxes to identify the key issues involved in the decomposition of soil organic matter and soil aggregation processes which need to be addressed to fully understand C dynamics in salt-affected soils.     

Effect of sodicity and salinity on disaggregation and tensile strength of an Alfisol under different cropping systems

The influence of electrolyte concentration (EC) and sodium adsorption ratio (SAR) on the tensile strength and aggregate stability via flocculation and dispersion behaviour of an Alfisol varying in organic carbon content due to different cropping systems was assessed using a split-split plot experiment involving eight soils, three levels of EC and seven levels of SAR.

Generally, at a given SAR value, mean weight diameter (MWD) increased with organic matter status of the soil in the following order: virgin pasture>wheat>wheat-fallow. As MWD decreased, the amount of dispersible clay increased at a given SAR indicating that more surfaces exposed due to slaking of aggregates led to more clay dispersion. Statistical analysis of changes in tensile strength with various factors showed that an increase in organic matter decreased the magnitude of changes in strength induced by sodicity because organic matter tends to increase aggregate stability (higher MWD). While individual soils had significant relationships between the tensile strength of the aggregates and the amount of spontaneously dispersible clay, this relationship was poor when the results of all soils were pooled together. The amounts of dispersible clay from dry aggregates were higher than from wet aggregates and dispersive breakdown of the aggregates of sodic soils occured irrespective of the mode of wetting. The most important factor in determining the soil strength was the amount of clay dispersed during wet-sieving analysis followed by MWD.     

Land-use management for sustainable rice production and carbon sequestration in reclaimed coastal tideland soils of South Korea: a review

ABSTRACT

The properties of secondary salt-affected soils developed from improper irrigation and drainage management and their effects on rice growth and yield are well documented. However, relevant information on coastal reclaimed tideland (RTL) soils, which are classified as primary salt-affected soils developed through salt-accumulated sediments is lacking. In this paper, we reviewed the physical and chemical properties of RTL soils in comparison with non-RTL soils and analyzed the relationship between rice production and soil salinity in RTL to suggest agricultural management practices for sustainable rice production and soil carbon sequestration in RTL. Similar to the secondary salt-affected soils, RTL soils were characterized by high alkalinity, salinity, and sodicity, and rice yield was negatively correlated with salinity. However, it was also found that lower fertility (e.g., organic matter and phosphorus) of RTL soils than non-RTL soils might also hamper rice growth and thus carbon input via plant residues in RTL soils. Correlation between years after reclamation and soil properties of RTL showed that cultivation of rice with annual fertilization and organic matter inputs increased soil fertility but salinity and sodicity did not show a significant tendency of change, suggesting that natural desalinization in RTL soils is hard to be achieved with conventional rice cultivation. Therefore, it is suggested that fertilization management as well as salinity management via drainage, gypsum application, tillage, and proper irrigation may be necessary to improve rice production and carbon sequestration in RTL soils.     

Salinity and sodicity induced changes in dispersible clay and saturated hydraulic conductivity in sulfatic soils

Abstract

Irrigation is becoming a more commonly used practice on glacially derived soils of the Northern Great Plains. Threshold salinity and sodicity water quality criteria for soil‐water compatibility in these sulfatic soils are not well defined. This study was conducted to relate soil salinity and sodicity to clay dispersion and saturated hydraulic conductivity (K_sat) in four representative soils. Soil salinity (EC treatment levels of 0.1 and 0.4 S m^‐1) and sodicity (SAR treatment levels of 3, 9, and 15) levels were established to produce a range of conditions similar to those that might be found under irrigation. The response of each soil to changes in salinity and sodicity was unique. In general, as sodicity increased clay dispersion also increase, but the magnitude of the increase varied among the soils. In two of the soils, clay dispersion across a range of sodicity levels was lower under the 0.4 S m^‐1 treatment than under the 0.1 S m^‐1 treatment and in the other two soils, clay dispersion across a range of sodicity levels was similar between the two salinity treatments. Changes in K_sat were greatest in the finer textured soil (decreasing an order of magnitude across the range of sodicity levels), but was unchanged in the coarse textured soils. Results suggest that these sulfatic soils are more susceptible to sodicity induced deterioration than chloridic soils. These results and earlier field observations suggest that sustainable irrigation may be limited to sites with a water source having a SAR <5 and an EC not exceeding 0.3 S m^‐1 for these sulfatic glacially derived soils.     

Soil organic matter and its lignin component in surface horizons of salt-affected soils of the Argentinian Pampa

Salt-affected soils differ in their chemical properties to all other soils. Sodicity and salinity may affect the soil organic matter component of these soils. In a field experiment, we investigated organic matter decomposition in nonsaline nonsodic Aquic Argiudoll, a nonsaline sodic Typic Natraquoll, nonsaline nonsodic Petrocalcic Paleudoll and a saline sodic Typic Natralboll in the Pampa Deprimida, Argentina. The objectives were to identify the degree of stabilization of organic matter by association with mineral particles in these soils and to follow in particular the fate of lignin in these soils. We measured organic carbon, total nitrogen and the extent of lignin alteration with soil depth and in various particle size fractions. The salt-affected soils contained much less organic carbon and nitrogen in their mollic epipedons than the nonsaline nonsodic soils, and bioturbation into deeper layers was restrained. In the salt-affected soils most of the organic matter was in sand-sized particles. Retarded degradation of plant residues was indicated by the pattern of lignin-derived phenols, suggesting less alteration of lignin in the salt-affected soils than in the nonsaline nonsodic soils. We suggest that this results from the effects of high pH, high sodicity, and high salinity on the microorganisms and their enzymatic activities. The high pH and high concentrations of monovalent cations decreased formation of solid organo-mineral complexes. We conclude that in the salt-affected soils oxidatively altered organic compounds are susceptible to losses in dissolved or colloidal forms, because these compounds are not stabilized against leaching and mineralization by chemical bonding to soil minerals.     

