FDA水解检测井冈霉素的土壤微生物活性效应

通过FDA(荧光素双乙酸脂)水解,研究井冈霉素对土壤微生物活性的生态效应。结果表明:低浓度(7.5～15mlkg-1 dry soil)井冈霉素对土壤微生物活性无显著影响;中等浓度(30～60mlkg-1 dry soil)井冈霉素增加土壤微生物活性,60mlkg-1 dry soil井冈霉素处理土样21天微生物活性与对照相比增加21.6%;高浓度(120～240mlkg-1 dry soil)井冈霉素对土壤微生物活性起一定抑制作用,240mlkg-1 dry soil井冈霉素处理土样28天土壤微生物活性与对照相比下降14.7%;35天所有处理土样微生物活性均恢复到对照水平。     

珠穆朗玛峰北坡土壤过氧化氢酶与蔗糖酶活性研究

土壤酶主要源于土壤微生物代谢过程,以及土壤动物、植物根系分泌及残体分解[1,2],土壤酶活性反映土壤生物活性和土壤生化反应强度[3]。土壤酶活性与土壤物理特征(土壤水分、土壤温度、土壤空气、土壤团聚体)、有机质、pH、土壤微生物及土壤类型等关系密切[4]。环境因子如温度和湿度的变化、酸雨和臭氧等污染对土壤酶活性的影响也很大[5,6],因而土壤酶活性也可作为监测环境变化和污染对土壤质量影响的生物活性指标。此外,由于土壤酶活性与土壤碳、氮循环密切相关[7],因此土壤酶活性的研究常常还与全球气候变化相联系。目前土壤酶研究多集中…     

FACE 条件下休闲和秸秆还田对稻麦轮作农田麦季土壤酶活性的影响

利用中国唯一的江都FACE(Free-airCO2 enrichment,开放式空气CO2浓度升高)平台,研究了大气CO2浓度升高下休闲(fallow,不种作物,但翻耕和施肥与其他处理相同)和秸秆还田对土壤脱氢酶、β-葡萄糖苷酶、转化酶、芳基硫酸酯酶和荧光素二乙酸酯水解(FDA)的影响。研究结果表明:大气CO2浓度升高对于休闲土壤酶活性没有影响。在没有秸秆还田的情况下,大气CO2浓度升高刺激了土壤中脱氢酶、β-葡萄糖苷酶、转化酶、芳基硫酸酯酶的活性和FDA水解,增加幅度分别达到了14.88%、19.41%、11.69%、17.12%和4.47%。除转化酶外,秸秆还田使土壤酶活性增加。随着秸秆还田量的增加,FACE效应先增加后消失。     

太湖地区典型水稻土FDA水解酶活性的剖面分布特征

本文主要对太湖地区12个典型水稻土剖面的荧光素二乙酸酯(FDA)水解酶活性及其它相关酶活性进行了分析。耕作层的FDA水解酶活性最高,随土层加深活性明显下降,其中部分土壤在犁底层已经很难检测到其活性。部分样点的酶活性在剖面中呈明显的梯度下降趋势。高产水稻土壤表层FDA水解酶活性差异较大,在50～100g/(g.h)范围内,多数为60～80g/(g.h)。土壤酶活性最高与最低间的差异达到近一倍左右。同时FDA水解酶活性与-葡糖苷酶、脲酶、脱氢酶、酸性磷酸酶和芳基硫酸酯酶活性之间有极显著正相关关系(P0.01),与碱性磷酸酶呈显著相关(P0.05);与土壤养分指标如全氮、全磷、速效氮、有机碳之间有极显著相关性,与土壤pH呈显著负相关(P0.01)关系。     

