基于桔梅奇酵母冻干粉制备可湿性粉剂及其在柑橘上的应用

确保生防制剂的贮藏稳定性是保证微生物种群数量和生物防治效果不受影响的关键因素。为开发货架期较长且防治效果稳定的拮抗酵母生物制剂,该研究通过助剂的单因素筛选试验和混料试验研制出一种基于桔梅奇酵母冻干粉制备得到可湿性粉剂,经过升温加速贮藏试验预测制剂的贮藏稳定性,同时评价了制剂在离体和活体条件下对柑橘采后主要病害的控制效果。试验结果表明：试验筛选得到制剂优化配方的质量分数分别为皂角粉5.69%、亚甲基二萘磺酸钠8.74%、母粉85.57%。冻干制剂中酵母活菌数可达到4.72×108 CFU/g,贮藏稳定性试验表明,冻干制剂的贮藏稳定性较好,预测在4℃贮藏后制剂中酵母活菌数约为4.6×108 CFU/g。适当降低贮藏温度可延长冻干制剂贮藏期。离体试验发现,与新鲜酵母相比,液体制剂对柑橘采后病原菌的抑制作用无显著变化,抑菌圈可达到9 mm以上。在柑橘果实上能够有效控制柑橘果实采后青霉病、绿霉病、酸腐病和炭疽病,可将发病率降低约40%～60%。综上,对桔梅奇酵母进行制剂化能够延长其货架期并维持其对柑橘果实采后病害防治效果。     

中草药淀粉壳聚糖复合膜对椪柑的保鲜效果

为探讨可食性涂膜保鲜剂取代化学保鲜和套袋保鲜椪柑的可能性,研究了中草药淀粉壳聚糖复合涂膜剂对椪柑果实保鲜效果及衰老生理的影响。结果表明：复合涂膜可以明显降低椪柑贮藏期间病害指数,保持较高的好果率,其效果与化学保鲜无明显差异,但显著高于单一套袋处理,贮藏第90?d时,其好果率和病情指数分别是单一套袋的1.2倍和50.0%;复合涂膜能减少维生素C、可滴定酸的损失。与单一套袋相比,复合涂膜明显提高过氧化氢酶活性,降低过氧化物酶和多酚氧化酶活性,抑制丙二醛积累,在贮藏第90?d时,过氧化氢酶是单一套袋的2.2倍,过氧化物酶、多酚氧化酶和丙二醛含量分别是单一套袋的60.9%、80.7%和76.7%。在贮藏期间除过氧化物酶外,复合涂膜过氧化氢酶、多酚氧化酶和丙二醛含量与化学保鲜相比无明显差异。通过成本核算,处理1?kg椪柑需0.16元。由此可知,中草药淀粉壳聚糖复合涂膜在抗病和防止果实衰老方面已达到化学保鲜效果,并在品质方面明显优于化学保鲜,成本低且安全,可以替代椪柑果实的化学保鲜和套袋。     

近20年甘肃省苹果4种主要病害发生分析及趋势预测

利用指数平滑法对甘肃省2000-2019年苹果树腐烂病、苹果枝干轮纹病、苹果褐斑病和苹果斑点落叶病4种病害发生程度进行基本趋势分析,并用2020年的发生值进行了验证,预测了2021-2022年的发生趋势,分析了发生程度与发生面积的相关性。结果表明:苹果树腐烂病、苹果枝干轮纹病、苹果褐斑病和苹果斑点落叶病4种主要病害2020年拟合值接近实际,预测在甘肃2021-2022年2年内均呈上升趋势,其中,苹果树腐烂病发病趋势将较缓,其他3种病害的发生将呈较快上升趋势,需加强病害预防和控制。相关分析表明,甘肃省4种苹果主要病害发生程度与发生面积之间无相关性。本研究为指数平滑法短期预测苹果病害提供了理论依据。     

中国南方梨果采后生理和病理及保鲜技术研究

该文总结了近年来分布于我国南方尤其是福建省的梨果采后生理和病理及保鲜技术的研究结果。采后生理涉及果实呼吸、乙烯释放、营养成分、细胞膜透性、膜脂过氧化和果皮色素变化及果实软化机理；梨果实贮藏期病害主要是果实失水、低温冷害、黑心病、果肉褐变等生理性病害和轮纹病、褐腐病、软腐病等侵染性病害；梨果保鲜技术如不同品种耐藏性、采收期、防腐保鲜剂、包装、贮藏环境条件、常温贮运、冷藏保鲜等也进行了研究。     

