水稻根表钙离子浓度的实验测定与理论计算

为了阐明植物养分的实际有效性,研究土/根界面的化学性质的微域差异是十分重要的^[1,3]。我们以前的工作已经证明^[2],用钾离子选择电极原位测定水稻根际微区中钾离子的分布,与用Nye的数学模型预期者基本相吻合,说明可以用离子选择电极技术研究土/根界面的离子状况。本工作继续用钙离子选择电极与Nye的模型对水稻根际钙离子状况进行研究。     

土壤—根系微区养分状况的研究——Ⅲ.水稻根际氮素的变化

植物根系吸收性能与土壤养分、水分和温度等环境条件有着密切的关系,同时又影响着近根微区土壤中养分的迁移和有效性。近年来在这一方面有了不少进展^[5]。在本项研究的第Ⅱ报^[1]中,我们曾对棉花等旱作根际钾的亏缺与富集及与土壤条件和作物种类的关系进行了初步讨论。但是,根际氮的状况除了从微生物的角度做了一些工作外,对植物根系吸收过程中氮肥的亏缺与补给,以及影响范围的论述还很少。Harmsen和Jager^[6],在旱作根际土壤中曾对氮、碳的含量进行了分析,并与根外土壤作过比较,认为近根区存在富集现象。但是,由于试验是全量分析的结果,因此只能归结为近根土壤中有微生物和某些生物残休的聚集,不能了解有效氮的动向。     

有机物料对苹果根际营养元素动态及土壤酶活性的影响

有机物料的施用,影响着土壤的理化特性与生物性状,也必然影响植物的生长发育。植物与土壤直接接触区域是根际微域,要了解有机物料对作物生长发育的影响,必须先探讨其对根际微域的作用。研究与揭示很际微域环境状况对增加土壤养分供应,促进根系对养分吸收、改善树体营养状况及提高产量与品质等方面具有重要意义^[1]。果树根际微域的研究工作开展较少^[1,2],为此我们研究了两种有机物料对苹果砧木根际微域中土壤酶活性及元素有效性的影响。     

苏南水稻土对铜离子专性吸附的初步研究

六十年代以来,土壤对多价离子特别是重金属离子的专性吸附,已日益成为土壤化学领域中一个受人注意的问题。土壤胶体中铁、锰、铝、硅等氧化物及其水合物和土壤有机质是专性吸附的主要载体^{[12,16,17,19,20,21]},它们对许多重金属元素的专性吸附所引起的富集过程,起着控制这些金属元素在土壤溶液和海水中浓度的作用^[9,15,18];一些微盒营养元素在土壤中的移动及其对植物的有效性,也深受土壤中氧化物胶体的专性吸附的影响^[11,14,21]。因此,铁、锰等水合氧化物对重金属离子的专性吸附的研究,不仅是土壤化学领域,而且也是土壤环境保护和地球化学等领域中的重要研究课题。     

离子选择性电极测定污染土壤或废水中的氰

用离子选择性电极测定工业废水^[1,2]或饲料^[3]等样品中的氰是快速而简便的方法,但用于污染土壤中氰的测定尚未见报导。     

测定土壤K+的扩散系数的阳离子交换膜法的初步研究

某些作物所摄取的钾,约有90%是通过扩散作用移向植物根表后而吸收的,因此测定土壤中K⁺的扩散系数,对了解K⁺向根运移的速率就具有实际意义。对扩散系数的测定国内常用的是同位素冰冻切片法和同位素针筒法,此二法需应用同位素,难于推广。国外早期提出的离子交换树脂膜法^[4-6],曾用以测定了土壤中各种营养离子的扩散系数,近年又应用于田间钻孔土壤的测定^[7,8],但均未介绍具体测定方法。我们根据斐克第二扩散定律,对K⁺扩散系数的计算公式进行了推导并拟定了一个测定方法,现将初步结果报道如下。     

塿土剖面CO2浓度的动态变化及其受环境因素的影响

CO₂是土壤空气的重要组成,土壤空气CO₂浓度一般高于大气几倍到数十倍,甚至上百倍^[1]。土壤空气中CO₂主要来源于土壤呼吸,其浓度主要决定于生物因素(植物根系、土壤微生物活性等)和环境因素(土壤温度、含水量等)^[2～4]。土壤空气CO₂浓度可以反映和影响土壤向大气释放CO₂的通量^[4,5],同时对植物根系生长发育、土壤微生物活动和各种养料物质转化也有很大影响^[1]。研究了解土壤空气CO₂浓度剖面分布、季节动态及其影响因素,有助于人们认识土壤中CO₂产生、累积、输运以及向大气排放的生物和物理过程,制定和实施合理的农作措施以改善作物生长环境和减少土壤向大气排放的CO₂。国外已在森林、草地和农田土壤上开展了较长时间的土壤空气CO₂浓度观测研究^[4~7],但我国的研究和报道很少^[8,9]。本文通过土壤剖面不同深度CO₂浓度的定位观测,初步揭示了土剖面CO₂浓度的分布特征、季节动态及其受水热条件的影响。     

