A Testing of SOTER Project in China

A SOTER（soil and terrain digital database) project at the scale of 1:500000 has been tested using the GIS (geographical information system) methodology in Hainan Province of tropical China.Soil and terrain map units were delineated by SOTER manual .An ARC/INFO GIS software has been used for grometric data storing and map editing,with attribute data stored in a relational database management system,dBASEIII PLUS.     

Design and Applicationos of Land Resources and Ecological Environment Information System： A Case Study of Zigui County in the Three Gorges Area of China

The design and applications of a land information system built upon ARC/INFO and ArcView are presented.The proposed system not only maintains all the advantages of the more conventional implemen-tations but also enhances them in the following ways:1)the application program interfaces(API)are used to transmit data and messages among different parts of the system;2)the integrated system can support studies on land evaluations and ecological analyses by efficient management of attribute and spatial data and 3)correspondingly,spatial records and attributive records are linked by the same identifiers(ID).A case study application in Zigui County of the Three Gorgas Area in China demonstrates that the system could employ land-use maps and land property data to predicate and analyze the land utilization changes in the past,present and future.The ecological environment analysis can be carried out with the data of land,economics and terrain map used,showing that the system can be widely applied,especially to survey land and environment resources in the countryside area.     

红壤资源信息系统及其初步应用

Red soil is a very important soil resource in southern China. However, due to being simultaneously of high productive potentialities and severely degraded, it needs harnessing urgently. Red Soil Resource Information System (RSRIS) based on remote sensing and geographic information system (GIST plays an important role in survey, evaluation, utilization and management of red soil resource. RSRIS of Cauzhou City, Zhejiang Province (1:250000) and RSRIS of Longyou County, Zhejiang Province (1:50000) have been made respectively on SUN SPARC station and using ARC/INFO. This paper introduces the system design, database creation and system functions, and it particularly focuses on developing applied models, such as red soil resource division and mapping, suitability evaluation, erosion risk evaluation, plant utilization zone etc. The problems on study of RSRIS and its developing strategy are also discussed.     

小麦生产管理知识模型系统

A knowledge model with temporal and spatial characteristics for the quantitative design of a cultural pattern in wheat production, using systems analysis and dynamic modeling techniques, was developed for wheat management, as a decision-making tool in digital farming. The fundamental relationships and algorithms of wheat growth indices and management criteria to cultivars, ecological environments, and production levels were derived from the existing literature and research data to establish a knowledge model system for quantitative wheat management using Visual C^＋＋. The system designed a cultural management plan for general management guidelines and crop regulation indices for timecourse control criteria during the wheat-growing period. The cultural management plan module included submodels to determine target grain yield and quality, cultivar choice, sowing date, population density, sowing rate, fertilization strategy, and water management, whereas the crop regulation indices module included submodels for suitable development stages, dynamic growth indices, source-sink indices, and nutrient indices. Ewluation of the knowledge model by design studies on the basis of data sets of different eco-sites, cultiwrs, and soil types indicated a favorable performance of the model system in recommending growth indices and management criteria under diverse conditions. Practical application of the knowledge model system in comparative field experiments produced yield gains of 2.4% to 16.5%. Thus, the presented knowledge model system overcame some of the difficulties of the traditional wheat management patterns and expert systems, and laid a foundation for facilitating the digitization of wheat management.     

中国海南岛香蕉种植潜力的鉴定

Land use alternatives are sought to boost agricultural income and productivity in Hainan Island,China.Regional differences exist in crop limitations,such as typhoon risk,low temperatures,poor soil fertility,and drought.In this study a crop zonation was made for a range of crops,among which is banana,as a way to:1) establish areas for potential expansion for banana,and 2) identifylimitations and options for crop and land management.A spatial soil and terrain database of Hainan Island(1:250000) was linked to the automated land evaluation system(ALES).The qualitative models were verified by comparing suitability maps with actual land use.Theresults may support policy formulation on issues such as alternatives to current land use,assessment of best management practices,and the need for fertilizer programmes.     

