复合微生物肥料对茶园土壤结构和茶叶生长的影响初探

随着生态茶园、可持续农业的发展,茶园土壤改良和茶叶品质的问题愈来愈受到重视。在此背景下,微生物肥料因其环境友好、绿色安全等特点而倍受关注,应用前景广阔。本文在安溪县感德镇茶园开展田间试验,研究复合微生物肥料对茶园土壤结构、土壤养分、茶树生长、茶叶产量和品质的影响,探究复合微生物肥料在茶树栽培中的应用前景。试验结果表明,施用复合微生物肥料短期内对降低土壤容重效果显著,对调节土壤pH值、缓解土壤酸化情况有一定效果,对促进茶树生长和改善茶叶品质效果显著。     

牛鞭草的平衡施肥技术研究

人工牧草的种植是近年来我国农业种植业结构调整的方向,长期以来,关于人工牧草种植的施肥技术研究相对缺乏。本文在铜仁地区德江县煎茶镇松溪村通过田间试验,研究了平衡施肥对牛鞭草产量、品质的影响。结果表明,氮、磷、钾肥的合理施用能显著提高牛鞭草的产量,其增产效果以施氮>施钾>施磷。氮、钾肥的施用对牛鞭草品质的影响明显。综合各处理的产量和品质结果,N-P2O5-K2O 120-100-50kg hm-2可以作为铜仁地区旱耕地牛鞭草施肥的推荐方案。     

浅析不同林地栽培金荞麦的不同表现

金荞麦的药用价值较高,大量采挖导致资源匮乏,濒临灭绝。在不同林地进行栽培试验,通过对生长周期、单位面积产量、表儿茶素含量进行比较,总结出金荞麦仿野生栽培最适宜的林地条件,旨在推动金荞麦的人工大面积种植。     

含氨基酸水溶肥料在西瓜上的示范试验总结

通过田间试验,研究了江门市杰士植物营养有限公司和其他企业生产的含氨基酸水溶肥料对西瓜生长、产量、品质等方面的影响。结果表明:与其他企业生产的含氨基酸水溶肥料相比,施用江门市杰士植物营养有限公司生产的含氨基酸水溶肥料对西瓜生长有着更好的促进作用,对西瓜营养生长、产量的提高、品质的改善、效益的提高效果较明显。     

不同种植年限苜蓿对土壤理化性质、微生物群落和苜蓿品质的影响

随着种植年限的延长,苜蓿地土壤质量及牧草品质逐步退化。通过对不同种植年限苜蓿土壤理化性质、牧草品质的测定,分析比较了土壤质量及牧草质量的变化。结果表明:在苜蓿生长季内,土壤含水量随月份的递增其变化规律各异,随取土深度的增加呈先增加后降低的变化趋势;随种植年限的延长,碱解氮和速效钾含量逐渐下降,速效磷含量呈先增加后降低的变化规律;各种植年限苜蓿地土壤微生物区系以细菌为主,真菌数量最少,微生物总数以4年生苜蓿地最高,3年生最低;苜蓿品质随种植年限延长而逐渐下降,即栽培年限对苜蓿地的土壤质量及牧草品质均有不同程度的影响。     

鄱阳湖区棉田不同种植模式的截流保肥效果

通过不同棉花栽培方式的田间试验,分析了不同的栽培措施对棉田径流拦截和肥料保持的效果。结果表明,棉花间种蔬菜、棉田翻耕覆盖及棉田免耕覆盖技术均可以有效地减少棉田的水土和肥料流失,且以免耕覆盖的泥沙流失量和翻耕覆盖的径流量、养分流失量最小,分别较常规栽培减少52.99%和50%、10.71%。     

旱期水肥耦合对贵州山区辣椒生长及产量的影响

在贵州东南部山区,田间试验研究了沟垄覆膜集雨以及旱期水肥耦合对辣椒生长及产量的影响。结果表明,在传统施有机肥的基础上,采用沟垄覆膜集雨可以明显改善辣椒株高、单株果实数及百果重,鲜椒的平均产量提高了49.9%,其增产效果优于增施复合肥。旱期节水灌溉也能明显增加辣椒株高、单株果实数、百果重及鲜椒产量,旱期分次浇灌和滴灌后的鲜椒平均产量分别提高了7.8%和17.8%;而旱期浇灌及滴灌后表土层(10 cm处)的平均含水率则分别增加了10.00%和16.92%。因此,在合理施用肥料的基础上,采用沟垄覆膜集雨和雨季水窖蓄水及旱季提水灌溉是贵州山区优质辣椒栽培的主要措施。     