用14C示踪法研究植物残体在田间的分解速率

研究植物残体在田间条件下的分解速率以及土壤有机质含量的动态变化,目前最常用的方法是砂滤管法^[1]和尼龙袋法^[2]。     

植物根系和根际微生物对氮的竞争

植物根系可促进土壤中有机碳和氮的矿化^[1-3]。     

用硝酸根电极测定土壤中的硝态氮

土壤中硝态氮的测定,在常规分析中多应用比色法,但受限制较多,精度也较差。还原氨法准确度较高,但需经蒸馏与滴定等手续。近年来,国外用新发展的硝酸根离子选择性电极测定土壤硝态氮已有某些结果^[1,2]。     

Effect of Potassium Nutrition of Different Varieties of Rice on the Redox Status in Microzone Rhizosphere Soils

Being divided into three groups-strong,moderate and weak-according to the different kinetic parameters (Fmax,km,Cmin) of potassium uptake by crops,21 cultivars of rice have been studied to find out the relationships between their potassium nutrition and the oxidation-reduction status in the rhizosphere soils. Results show that,with no application of K fertilizer,there were higher contents of active reducing substances and ferrous iron in rhizosphere soils planted with cultivars,such as Zhongguo 91,week in absorbing potassium than in soils cropped with cultivars,Shanyou 64,stronger in absorbing potassium.As a result of K application,however,these toxic substances were decreased appreciably in the soil,particularly in the root zone where weakly K-absorbing sultivars were growing,and the parameter of soil redox (pH pE) was increased,the most striking example of this being found in the rhizosphere soil where the more strongly K-absorbing sultivars were growing.On and close to the root surface in soils where rice plants were supplied with potassium fertilizer,rather more iron oxide had been accumulated compared with rice receiving no potash,and even greater amounts of red iron oxide precipitated on the rice root in neutral paddy soils.As shown by the concentration distribution of active reducing substances and ferrous iron in a microzone of the profile,the redox range of rice roots supplied with potassium may extend as far as several centimeters from the root surface.It can thus be seen that potassium nutrition exerts its effect first on the morphological properties of rice roots and their exudation of oxygen,then on the content of soluble oxygen and the count and species of oxygen-consuming microbes in the rhizosphere soil,and finally on the redox status of the soil.     

Mechanistic Model for Predicting NO3-N Uptake by Plants and Its Verification

Some mechanistic models have been proposed to predict the No3^- concentrations in the soil solution at root surface and the NO3-N uptake by plants,but all these relatively effective non-steady state models have not yet been verified by and soil culture experiment.In the present study,a mathematical model based on the nutrient transport to the roots,root length and root uptake kinetics as well as taking account of the inter-root competition was used for calculation,and soil culture experiments with rice,wheat and rape plants grown on alkali,neutral and acid soils in rhizoboxes with nylon screen as a isolator were carried out to evaluate the prediction ability of the model through comparing the measured NO3-concentrations at root surface and N uptake with the calculated values.Whether the inter-root competition for nutrients was accounted for in the model was of less importance to the calculated N uptake but could induce significant changes in the relative concentrations of NO3^- at root surface.For the three soils and crops,the measured NO3-N uptake agreed well with the calculated one,and the calculated relative concentrations at root surface were approximate to the measured values.But an appropriate rectification for some conditions is necessary when the plant uptake parameter obtained in solution culture experiment is applied to soil culture.In contrast with the present non-steady state model,the predicted relative concentrations,which show an accumulation,by the Phillips‘ steady-state model were distinct from the measured values which show a depletion,indicating that the present model has a better prediction ability than the steady-state model.     