应用危险确认模型评估土地管理的可持续发展

New Zealand is highly dependent on its soil resource for continued agricultural production.To avoid depleting this resource,there is a need to identify soils and associated land management practices where there is a risk of soil degradation.Environmental integraity and ecosystem services also need to be maintoained.Accordingly,to ensure sustainable production,The on -and off-site environmental impacts of aldn management need to be identified and managed.We developed a structural vulnerability index for New Zealand soils.This index ranks solis according to their inherent susceptibility to physical degradation when used for agricultural (pasture,forestry and cropping) Purposes.We also developed a rule-based model to assess soil sompaction vulnerability by characterising the combined effects of resistance and resilience,Other soil attributes have been approatised using seven chemical,physical and biological indicators of soil quality.These indicators have been applied in a nation -wide project involving data collection from over 500 sites for a range of land uses.These soil quality data can be interpreted via the World Wide Web -through the in teractive decisionsupport tool SINDI,The land-use impact model is a framework to assess agricultural land management and environmental sustainability,and may be applied to land units at any scale.Using land resource data and information the model explicitly identifies hazards to land productivity and environmental integrity,It utilises qualitative expert and local knowledge and quantitative model-based evaluations to assess the potential environmental impacts of land-management pratices.The model is linked to a geographic information system(GIS),allowing model outputs.such at the environmental impacts of site-specific best management practices,to be identified in a spatially explicit manner,The model has been tested in New Zealand in an area of pastoral land use.Advantages of this risk identification model include:utilising current knowledege of the causes and effects of land-management practices on soil degradation;linking land management practice to both on-and off-site environmental consequences;identifying important gaps in local knowledge,and providing spatially explicit information on the environmental impact of land-management practices.     

土壤资源和生态环境信息系统的设计与应用: 以三峡地区秭归县为例

The design and applications of a land information system built upon ARC/INFO and ArcView are presented. The proposed system not only maintains all the advantages of the more conventional implementations but also enhances them in the following ways: 1) the application program interfaces (API) are used to transmit data and messages among different parts of the system; 2) the integrated system can support studies on land evaluations and ecological analyses by efficient management of attribute and spatial data and 3) correspondingly, spatial records and attributive records are linked by the same identifiers (ID). A case study application in Zigui County of the Three Gorges Area in China demonstrates that the system could employ land-use maps and land property data to predicate and analyze the land utilization changes in the past, present and future. The ecological environment analysis can be carried out with the data of land, economics and terrain map used, showing that the system can be widely applied, especially to survey land and environment resources in the countryside area.     

A GIS-based database management application package for fertilizer recommendations in paddy fields

Over-use of fertilizer in paddy fields could lead to agro-environmental pollution. Therefore, the Paddy Fertilizer Recommendation System (PFRS) application package was designed to aid in the dissemination of fertilizer recommendations for paddy fields. PFRS utilized geographical information system (GIS) ActiveX Controls, enabling the user to select a location of interest linked to a spatial database of paddy field soil characteristics. The application package also incorporated different soil fertilizer recommendation methods, forming a relational database. The application‘s structure conaiated primarily of building database queries using Standard Query Language (SQL) constructed during run-time, baaed on user provided spatial parameters of a selected location, the type of soil desired and paddy production criteria. PFRS, which was comprised of five modules including: File, View, Edit, Layer and Fertilizer/Model, provided the user with map-baaed fertilizer recommendations based on selected soil nutrient P and K map layers as well as N characteristica and land use maps.     

湿地土壤质量退化的模糊综合评价

Wetland soil quality degradation caused by large-scale agricultural reclamation on the Sanjiang Plain of Northeast China has been widely reported. A relative soil quality evaluation (RSQE) model and a projection pursuit evaluation (PPE) model based on real-coded accelerating genetic algorithm were introduced to evaluate quality variations in top layers of the main wetland soils on the Sanjiang Plain in 1999 and 2003, respectively. As soil quality degradation boundaries were vague, this study established two fuzzy synthetic evaluation (FSE) models based on the original data and criteria used in the RSQE and PPE models. The outputs of the two FSE models were obtained by choosing two fuzzy composite operators M (∧,∨) and M (?,⊕). Statistical analysis showed that the results of the FSE, RSQE, and PPE models were correlated. In particular, outputs of the FSE model using M (?,⊕) were significantly correlated with those of the RSQE model with r = 0.989 at P < 0.01. Compared with RSQE and PPE models, the FSE model may be more objective in showing soil quality variations and was closer to the natural situation, showing the feasibility and applicability of the FSE model in evaluating soil quality degradation. However, the choice of composite operator was of critical importance. The study of wetland soil quality degradation on the Sanjiang Plain was of scientific and practical significance for protection and management of soils and for sustainable development of agriculture in this area in the future.     