中国南方梨果采后生理和病理及保鲜技术研究

该文总结了近年来分布于我国南方尤其是福建省的梨果采后生理和病理及保鲜技术的研究结果.采后生理涉及果实呼吸、乙烯释放、营养成分、细胞膜透性、膜脂过氧化和果皮色素变化及果实软化机理;梨果实贮藏期病害主要是果实失水、低温冷害、黑心病、果肉褐变等生理性病害和轮纹病、褐腐病、软腐病等侵染性病害;梨果保鲜技术如不同品种耐藏性、采收期、防腐保鲜剂、包装、贮藏环境条件、常温贮运、冷藏保鲜等也进行了研究.     

采收期结合1-MCP对苹果采后生理和贮藏品质的影响

为了探讨1-MCP处理对不同采收期''维纳斯黄金''苹果的采后生理和贮藏品质的影响。研究了生长发育期为185 d（采收期Ⅰ）、192 d（采收期Ⅱ）、199 d（采收期Ⅲ）的3个采收期果实分别用浓度为0（CK）和1.0 μL/L 1-MCP处理后,在常温（20±0.5）℃条件下采后生理和贮藏品质变化规律。结果表明,晚采果实的呼吸高峰和乙烯高峰较早采果实高,出现时间较早,与CK相比,1-MCP处理能显著降低3个采收期果实的乙烯释放速率和呼吸强度,明显抑制或延缓呼吸高峰和乙烯跃变高峰的出现时间。1-MCP处理对采收期Ⅰ和采收期Ⅲ果实的淀粉含量、淀粉酶活性与CK差异均不显著（P>0.05）,但1-MCP处理能保持3个采收期果实较高的硬度和原果胶含量、明显延缓可溶性果胶含量和PG酶（多聚半乳糖醛酸酶,Polygalacturonase）活性的上升,显著（P0.05）抑制采收期Ⅱ果实贮藏13～25 d期间的淀粉酶活性上升,有效延缓淀粉转化。结果还表明,与采收期Ⅰ相比,采收期Ⅱ能维持''维纳斯黄金''苹果较好的可溶性固形物、可滴定酸和维生素C等品质;与采收期Ⅲ相比,采收期Ⅱ能保持果实较高的硬度和可滴定酸含量、明显延缓果实软化衰老,延长货架期。综合分析：常温贮藏25 d期间,生长发育期为192 d采收的''维纳斯黄金''苹果结合1.0 μL/L 1-MCP处理贮藏保鲜效果最佳,研究结果为明确生产中''维纳斯黄金''苹果的最适采收期、维持果实采后品质和延缓果实软化衰老提供参考。     

不同采收期对苹果常温贮藏品质和衰老的影响

以通辽地区的‘塞外红’苹果为试材,研究了生长发育期在116~134 d内的3个采收期果实常温(20±1)℃贮藏品质和软化衰老的变化,以确定‘塞外红’苹果的最佳采收成熟度和适宜采收期。结果表明,随着采收期的推迟,果实硬度逐渐降低,可溶性固形物和可滴定酸含量逐渐升高,种子颜色逐渐变褐到全褐。随着贮藏时间的延长,3个采收期果实的硬度、维生素C和可滴定酸含量均逐渐下降,从采收到贮藏结束,采期Ⅰ果实的硬度一直保持最高,采期Ⅱ保持了果实较高的维生素C和可滴定酸含量,采期Ⅲ果实的可溶性固形物含量SSC一直保持最高。结果还表明,采期Ⅰ的果实常温贮藏期间虽然具有较高的原果胶和纤维素含量,而且抑制了可溶性果胶的生成,推迟了果实多聚半乳糖醛酸酶PG活性和纤维素酶活性高峰,延缓了果实呼吸高峰和乙烯释放高峰的出现时间,但果实的外观色泽、口感和风味相对较差;采期Ⅲ的果实丙二醛和乙醇含量积累较多,果实衰老快。综合分析,采期Ⅱ的‘塞外红’苹果具有良好的内在品质、外观色泽和贮运性能。因此,建议通辽地区‘塞外红’苹果的采收期以9月5—10日为宜(可适当晚采1~2 d),采收成熟度参考标准为:果实生长发育天数123~128 d、果肉硬度11.0~11.5 kg/cm^2、SSC≥16.5%、种子的颜色3/4左右变褐、淀粉染色为4.5级左右。     