种植年限对健康三七根际土壤微生物活性和功能的影响

为研究种植年限对健康三七根际土壤微生物活性和功能的影响，以种植一年和二年的健康三七根际土为研究对象，采用荧光素二乙酸酯水解法、实时荧光定量PCR及Biolog微平板法等技术手段分析土壤微生物活性、氮素循环功能基因丰度、碳源代谢活性及其功能多样性。结果表明，与未种植过三七的土壤相比，三七种植能够显著提高土壤微生物的活性、氮素循环功能基因丰度(nifH和细菌amoA)、碳源代谢活性及其功能多样性，且随着种植年限的增加，健康三七根际微生物活性及其功能逐渐增强。同时，种植年限能够改变健康三七根际微生物的碳源利用特征；但是，根际微生物对酚酸类物质的代谢能力并未随三七种植年限的增加而增加。这也从侧面说明，根际酚酸物质降解能力的不足可能是导致其积累并驱动根际微生态失衡和形成连作障碍的重要原因。这些研究结果不仅为深入了解健康三七根际微生物活性及其代谢功能特征提供了数据支撑，也为解析三七连作障碍的形成机理提供了一定的理论依据。     

微地形对高寒草地土壤有机碳及氮含量的影响

[目的]系统分析高寒草地不同微地形条件下土壤有机碳及氮含量的变化规律,为高寒地区合理利用草地提供理论参考。[方法]在天祝高寒草地区选取7类不同微地形作为研究对象,测定其表层(0—30cm)土壤有机碳及氮含量。[结果]随着土层深度的增加,位于坡底平地,土壤全氮和铵态氮含量呈减小的趋势,位于阴坡不同坡位,土壤全氮含量呈"V"型变化,土壤铵态氮呈减小的趋势,位于阳坡不同坡位,土壤全氮含量呈减小的趋势,土壤铵态氮含量呈先增大后减小的趋势;所有微地形中,随着土层深度的增加,土壤有机碳含量呈减小的趋势;随着土层深度的增加,坡底平地,中坡阳面和中坡阴面微地形中,土壤水解氮含量呈减小的趋势,下坡阳面和下坡阴面微地形中,土壤水解氮含量呈先减小后增大的趋势,上坡阳面和上坡阴面微地形中,土壤水解氮含量呈先增大后减小的趋势。土壤表层全氮、水解氮、有机碳的含量的变化为:下坡位上坡位中坡位,而铵态氮的含量呈现先减小后增大的趋势。[结论]地形的微变化明显影响土壤氮有机碳和素的含量。     

红壤旱地中土壤酶对长期施肥的响应

土壤酶是土壤生物学活性的重要组成部分,它催化有机物的矿化释放无机养分,参与土壤腐殖物质的分解形成,反映了土壤各种生物化学过程的动向和强度;其活性与土壤的理化性质和其他生物学特征紧密相关,且有易于测定的优点,是近年来土壤质量评估工作中必不可少的内容[1]。土壤酶一直受到红壤研究者们的重视[2,3],但这些研究涉及的酶的种类较少,近年来国外相关文献中的一些常见的酶,如葡糖苷酶、荧光素水解酶、芳基硫酸酯酶等[4~6]鲜见报道;也没有回答在长期不同施肥管理条件下,红壤中酶活性的综合水平特点和土壤酶动力学特征的差异等问题。本文的…     

土壤有效硅测定方法的研究

最近一些研究指出,我国南方某些水稻土上施用硅肥有一定的肥效[1-5],而硅肥的肥效与土壤的供硅水平密切相关[1,6,7]。因此,为预测硅肥是否需要施用,进行土壤有效硅的测定是必不可少的。     

变动氧化还原状况下酸性土壤中活性锰的变化

锰是一种常见的变价元素,其在土壤中的有效性主要依赖于土壤总锰量、pH、有机质含量、通气状况及微生物活性等,其中,最直接的是土壤通气状况和pH。自20世纪50年代以来,渍水土壤中锰的化学行为及移动性就引起了人们的关注[1~7]。在自然状态下,锰以多种氧化物形式存在,Mn(Ⅲ)和Mn(Ⅳ)发生在氧化环境中,Mn2+主要存在于还原条件下,土壤体系中的氧化还原状况显著地影响着土壤锰的溶出和生物有效性。到目前为止,有关土壤pH、Eh和Mn2+的关系研究的较少。1970年,Bohn[8]通过测定土壤pH、Eh和全锰含量预测了土壤悬浮液中Mn2+的含量。刘鑫等[9]运用能斯特方程式研究了盆栽土壤pH、Eh和     