金昌地区紫花苜蓿“3414” 肥效试验

以土壤肥力测试和肥料田间试验为基础,根据紫花苜蓿需肥规律、土壤供肥能力以及肥料效应,对金昌地区紫花苜蓿高产优质栽培所需的氮、磷、钾进行了研究。通过统计分析,初步建立了适宜当地紫花苜蓿种植栽培的施肥指标体系,通过对肥料效应方程的分析,金昌地区种植紫花苜蓿最佳推荐施肥量为N 25.95 kg/hm2、P2O5 83.55 kg/hm2、K2O 218.55 kg/hm2,在该施肥水平下,紫花苜蓿产量可达15 091.65 kg/hm2。     

氨基酸水溶肥对番茄产量和品质的影响

利用低温脱水工艺对氨基酸发酵尾液进行干燥生产固体氨基酸水溶肥料增效物质。将其与普通水溶肥混合，制备氨基酸水溶肥料。在田间试验条件下研究氨基酸水溶肥料对番茄生长的影响。设置等量NPK普通水溶肥料(CF)、等量NPK氨基酸水溶肥料(AF)、减量20%NPK普通水溶肥料(4/5CF)、减量20%NPK氨基酸水溶肥料(4/5AF)4个处理，研究氨基酸水溶肥对设施番茄产量、品质及经济效益的影响。结果表明，与CF处理相比，AF、4/5CF、4/5AF处理分别增产11.23%、-3.59%、2.62%；通过平均隶属函数值得出氨基酸水溶肥可以显著提高番茄果实品质，以可溶性糖和维生素C含量的提升最为明显，较CF处理平均分别提高29.4%和8.25%，AF处理和4/5AF处理较CF处理经济效益每公顷分别增加52533.0和12049.5元。氨基酸水溶肥NPK减量20%仍可确保增产，且其果实品质优于普通水溶肥。     

固体肥种类与施肥量对穴盘小白菜生长及产量品质的影响

试验以小白菜品种“矮脚黄”为材料,以72孔黑色聚乙烯塑料穴盘为栽培容器,采用有机复合基质为栽培基质,研究固体肥种类与施肥量对穴盘小白菜生长、产量、品质及经济效益的影响。结果表明,合理的肥料配比对提高小白菜品质有显著作用,可提高小白菜可溶性糖、可溶性蛋白质和Vc含量,而硝酸盐含量明显下降。在有机肥中加入适当的无机复合肥、生物复合肥可满足小白菜生长旺期对肥料需求量大的要求,发挥基质栽培的最大肥效,使小白菜单株鲜重及整体产量达最高水平,获得较好的经济效益。     

百喜草在我国南方生态农业建设的应用效应

简述了百喜草在我国南方生态农业建设中的应用效应,包括应用于果(桑、茶)园覆盖作物、水土保持、荒坡地和工矿废弃地治理、草坪建植、饲料开发和食用菌栽培等方面。     

农牧交错带老芒麦的优化灌溉及对产量的影响

为了定量研究关键生育期灌溉和冬灌对老芒麦生产的作用,该文通过2005.10～2007.10在河北坝上地区田间定位实测的土壤水分、株高、叶面积指数、生物量和降水资料,分析了不灌溉、冬灌、关键生育期灌溉和冬灌结合关键生育期灌溉4个处理对老芒麦生长发育和产量的影响。结果表明:老芒麦的再生草生长缓慢,灌溉主要是影响了头茬草的生长。关键生育期灌溉能显著促进头茬草的生长发育,头茬草产量达4500kg/hm2以上,2a试验期间分别比对照处理提高104%和391%;冬灌使老芒麦返青期提前1周左右,使头茬草的产量分别提高53%和87%;而共同采用此两种灌溉的处理与单独关键生育期灌溉处理相比增产效果不明显。因此,在农牧交错地区,关键生育期灌溉是值得推荐的灌溉制度。另外,该文结果表明地上部生物量和叶面积指数均随植株高度呈线性增加,为老芒麦生物量和叶面积指数的模拟提供了依据。     