集成定量方法用于同时监控密集型农业区域土壤侵蚀和非点源污染状况的研究

In China, some areas with intensive agricultural use are facing serious environmental problems caused by non-point source pollution（NPSP） as a consequence of soil erosion（SE）. Until now, simultaneous monitoring of NPSP and SE is difficult due to the intertwined effects of crop type, topography and management in these areas. In this study, we developed a new integrated method to simultaneously monitor SE and NPSP in an intensive agricultural area（about 6 000 km2） of Nanjing in eastern China, based on meteorological data,a geographic information system database and soil and water samples, and identified the main factors contributing to NPSP and SE by calculating the NPSP and SE loads in different sub-areas. The levels of soil total nitrogen（TN）, total phosphorus（TP）, available nitrogen（AN） and available phosphorus（AP） could be used to assess and predict the extent of NPSP and SE status in the study area.The most SE and NPSP loads occurred between April to August. The most seriously affected area in terms of SE and NPSP was the Jiangning District, implying that the effective management of SE and NPSP in this area should be considered as a priority. The sub-regions with higher vegetation coverage contributed to less SE and NPSP, confirming the conclusions of previous studies, namely that vegetation is an effective factor controlling SE and NPSP. Our quantitative method has both high precision and reliability for the simultaneous monitoring of SE and NPSP occurring in intensive agricultural areas.     

土壤土地数据库(SOTER)在我国土地资源数据库建设的应用研究

本文介绍SOTER项目是利用目前已有的信息技术 ,建立一个包含数字化的地图单元和它们属性数据的世界土壤和土地数据库 .该数据库的主要功能是为已完善起来的世界土壤和土地资源变化的制图和监测提供必要的数据 .在此基础上提出我国土地资源多尺度数据库的建库模式 ,SOTER单元概念的发展 ,多尺度数据库的划分和相互之间的衔接方法     

利用DEM建立香港土壤地体数据库

完成了香港SOTER数据库的建立,采用数字高程模型和其它基础图件,制图过程完全计算机化,使SOTER方法更适合于计算机技术的发展和应用,提高工作效率和精度;对SOTER在中大比例尺尺度上的应用进行了探索,完善其适用范围和理论体系;以香港作为研究区域,建设基于SOTER方法的土壤信息数据库,对于评价该区土壤、环境质量以及生态利用具有意义。     

邯郸地区1:25万SOTER数据库研究

在GIS支持下,根据国际土壤信息和参比中心提出的土壤与地形体数字化数据库(SOTER)基本原理和方法,建立了河北邯郸地区1:25万土壤和地形体数字化数据库(SOTER),实现了空间数据和属性数据的整合。     

海南岛1:20万SOTER数据库的组织与设计研究

就1:20万海南岛SOTER数据库的组织与设计过程进行了详细的探讨。剖析了中尺度SOTER制图的原则与方法、属性数据的采集及组织管理思路等。在此基础上拟订了研究区制图单元指标体系,完成了研究区制图单元的区分与制图,构建了研究区1:20万SOTER数据库,包括中心数据库与附属数据库。该研究在理论上对于发展与完善SOTER方法论体系、促进其推广与应用有着积极的意义。在实践上对于促进海南岛土地资源的科学决策管理与持续利用具有参考价值。     