不同施铜水平下接种AM真菌对海州香薷根际pH的影响

研究表明,丛枝菌根(Arbuscular mycorrhiza,AM)真菌对宿主植物生长和吸收、转运重金属的作用受土壤pH的影响[1-3]。植物可以通过分泌质子或有机酸等改变根际土壤的pH,接种AM真菌可以改变宿主植物的根系分泌物[4-6],从而影响土壤pH。Li等[7]研究发现,接种AM真菌的白三叶在根-土界面、菌丝室及菌丝-土壤界面的pH均降低。Li和Christie[8]发现Zn污染土壤中接种G.mosseae降低了红三叶植物体内Zn浓度和吸收量;菌根处理土壤的pH比对照土壤高,土壤溶液中的Zn浓度低,在施Zn量大时尤为显著。AM真菌菌丝往往在利用NO3-N的同时释放出OH-,导致…     

Role of selenium in mitigation of cadmium toxicity in pepper grown in hydroponic condition

Selenium (Se) is an essential element for humans but is not considered as essential for plants. However, its beneficial role in improving plant growth and stress tolerances is well established. In order to study the role of Se in cadmium (Cd) toxicity in pepper (Capsicum frutescens cv. Suryankhi Cluster), this experiment was carried out in greenhouse conditions. Treatments comprised Cd [0, 0.25, and 0.5 mM cadmium chloride (CdCl₂)] and Se [0, 3, and 7 µM sodium selenite (Na₂SeO₃)] with three replications. The result showed that Cd decreased chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and carotenoids, whereas Se supplementation diminished Cd toxicity on photosynthetic pigment. Selenium at 7 µM significantly increased the leaf area in the plants grown at 0.25 mM Cd. The application of Se at 3 µM with 0.25 mM Cd and Se at 3 µM and Se at 7 µM with 0.5 mM Cd increased the activity of catalase (CAT). Selenium at 7 µM decreased the proline content of pepper leaves exposed to Cd at 0.5 mM (30%). Selenium significantly enhanced the antioxidant activity of leaves, which was diminished by Cd toxicity. In general, Se has a beneficial effect on plant growth and is an antioxidant enzyme of pepper cv. Suryankhi Cluster under Cd stress and non-stress conditions.     

红壤区不同肥力水稻土根际硝化作用特征

通过根际培养箱(三室)——速冻切片技术研究了红壤地区高、低两种肥力下水稻苗期根表、根际和土体土壤矿质态氮含量和硝化强度,以及水稻生长、氮素积累的差异。结果表明,肥力水平对水稻根表和根际土壤铵态氮(NH4+-N)含量无显著影响,但高肥力显著提高土体土壤NH4+-N含量,以及根表、根际和土体土壤硝态氮(NO3--N)含量及硝化强度。两种肥力水稻土硝化强度最大值均出现在距根表2 mm处,分别为0.20和0.31μmol kg-1 h-1。土体土壤硝化强度随距根表距离增加而降低,低肥力土壤在距根表10～40mm处时硝化强度接近本底值,而高肥力土壤在距根表20～40 mm处时接近本底值。与不种水稻的CK相比,种植水稻显著提高根际土壤硝化强度。高肥力能显著改善水稻生长,增加植株氮素积累量,尤其显著促进根系生长及通气组织发育。由于红壤稻田肥力水平的差异造成水稻根际硝化强度以及水稻吸收NO3-的差异,导致高肥条件下水稻显示出更强的生长势和氮素吸收利用能力。因此,合理提高红壤稻田肥力水平对改善红壤区水稻根际土壤硝化作用及水稻氮素营养具有重要意义。     

自由基在鸡肾病发生中的作用研究

肾病即急性肾小管坏死.鸡肾病在养鸡生产中极为常见,尤其近年来,鸡肾病的发生日益增多,由于其发生机制不清楚,临床治疗鸡肾病的依据不足,致使治疗效果不佳,为此,提出本研究以探讨鸡肾病的发生机制,为本病防治提供理论依据.     