寒山流域草地生物量动态方程与开发利用研究

小流域经济的发展取决于土地利用方向及经济结构的合理程度。干旱少雨、山高坡陡的山区,粮食生产受到很大限制,要想使农民尽快富裕起来,就必须针对山区牧草资源丰富的优势,发展商品性畜牧业。然而多年来在小流域综合治理规划中,基本农田建设目标比较明确,但在草地开发建设及管理利用方面,缺乏定量分析和有效、周密的系统设计,致使不少地方超载、过牧,生态环境恶化,水土流失严重。本文依据寒山流域天然草地、林间草地牧草的生长规律,确定了该流域草地生物量动态方程,并在此基础上确立以草定畜,实行轮封轮牧的合理经营模式,将草地经营管理提高到一个新的高度,合理地解决了在保土保水条件下畜牧发展与饲草利用的匹配关系。     

基于Landsat TM影像的半干旱牧区天然打草场面积的遥感监测

天然打草场是中国草地畜牧业的物质基础,也是中国内陆的生态屏障。目前中国打草场分布状况、分布面积、产量高低等信息十分缺乏,严重制约饲草储备和救灾应急功能发挥。为解决这些问题,该文基于2009－2011年的Landsat TM5影像数据,并借助野外调查点和目视解译方法对中国半干旱牧区天然打草场状况进行监测分析。结果表明,中国半干旱牧区天然打草场面积达800.35万hm2,目视解译结果的平均解译精度达到76.78%。其中,内蒙古天然打草场面积居首位,面积为688.04万hm2,其次是松嫩平原草原区,打草场面积为91.80万hm2,河北半干旱农牧交错区的打草场面积最小,为20.51万hm2。在内蒙古,呼伦贝尔草甸草原天然打草场约为180.89万hm2,科尔沁沙化草原天然打草场约为96.44万hm2,锡林郭勒典型草原天然打草场面积约为395.40万hm2。研究区天然打草场的植被类型以温性草原类、温性草甸类、低地草甸类为主,少量分布在山地草甸类和温性荒漠草原类。该研究结果可为进一步分析全国半干旱区域打草场变化提供数据支撑。     

Effects of initial plant spacing and applied nutrients on stand development and productivity of Texas bluegrass in the Louisiana coastal plain

The native rhizomatous cool‐season perennial grass, Texas bluegrass (Poa arachnifera Torn), has recently been recognized again as a plant with considerable potential for range and pasture plantings. Throughout the first half of this century, sporadic efforts at evaluation and commercial use of Texas bluegrass were thwarted primarily by slow stand establishment and difficulties with seed processing. Subsequent advances in seed harvesting, processing, and planting equipment and selection of superior plant genotypes could reduce effects of these limitations. In much of the southern mid‐ and tall‐grass prairie regions and lower southeastern states where Texas bluegrass appears to have potential, there is no currently available sustainable cool‐season forage grass. Effects of initial plant spacing and lime, phosphorus (P), and nitrogen (N) application were evaluated in a field and a green house experiment on acid infertile Louisiana Coastal Plain soils. Stands from transplanting on 10‐ and 30‐cm spacings were comparable by the third growing season as the sparsely planted stand spread aggressively. The only consistent response to soil amendment was enhanced forage production from N fertilization in the spring. A plant photoperiodic response appears to limit potential to respond to N in autumn and winter. Forage production of dense stands and responses to spring application of N indicate that Texas bluegrass has considerable potential as a productive, sustainable cool‐season forage grass for at least some soils on the southeastern Coastal Plain as well as that recently reported for the southern mid‐ and tall‐grass prairie regions.     

干旱区灌溉饲草料地载畜量计算方法

水分是制约干旱区荒漠草原草畜平衡管理的最关键因子,解决这一问题的关键在于如何合理实现"以水定草,以草定畜,实现水草畜平衡"的思路。鉴于传统理论载畜量计算方法在产草量估测和牲畜采食量计算中存在较大误差,该文从水量平衡角度出发,提出了基于水草畜平衡的理论载畜量计算方法,以内蒙古中部达尔罕茂明安联合旗为研究区域,根据不同降水量和灌溉水量条件下的水分生产率曲线,对1 a生优质牧草青贮玉米进行估产,在分析不同体质量下绵羊采食和饮水规律的基础上,分别计算出草量载畜量和水量载畜量,以此确定理论载畜量。计算结果表明,在丰水年情景,该文方法比传统方法多6只羊/万m2,有利于提高畜牧业的经济效益;在枯水年情景,该文方法比传统方法少7只羊/万m2,有利于保护草原生态,避免草原退化。该文提出的载畜量计算方法适用于达茂旗荒漠草原,对牧区畜牧业的可持续发展和草原生态环境保护具有重要的指导作用。     