果实采前套袋对龙眼果实品质和耐贮性的影响

以福建省主栽龙眼品种“福眼”果实为材料，研究果实采前套袋对龙眼果实品质和采后耐贮性的影响。结果表明：果实采前套袋可明显改善龙眼果实的外观品质；但降低了果肉可溶性固形物、可滴定酸、维生素C和总糖等营养物质含量，导致龙眼果实甜度下降、风味变淡。果实采前套袋降低了与龙眼果皮褐变密切相关的酚类物质(包括花色素苷、类黄酮和总酚)含量和多酚氧化酶、过氧化物酶的活性，减少了龙眼果实在贮藏期间果皮褐变的发生；同时，果实采前套袋明显减轻由采前病原菌潜伏侵染所致的采后龙眼果实病害，提高果实耐贮性，延长果实贮藏期。     

采后茄子的生物保鲜研究

采用哈茨木霉发酵液对采后茄子进行生物保鲜。结果表明:经哈茨木霉发酵液处理的茄子果实,在贮藏温度为20～25℃的条件下贮藏20d后,果实仍新鲜如初,好果率达87%～94%(对照为20%～65%),发病率仅6%～13%(对照为35%～80%),腐烂率仅2%～8%(对照为21%～80%)     

芦荟粗提物对苹果采后灰霉病的防治效果与机理

为了探讨芦荟粗提物对苹果采后抗灰霉病的效果及其机理。该试验将供试苹果分别用类黄酮质量浓度为0.020,0.035,0.050 g/L的芦荟粗提物浸泡5 min,常温下(23±1)℃放置2 d后,接种灰葡萄孢孢子悬浮液,以清水浸泡作为对照。结果表明:芦荟粗提物可显著降低果实灰霉病的发生率(P0.05),抑制病斑直径的扩展。经过4d的贮藏,类黄酮质量浓度为0.035和0.050 g/L的芦荟粗提物处理的苹果发病率分别为73%和53%,显著低于对照处理(93%)。芦荟粗提物处理能诱导红富士苹果果实的过氧化物酶、多酚氧化酶、苯丙氨酸解氨酶、几丁质酶、β-1,3-葡聚糖酶活性的提高,诱导酚类物质的合成,增强果实的抗病性。其中以类黄酮质量浓度为0.050 g/L的芦荟粗提物处理效果较好,与对照差异显著(P0.05);当类黄酮质量浓度大于0.050 g/L时,杀菌效果仍可增强,但会在果实上表面留下残留物。该研究结果也可为其他水果采后病害的防治研究提供参考。     

Development of apple superficial scald, soft scald, core flush, and greasiness is reduced by MCP.

1-Methylcyclopropene (MCP) was used to evaluate the role of ethylene in development of apple (Malus x domestica Borkh.) physiological disorders during storage. Granny Smith, Red Chief Delicious, and Fuji apple fruit were treated with MCP at a concentration of 1 microL L(-)(1) for 12 h at 20 degrees C. For all varieties stored at 0 degrees C, ethylene production and respiration rates were reduced for several months following MCP treatment, and firmness and titratable acidity of treated fruit were higher compared to controls. Apples treated with MCP did not develop superficial scald or peel greasiness through 6 months storage plus ripening at 20 degrees C for 7 days. Core flush was not observed in MCP-treated fruit until 6 months after treatment when the incidence was still lower compared to control fruit. MCP delayed the rise in production of alpha-farnesene and reduced accumulation of its oxidation products.     