施用秸秆对土壤有机碳组成和结构稳定性的影响

在室内条件下培养 6个月时随秸秆添加量的增加 ,土壤中总有机碳 (TOC)、焦磷酸钠提取有机碳 (SPPC)、水解碳水化合物 (HDC)、热水提取碳水化合物 (HWC)的含量和水稳性团聚体含量极显著增加 ,粘粒分散率除一个盐土土样外其余 3个土样显著降低。虽然玉米秆和小麦秆分别对TOC、SPPC、水稳性团聚体和粘粒分散性的影响之间没有显著差异 ,但是有小麦秆处理比玉米秆处理HDC和HWC含量高的趋势。TOC、SPPC、HDC和HWC分别与水稳性团聚体显著正相关 ,与粘粒分散率显著负相关 ,但总体而言 ,HWC与团聚体的稳定性更相关 ,HDC和粘粒的分散性更相关。     

Field and laboratory approaches for determining sodicity effects on saturated soil hydraulic conductivity

Dilution of high-sodicity soil water by low-sodicity rainfall or irrigation water can cause declining soil hydraulic conductivity (K) by inducing swelling, aggregate slaking and clay particle dispersion. Investigations of sodicity-induced reduction in K are generally restricted to repacked laboratory cores of air-dried and sieved soil that are saturated and equilibrated with sodic solution before tests are conducted. This approach may not yield a complete picture of sodicity effects in the field, however, because of loss of antecedent soil structure, small sample size, detachment of the sample from the soil profile, reliance on chemical equilibrium, and differing time scales between laboratory and field processes. The objectives of this study were to: (i) compare the electrical conductivity (EC), exchangeable sodium percentage (ESP), and sodium adsorption ratio (SAR) in laboratory cores of intact field soil that had, or had not, undergone prior saturation and equilibration with sodic solution; (ii) compare the pressure infiltrometer (PI) field method with the intact laboratory soil core (SC) method for assessing sodicity effects on saturated soil hydraulic conductivity; and (iii) characterize hydraulic conductivity reduction in a salt-affected sandy loam soil and a salt-affected clay soil in Sicily as a result of diluting high-sodicity soil water with low-sodicity water.In terms of EC, ESP and SAR, quasi-equilibrium between soil and infiltrating solution was attainable in 0.08 m diameter by 0.05 m long laboratory cores of intact clay soil, regardless of whether or not the cores were previously saturated and equilibrated with solutions of SAR=0 or 30. In the sandy loam soil, the PI and SC methods produced statistically equivalent linear reductions in K as a result of diluting increasingly sodic soil water (SAR=0, 10, 20, 30) with deionised water. In the clay soil, the PI method produced no significant correlation between initial soil water SAR and K reduction, while the SC method produced a significant log-linear decline in K with increasing soil water SAR. Sodicity-induced reductions in K ranged from 3–8% (initial soil water SAR=0) to 85–94% (initial soil water SAR=30) in the sandy loam, and from 9–13% (initial soil water SAR=0) to 42–98% (initial soil water SAR=30) in the clay. The reductions in K were caused by aggregate slaking and partial blocking of soil pores by dispersed clay particles, as evidenced by the appearance of suspended clay in the SC effluent during infiltration of deionised water. As a result, maintenance of K in these two salt-affected soils will likely require procedures to prevent or control the build-up of sodicity.     

The influence of organic matter in reducing the destabilization of soil by simulated tillage

Different agricultural practices can result in a decline in soil organic carbon (SOC) and a consequent reduction in soil structural stability. Experiments were conducted on soils with a range of SOC values, to quantify the destabilizing effects of increased tillage intensity. Different tillage intensity was simulated with the use of a falling weight, where specific energy levels, similar to those experienced during tillage, were reproduced. The level of destabilization was assessed by the quantity of mechanically dispersed clay (using a turbidimetric technique) and the quantity of water-stable aggregates (WSA) > 0.25 mm remaining after being shaken in water.

The quantity of clay dispersed increased with increasing water content, in the absence of any mechanical pretreatment, the rate of increase rising sharply with declining SOC. Following simulated tillage, and at water contents above the plastic limit, clay dispersion increased in proportion to the energy of disruption, and also increased with decreasing SOC levels. Below the plastic limit all the soils were relatively insensitive to mechanical disruption. A simple empirical model was derived to link clay dispersion to SOC, water content and energy of disruption.

The proportion of WSA declined sharply with decreasing SOC, and to a lesser extent following tillage. The quantity of WSA following simulated intensive tillage (300 J kg⁻¹) of grassland (SOC, 2.8–3.2 g (100 g)⁻¹) was greater than that present, prior to tillage from fallow, arable and arable/ley rotation treatments (SOC 1.1–2.5 g (100 g)⁻¹). Aggregate tensile strength was found to be relatively insensitive to differences in SOC. However, variations of strength within treatments, an indicator of soil friability, increased in proportion with SOC. A turbidity index was derived in which the turbidity of natural and remoulded aggregates was compared. Variation of this index with increasing mechanical energy is used as an indicator of the sensitivity of soils to damage during tillage. A visual representation is constructed to link the sensitivity of soils to damage during tillage with both SOC and water potential. These experiments illustrate that management practices, which lead to a long term reduction in SOC, are responsible for an increase in aggregate strength and reduction in stability plus an increase in sensitivity of soils to structural decline following subsequent tillage.