论南方红黄壤地区饲草开发利用的几种途径

本文在论述我国南方红黄壤地区的自然特征、社会经济、资源与环境现状的基础上，对如何开发利用该区饲草进行了探讨，指出保护和改善生态环境，积极实行林草结合、种养结合、粮草轮作和发展种草配套养鱼以及调制人工干草制品，是该区丘陵山地发展饲草的有效途径。     

Response of texas bluegrass to season of nitrogen fertilization on the Louisiana coastal plain

Texas bluegrass (Poa arachnifera Torr.) has shown potential for use as a cool‐season perennial pasture grass in the southern Great Plains, where it occurs as a natural component of rangeland plant communities, and into the western Coastal Plain. Responsiveness of this grass to nitrogen (N) fertilization appeared to be limited to the spring growing period in initial evaluations in Louisiana. A field plot experiment was conducted to assess forage production and quality responses to season of N fertilization on the Syn‐1 population of Texas bluegrass. Winter forage production responses to 50 kg N ha^‐1 were obtained in the 1997–98 growing season but not in 1998–99 after stands had been depleted by summer drought. Greatest yield increases resulted from spring N application, however, fall plus winter fertilization provided the most uniform distribution of forage through the cool season. Forage fiber fractions, in vitro digestibility, and crude protein were not affected by N fertilization. Both amount and distribution of Texas bluegrass forage, but not forage quality, can be manipulated by time of N fertilization.     

Effect of Nitrogen Fertilizer Rate and Harvest Season on Forage Yield,Quality, and Macronutrient Concentrations in Midland Bermuda Grass

Bermuda grass [Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers.] is a major forage for grazing and hay production in the southern United States. The objectives of this study were to determine effects of nitrogen (N) fertilization rate (0, 112, 224, 336, and 448 kg ha^?1), split spring and summer applications of N at the 224 and 448 kg ha^?1 rates, and harvest periods (spring and summer) on forage yield, crude protein (CP), acid detergent fiber (ADF), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), total digestible nutrients (TDN), and concentrations of phosphorus (P), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), and calcium (Ca in Midland Bermuda grass. Data were collected from 2002 to 2008 as part of an ongoing, long-term soil fertility experiment in southern Oklahoma. Repeated measures analysis of these long-term data showed that forage yield responses to N rate varied with year and harvest time with up to 2.5-fold yield differences among years. Nitrogen fertilization increased CP, TDN, and macronutrient P and Mg and decreased ADF and NDF. Crude protein was increased by ≥50%, and ADF and NDF dropped by up to 25% with the greatest N rate. In general, split N applications did not affect forage yield but produced low-quality forage compared to single N application in spring. Split application of 448 kg N ha^?1 gave forage with CP, TDN, ADF, and NDF similar to the Bermuda grass receiving 336 or 448 kg N ha^?1 as a single application. Spring forage had better forage quality than summer harvests. While N fertilization increased forage Mg and P concentrations by more than 50% during both spring and summer, it had no effect or slight increased K and Ca concentrations. In the southern Great Plains, despite the weather-dependent variability in forage yield of Bermuda grass, N application increase forage quality.     

不同饲料作物对苏打盐碱土改良效应研究

为探明不同饲料作物种植对苏打盐碱土改良的影响，以内蒙古科尔沁旗苏打盐碱地为研究对象，设置3个土壤等级(中、良、优)和5个饲料作物种类(高丹草、稗草、青贮玉米、湖南稷子、甜高粱)，共计15个处理，研究不同土壤等级下，饲料作物对土壤盐化碱化、养分含量变化的影响，并根据模糊物元-熵权模型进行土壤改良效应评价。结果表明：饲料作物收获后土壤平均p H较播种前降低1.64%，种植前后土壤p H差异不显著；土壤EC、总可溶性盐、碱化度显著降低(P<0.05)。不同饲料作物种植降低土壤Ca²⁺、Mg²⁺、HCO₃^–+CO₃^2–含量，提高土壤K⁺+Na⁺、Cl^–含量，对土壤SO₄^2–含量影响存在差异，收获后土壤碱解氮和速效钾含量比播种前分别降低15.15%、24.06%。基于模糊物元-熵权模型得出，青贮玉米对土壤盐渍化程度较高的土壤改良效果更佳，而甜高粱与高丹...