Accumulation of copper in soils and leaves of tomato plants in greenhouses in Turkey

Copper (Cu)‐containing fertilizers, fungicides, and bactericides has been used extensively in the greenhouses in the Antalya province in recent decades with the use of such materials tending to increase year by year. The level of DTPA‐extractable Cu was determined in 210 soils (0–20 and 20–40 cm depth) and 105 leaf samples obtained from 105 tomato greenhouses. The DTPA‐extractable Cu contents of the soils taken from the 0–20 depth ranged between 0.76 and 88.03 mg kg^‐1 (mean 7.79 mg kg^‐1). The percentage of soils containing DTPA‐extractable Cu greater than the critical toxicity level (20 mg kg^‐1) was 8.1. The Cu content of tomato leaf samples ranged between 2.4 and 1,490 mg kg^‐1 (mean 166.5 mg kg^‐1). The Cu concentration in leaf samples was very high due to the intensive use of foliar applied Cu‐containing chemicals. As a consequence, 24.8% of the leaf tomato samples analyzed contained over 200 mg Cu kg^‐1, the maximum accepted tolerance level. Therefore, it may be necessary to reduce the use of Cu‐containing pesticides and fertilizers, or at least reduce the amount of Cu‐containing fertilizers being used in those greenhouses where Cu‐containing pesticides have been or are being used.     

Occurrence of Sexual Hormones in Sediments of Mangrove in Brazil

The presence of sexual hormones (female estrogens) was assessed in sediments of a mangrove located in the urban region of southern Brazil. The estrogens are involved in human sexual reproduction. They act as the chemical messengers, and they are classified as natural and synthetic. The estrogens inputs in the environment are from treated and untreated sewage. The presence of estrogens in sewage is excretion from the female due to natural production and use of contraceptives (synthetic estrogens). With the indiscriminate release of sewage into the environment, estrogens can be found in rivers, lakes, and even in oceans. In this work, the presence of estrone (E1), 17-??-estradiol (E2), and 17-??-ethynilestradiol (EE2) in eight sedimentary stations in Itacorubi mangrove located on Santa Catarina Island, south Brazil, was investigated. Historically, the Itacorubi mangrove has been impacted by anthropogenic activities because the mangrove is inserted in the urban area of the Florianopolis. The estrogen EE2, used as contraceptive, had the highest concentration in mangrove sediment, 129.75?±?3.89 ng/g. E2 was also found, with its concentration ranging from 0.90?±?0.03 to 39.77?±?1.19 ng/g. Following the mechanism, under aerobic or anaerobic conditions, E2 will first be oxidized to E1, which is further oxidized to unknown metabolites and finally to CO₂ and water (mineralized). EE2 is oxidized to unknown metabolites and also finally mineralized. Theoretically, under anaerobic conditions, EE2 can be reduced to E1 even in environments such as mangrove which is essentially anaerobic.     