Post-harvest disorders and mineral composition of apple fruits as affected by pre-harvest calcium treatments

Abstract

The effect of pre-harvest calcium sprays, CaCl₂ and Ca (NO₃)_2, on apple (Malus domestica) N, P, K, Ca and Mg content, storability and incidence of physiological disorders (superficial scald, bitter pit, physiological spot) was studied using two cultivars, ‘Krameri Tuviõun’ and ‘Talvenauding’. In the first year calcium treatment did not reduce any physiological disorders or loss of marketable yield. In the second year calcium treatment reduced storage losses until four months after storage. Bitter pit in ‘Krameri Tuviõun’ was unaffected by calcium treatment, but physiological spot of ‘Krameri Tuviõun’ and superficial scald of ‘Talvenauding’ were reduced by calcium treatment in the second year. Both physiological disorders of 'Krameri Tuviõun’ correlated negatively with Mg and P content and Mg/Ca ratio in apples. Superficial scald of ‘Talvenauding’ correlated negatively with Ca content and positively with K/Ca ratio, N/Ca ratio and Mg/Ca ratio in fruits. The conclusion can be made that content of Ca and its ratios with other nutrients plays an important role in the development of superficial scald on ‘Talvenauding’ fruits, and increasing Ca content in fruit can therefore be recommended for improving post-harvest quality of this cultivar. Since bitter pit in 'Krameri Tuviõun’ was not reduced by calcium treatment, it would be worth trying other measures for this cultivar.     

Fate of apple peel phenolics during cool storage

Consumption of certain phenolics in the diet is considered beneficial to human health. In this study, individual phenolics were measured by diode-array HPLC at monthly intervals in the peel of Granny Smith, Lady Williams, and Crofton apple cultivars stored in air at 0 degrees C for 9 months. The concentrations of total phenolics significantly differed among the cultivars examined, with Lady Williams peel having significantly more phenolics (over 4000 microg x g(-1) peel fresh weight) than Crofton (2668 microg x g(-1) peel fresh weight) and Granny Smith, which had the lowest concentration of total phenolics (1275 microg x g(-1) peel fresh weight). There were also significant differences in individual phenolics among cultivars and during storage. Quercetin glycosides were the only flavonols identified, with quercetin rhamnoglucoside being the most abundant phenolic in the peel. Chlorogenic acid was the major cinnamic acid derivative, with high concentrations, up to 412 microg x g(-1)) peel fresh weight, in Crofton peel. A pre-storage diphenylamine (DPA) treatment had few significant effects on peel phenolic metabolism. Where differences did occur, fruit treated with DPA retained higher concentrations of total peel phenolics during storage than fruit not treated with DPA. Storage of all cultivars for up to 9 months in air at 0 degrees C induced few significant changes in the peel phenolic concentrations. This indicates that phenolic metabolism in apple peel is relatively stable, and the health benefits of phenolics in apple peel should be maintained during long-term storage.     

EFFECT OF AUTUMN CALCIUM SPRAY AT A HIGH RATE ON ‘GRANNY SMITH’ APPLE QUALITY AND STORABILITY

The aim of the study was to examine effect of autumn calcium (Ca) spray at a high rate on apple quality and storability. The investigation was carried out during 2005–2006 in Isparta district, Turkey, under semi-arid conditions, on mature ‘Granny Smith’ apple trees/M.9 EMLA, planted at a spacing of 3.5 × 1.5 m on fine-textured soil rich in Ca. The trees were sprayed with Ca in summer and/or in autumn, using organically complexed Ca to avoid possible leaf and fruit injuries. In autumn (10 days before harvest), the trees were sprayed with Ca at a rate of 8 kg ha^?1. In summer, the another trees were sprayed with Ca six times at a rate of 1.5 kg ha^?1 in each measure; the first spray treatment was performed 6 weeks after full bloom, and the others at 7–9 day intervals. The third part of the trees was sprayed with Ca in summer as well as in autumn, at the same terms and rates as given above. Trees unsprayed with Ca served as the control. It was found that Ca sprays in autumn or in summer plus in autumn damaged leaves; however those treatments did not caused defoliation. Calcium sprays had no effect on apple yield, mean fruit weight, fruit skin russeting, and firmness, soluble solids concentration and titratable acidity of fruit at harvest. Fruit flesh Ca concentrations of the control trees were high. However, the highest fruit Ca concentration was recorded on the trees sprayed with Ca in summer plus in autumn. Calcium sprays in summer or in autumn increased fruit Ca concentrations but their effects were weaker than summer plus autumn Ca applications. After 100 days of refrigerated air storage, soluble solids concentration of fruit did not differ between the studied combinations. Only apples sprayed with Ca in summer plus in autumn were firmer and contained more organic acids than the control fruit. During storage, there were neither pathogenic diseases nor physiological disorders. Based on the obtained results we conclude that Ca sprays in summer plus in autumn at high rate can prolong ‘Granny Smith’ apple storage even thought initial fruit Ca concentration is as high as 502–504 mg Ca kg^?1 DW or 84.1–84.8 mg Ca kg^?1 FW.     