基于SRTM数据的中国1:100万SOTER地形体的构建

集土壤与地形数据于一体的 SOTER 数据库,较单一的土壤或地形数据库包含有更多的信息,这能够为日益锐化的人口与自然资源之间的矛盾的解决提供更有力的数据支持.而全国尺度 SOTER 数据库的建立将能够从国家尺度为该矛盾的解决提供更多的支撑.本文利用新的数据源(SRTM)和数字土壤制图技术,定量化地构建了中国1:100万 SOTER 地形体.通过本研究发现,采用 90 m 分辨率的SRTM数据来构建1:100 万的 SOTER 地形体的结果是令人满意的,可以实现无缝接边,与传统的方法相比,更准确、更快速、更一致.同时,也提供了一个定量化构建小比例尺地形体单元的方法,为小比例尺 SOTER 数据库的建设提供方法论上的支持,对实现农业和环境资源的有效管理具有重要的作用.     

长江上游典型地区的土壤退化评价

以长江上游典型区——彭州市为例，在该区SOTER（1：50000）数据库的支持下，建立了基于AHP法的土壤退化评价系统。对样区53个SOTER单元进行了评价，生成了相应的专题评价图。     

Carbon and nitrogen stocks in the soils of Central and Eastern Europe

Abstract. Soil organic carbon and total nitrogen stocks are presented for Central and Eastern Europe. The study uses the soil geographic and attribute data held in a 1:2 500 000 scale Soil and Terrain (SOTER) database, covering Belarus, Bulgaria, Czech Republic, Estonia, Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, Moldova, Poland, Romania, the Russian Federation (west of the Urals), Slovakia, and Ukraine. Means and coefficients of variation for soil organic carbon and total nitrogen are presented for each major FAO soil grouping. The mean content of organic carbon, to a depth of 1 m, ranges from 3.9 kg C m^–2 for coarse textured Arenosols to 72.9 kg C m^–2 for poorly drained Histosols. Mean carbon content for the mineral soils, excluding Arenosols, is 15.8 kg C m^–2. The top 1 m of soil holds 110 Pg C (Pg=10¹⁵ g), which corresponds to about 7% of the global stock of soil organic carbon. About 44% of this carbon pool is held in the top 0.3 m of the soil, the layer that is most prone to be changed by changes in soil use and management. About 166 million ha in Central and Eastern Europe have been degraded by compaction, erosion of topsoil, fertility decline and crusting. The achievable level of carbon sequestration for these soils, upon adoption of 'best' management practices or restorative measures, is estimated.     

基于WebGIS的农场生产管理信息系统的设计与实现

针对"农场+生产队"管理模式的大中型农场农业生产管理的需求,该文设计开发了基于WebGIS的农业生产管理信息系统。系统开发采用浏览器/服务器(B/S)架构,Java作为开发语言,属性数据库使用MySQL数据库管理系统,采用ArcGIS API for JavaScript作为WebGIS前端开发技术,实现农场农业生产各关键环节数据的填报、统计以及可视化。功能模块包括:农场机构管理、生产资料管理、生产数据上报、专题分析、信息服务发布、系统管理。目前系统已在安徽龙亢农场,呼伦贝尔谢尔塔拉农场、特泥河农场、院士工作站等农场或农业基地开展示范应用。结果表明:系统具有简单易用、普适性强、扩展性好等特点,可协助农场生产管理者科学、便捷、高效地进行生产管理,提升农场生产管理的信息化、现代化水平,增强决策层的宏观掌控能力。     

基于多层感知器神经网络的土地利用数据库更新模型及应用

针对土地利用数据库更新规则复杂、不同更新类型与更新规则自动匹配困难等问题,该文提出并构建了一种基于多层感知器神经网络的土地利用要素自适应更新模型。该模型将土地利用要素的每个变更类型判断及更新行为判断过程均设计成一个神经元,同类神经元组织成一个网络层,所有网络层采用全连接方式构成一个多层感知更新策略判断模型。该模型可以自动完成变更类型与更新规则的正确快速匹配,且可根据更新规则的变化,灵活改变知识库并产生新的推理机。试验表明:该模型明显减少了人工交互环节,综合更新效率较各基地软件可以提高30%左右,一次性更新正确率可以提高5个百分点以上,研究成果可为土地利用数据库的高效自动更新提供一整套新的解决方案。