Meta-analysis in the Selection of Groups in Varieties of Citrus

Brazil is the largest producer of oranges (Citrus sinensis) in the world. The nutrient management of tree orchards is designed from experiments with a limited number of varieties. This knowledge is transferred to other varieties by diagnosing tissue nutrient composition and tree demand. Compositional data analysis has been first applied to tissue analysis of agricultural crops using centered log ratios with compositional nutrient diagnosis (CND-clr). The isometric log ratio (ilr) transformation is a new approach based on binary nutrient ratios and the principle of orthogonality (CND-ilr). We analyzed eleven nutrients: nitrogen (N), sulfur (S), phosphorus (P), potassium (K), calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), boron (B), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), manganese (Mn), and iron (Fe) in leaf tissue samples across 108 commercial plots (thirty-one grow Valencia, twenty-two Hamlim, twenty Pera, and thirty-five Natal). Nutrients were partitioned between macro- and micronutrients as well as anionic and cationic species. The effect size of varieties over Valencia was quantified by the mean and standard deviation of ilr values across ilr coordinates. Specific varietal nutrient profiles and ilr norms were defined. The nutrient profile of orange varieties could be classified into homogeneous groups to take advantage of fertilizer trials conducted on varieties of the same group. The Aitchison distance and a perturbation vector could be instrumental for diagnostic purposes and nutrient management.     

Effect of iron-quercetin complex on reduction of nitrite in in vitro and in vivo systems

This study investigated whether reducing agents such as quercetin and iron(II) facilitate formation of nitric oxide (NO) gas from orally ingested nitrite in an vivo study. When 3 mg/kg Na (15)NO2 was orally administered to rats with or without iron(II) or quercetin, Hb (15)NO, which is indicative of systemic (15)NO, was detected in the blood, with the maximum blood concentration of Hb (15)NO at 15 min after nitrite or nitrite plus quercetin treatment, whereas after administration of nitrite plus iron(II) or nitrite plus iron(II) and quercetin, the time was shortened to 10 min. Interestingly, iron(II), quercetin, or iron(II) plus quercetin did not affect the total amount of Hb (15)NO generated from orally administered Na (15)NO2. However, the systemic nitrite concentration was significantly decreased in the presence of iron(II) or iron(II) plus quercetin. These results may indicate that iron(II) is critical to the generation of NO gas from nitrite, whereas quercetin contributed little under the in vivo experimental conditions.     

旱地果园水肥管理模式研究进展

分析了旱地果园水肥管理模式的研究进展和存在问题,指出水肥胁迫尤其是水钾已成为旱区果树高产稳产优质化的主要限制因子。在系统探讨旱地果园水分管理、养分管理、综合管理以及果树叶营养综合诊断施肥标准的基础上,提出了旱地果园的高效水肥管理模式。     

Role of aldehyde oxidase in the hepatic in vitro metabolism of 3-methylindole in pigs

The metabolism of 3-hydroxy-3-methylindolenine (HMI), a recently discovered metabolite of 3-methylindole (3MI, skatole) produced by porcine liver microsomes, was investigated in vitro using porcine liver cytosol. HMI was rapidly metabolized to a single product, 3-hydroxy-3-methyloxindole (HMOI), by porcine cytosol. By the use of the selective inhibitors menadione and quinacrine, it was shown that the enzyme responsible for the oxidation of HMI into HMOI was aldehyde oxidase (AO; aldehyde:oxygen oxidoreductase, EC 1.2.3.1). The activity of AO in the conversion of HMI to HMOI was measured in a population of pigs (n = 30) with a wide range of 3MI levels in back fat (0.07-0.30 mg/kg). AO activity was found to be negatively correlated (r = -0.70; P < 0.001) with the level of 3MI in fat. The results of the present study suggest that AO plays an important role in the metabolism of 3MI in the pig and that its catalytic activity is related to an adequate 3MI clearance.     

植物CBL基因家族的研究进展

细胞中游离的Ca2+是植物细胞中普遍存在的第二信使,类钙调神经素B亚基蛋白CBL作为一种特殊的钙感受器在植物生长发育和逆境胁迫响应过程中发挥重要作用.本文主要对植物CBL家族的起源与进化、蛋白结构、亚细胞定位以及CBL的功能进行综述,并对今后钙感受器CBL家族的研究重点和发展方向进行了展望.