Relationship of superficial scald development and alpha-farnesene oxidation to reactions of diphenylamine and diphenylamine derivatives in Cv. Granny Smith apple peel

Cv. Granny Smith apple fruit, treated at harvest with aqueous emulsions containing diphenylamine (DPA) and DPA derivatives, were evaluated for the peel disorder superficial scald (scald) after 6 months of cold storage at 1 degrees C plus 0 or 7 days at 20 degrees C. Metabolism of these derivatives and alpha-farnesene oxidation were also evaluated after 6 months. Derivatives substituted at the para position prevented scald, but scald developed on fruit treated with derivatives substituted in the amino, ortho, or meta positions. The extent of scald control was also dependent on the chemical nature of the functional group used to derivatize DPA. Hydroxylation of DPA and DPA derivatives during storage was not associated with scald control. Methoxylated DPA derivatives produced during storage resulted from O-methylation of C-hydroxylated derivatives rather than C-methoxylation of DPA. N-Nitrosodiphenylamine provided partial scald control, possibly resulting from its degradation to DPA, indicating that the amino hydrogen of DPA may be crucial for scald control. Results suggest that functional group position and chemical properties both contribute to the efficacy of DPA derivatives for scald control.     

Influence of ethylene action, storage atmosphere, and storage duration on diphenylamine and diphenylamine derivative content of Granny Smith apple peel

The application of diphenylamine (DPA) to prevent the apple peel disorder superficial scald can result in accumulation of a number of DPA derivatives resulting from C-nitration, C-hydroxylation, O-methylation, and N-nitrosation during fruit storage. As the presence of these compounds may be indicative of metabolic processes leading to superficial scald development, the contents of DPA and DPA derivatives were determined in fruits treated at harvest with DPA or DPA plus the ethylene action inhibitor 1-methylcyclopropene (1-MCP), which also prevents scald development. Influences of fruit maturity, storage environment, storage duration, and a 14 day poststorage ripening period on accumulation of DPA metabolites were also assessed. Poststorage ripening, 1-MCP treatment, and controlled atmosphere storage had varied effects on DPA derivative contents suggesting that reactive oxygen and nitrogen species, such as *OH, *NO, and *NO2, or enzyme-catalyzed reactions may be present during certain ripening and senescence-related physiological processes. Definitive correlations between superficial scald incidence and contents of specific derivatives were not observed.     

Physiological disorders,bitter rot and other fungal decay of ‘Aroma’ apple fruit stored in controlled atmosphere

Effects of controlled atmosphere (CA) conditions on physiological disorders and fungal fruit decay on apple ‘Aroma’ were investigated. Fruit from three growing seasons were stored at 1% or 2% O₂ (both at 2% CO₂) at either 1°C or 3°C in small research units; controls were kept in the same ventilated rooms at the two temperatures (ambient air). The fruit were removed from storage after four or six months and assessed for fruit decay immediately afterwards and after two weeks at 20°C. Fruit quality parameters were recorded at the end of storage. On a three-year average, fruit stored in CA was less ripe at the end of storage. After both four and six months storage, CA reduced total decay (physiological disorders and fungal decay) by on average 70% and 45%, respectively, compared to storage in ambient air. Senescent breakdown was lower after CA storage for four months, but not after six months and not after simulated shelf life. Soft scald was lower when stored in CA both after cold storage at 1°C and simulated shelf life. After storage at 3°C there was lower incidence of soft scald when stored in CA after four months, but not after six months. For fungal fruit decay in general, there was no effect of low oxygen, however, 2% O₂ gave slightly less bitter rot (Colletotrichum acutatum) than 1% O₂ and significantly less than ambient air after simulated shelf life. Averaged over all oxygen levels, 1°C gave significantly less bitter rot than 3°C. It may be concluded that use of CA for storage of ‘Aroma’ is a good way of reducing development of physiological disorders. However, development of bitter rot seemed to be more influenced by temperature and storage time than by low O₂.     

双色荧光 PCR 检测醉马草内生真菌(Neotyphodium gansuense)(英文)

醉马草内生真菌(Neotyphodium gansuense)曾对我国的畜牧业造成过巨大损失,目前其鉴定仍是基于表型和分离培养的检测技术。本研究以与 N. gansuense 形态非常相似的同属种 N. coenophialum、N. lolii、N. huerfanum、N. chisosum 和 N. aotearoae 等共 6 种 7 个标准菌株,以及采自新疆的醉马草种子为环境材料,扩增和测定了它们的β-Tub 基因约 430 bp 的序列。根据序列分析结果,设计了 Neotyphodium 属的通用Taqman 探针和引物以及 N. gansuense 的特异探针和引物,基于双色荧光 PCR 技术成功建立了快速、敏感的分子检测方法。所建立的检测技术可实现对 N. gansuense 菌丝培养物、单粒醉马草种子中 N. gansuense 的检测,并且检测时间只需 7 h。该检测技术能很好弥补传统检测鉴定方法的不足,可直接应用于国内外畜牧业种子和草坪草种子中 N. gansuense 带菌率的检测。     

Temperature-dependent autoxidation of conjugated trienols from apple peel yields 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one, a volatile implicated in induction of scald

Conjugated triene (CT) oxidation products of alpha-farnesene have long been thought to be involved in development of superficial scald in apple fruit. Early studies found that CT hydroperoxides and the volatile 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one (MHO) are major in vitro autoxidation products of alpha-farnesene. However, it was recently shown that > or =99% of the oxidation products of alpha-farnesene that accumulate in apple peel are conjugated trienols (CTols), isomers of 2,6,10-trimethyldodeca-2,7,9,11-tetraene-6-ol. HPLC-purified CTols from fruit of two scald-susceptible cultivars, Granny Smith (GS) and Red Delicious (RD), were used to study autoxidation of these compounds in vitro. Incubation of CTols in sealed glass vials under air resulted in accumulation of MHO. Oxygen enrichment did not increase the amount of MHO produced. Regardless of which cultivar CTols were derived from, at 0 degrees C autoxidation yielding MHO was quite slow and linear, whereas at 20 degrees C MHO production was much more rapid, and after several hours the rate increased abruptly. However, CTols isolated from GS and RD fruit differed in the duration of the initial lag phase and the overall level of MHO generated at 20 degrees C. The sharp increase in MHO production occurred after 3 h with GS CTols and at about 12 h with RD CTols. Also, the yield of MHO from GS CTols after 6 h at 20 degrees C was nearly 6-fold greater than that from RD CTols after 20 h at 20 degrees C. The antioxidants butylated hydroxytoluene and diphenyamine reduced the yield of MHO by about 97%. Recent work has shown that MHO can induce scald-like symptoms in apple peel and that tissue sensitivity increases with time in storage. This may explain the correlation between high CTol levels and scald development, and why symptoms rapidly intensify when fruits are removed from cold storage.     

Effects of esterified lactoferrin and lactoferrin on control of postharvest blue mold of apple fruit and their possible mechanisms of action

The effects of esterified lactoferrin (ELF) and lactoferrin (LF) on blue mold caused by Penicillium expansum in apple fruit stored at 25 °C were investigated. Both ELF and LF provided an effective control and strongly inhibited spore germination and germ tube elongation of P. expansum in vitro. Assessment by propidium iodide staining combined with fluorescent microscopy revealed that the plasma membrane of P. expansum spores was damaged more seriously by ELF than by LF treatment, and the leakage of protein and sugar was higher from ELF-treated mycelia. Interestingly, ELF treatment induced a significant increase in the activities of chitinase, β-1,3-glucanase, and peroxidase in apple fruit, whereas both LF treatment and the control showed no obvious difference. These findings indicated that the effects of ELF on blue mold in apple fruit might be associated with the direct fungitoxic property against the pathogens and the elicitation of defense-related enzymes in fruit.