红壤区不同肥力水稻土根际硝化作用特征

通过根际培养箱(三室)——速冻切片技术研究了红壤地区高、低两种肥力下水稻苗期根表、根际和土体土壤矿质态氮含量和硝化强度,以及水稻生长、氮素积累的差异。结果表明,肥力水平对水稻根表和根际土壤铵态氮(NH4+-N)含量无显著影响,但高肥力显著提高土体土壤NH4+-N含量,以及根表、根际和土体土壤硝态氮(NO3--N)含量及硝化强度。两种肥力水稻土硝化强度最大值均出现在距根表2 mm处,分别为0.20和0.31μmol kg-1 h-1。土体土壤硝化强度随距根表距离增加而降低,低肥力土壤在距根表10～40mm处时硝化强度接近本底值,而高肥力土壤在距根表20～40 mm处时接近本底值。与不种水稻的CK相比,种植水稻显著提高根际土壤硝化强度。高肥力能显著改善水稻生长,增加植株氮素积累量,尤其显著促进根系生长及通气组织发育。由于红壤稻田肥力水平的差异造成水稻根际硝化强度以及水稻吸收NO3-的差异,导致高肥条件下水稻显示出更强的生长势和氮素吸收利用能力。因此,合理提高红壤稻田肥力水平对改善红壤区水稻根际土壤硝化作用及水稻氮素营养具有重要意义。     

复合污染土壤中水稻根际元素特性及效应研究

【目的】以广东大宝山重金属复合污染农田为生长介质,通过研究水稻不同部位生长量、 金属含量、 对金属的富集系数,及其与根际、 非根际土金属含量、 形态变化的相关关系,探讨根际效应可能对水稻体内金属积累转运以及生物量的影响。【方法】选取了广东大宝山稻田重金属复合污染(As、 Pb、 Fe、 Cu、 Zn)土壤及当地常见的20个水稻品种进行根际袋试验,即将根际袋内的土视为根际土,根际袋外的土视为非根际土,将供试水稻品种种植于根际袋土壤中60天后收获,测定水稻各部位的生长量、 不同金属的含量,根际土和非根际土中各金属有效态的含量。【结果】Fe、 Cu、 Pb、 Zn、 As在根部的富集系数均大于其在茎叶的富集系数,各金属在茎叶和根部的富集能力排序分别为Zn Cu As ≈ Pb ≈ Fe和Fe Zn As Cu Pb。根际土和非根际土中各种金属有效态含量均为Fe Cu Pb Zn As。研究还发现,有效态Fe、 Cu和Zn浓度对整株干重的影响显著,作用强弱顺序为Cu Zn Fe,对水稻生长影响作用显著的三种有效态金属Fe、 Cu和Zn均为植物生长所必需的元素。供试土壤中有效态Cu浓度对水稻的生长所起的作用最强。根际土有效态Fe浓度对根系Fe的积累作用效果显著,有效态As浓度显著抑制了根系Fe的积累,且有效态As浓度的作用强于有效态Fe。【结论】根际土中有效态Fe对株高、 根干重、 茎叶干重和整株干重均起着抑制作用,有效态Cu对水稻生长起到了促进作用。根际土有效态As和非根际土有效态Zn对根部Fe的积累起到了抑制作用,根际土有效态Fe和非根际土有效态Cu则起到了促进作用。非根际土有效态Fe和有效态Zn对水稻根长的增加均起到了促进作用。     

Interrelationship of Organic Acids and Aluminum Concentrations in Rhizosphere and Nonrhizosphere Soil Solution of Rice in Acidic Soil

To study the interrelationship of organic acids and aluminum concentrations in rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soil solution of rice (var. Satabdi and IR 64) in acidic soil, plants were grown in plastic pots containing 500 g soil. Three organic acids (viz., tartaric, oxalic, and citric acids) were identified and quantified in rice rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils. Organic acids were found more in the rhizosphere soil and at early stages of crop growth, decreased sharply after 30 days of germination, and found in negligible quantity after 45 days of germination. Regression analysis revealed a significant and negative relationship between solution aluminum and organic acid. Satabdi showed greater organic acid concentration in rhizosphere soil, leading to significantly lower root and shoot aluminum concentrations and consequently significantly greater dry-matter production as well as root volume, compared to IR 64. The findings established that organic acids can effectively reduce aluminum concentration in soil solution.     

Der Einfluß unterschiedlicher Kalium- und Nitraternährung auf pH-Änderungen in der Rhizosphäre

The Influence of potassium and nitrate nutrition on pH changes in the rhizosphere Seedlings of winter wheat, barley, sunflower, peanut and field bean were grown in soils differing in K and nitrate content. pH changes of the rhizosphere soil were measured periodically with antimony electrodes. In soils relatively poor in K the lowest pH values were measured at the root surface of the dicots (maximum pH decrease from 5 to 4.2), while soil pH increases from 5 to 5.4 in contact with roots of the monocots. Increasing K addition caused decreasing pH near peanut and field bean roots. In soils fertilized with K, monocot roots also decreased soil pH. In a K-rich soil the roots of the dicots decreased pH even after addition of 6.6 mg NO₃-N/100 g soil, while the roots of the monocots did not change pH. The pH changes are explained by an imbalance between anion and cation uptake, causing release of protons or hydroxyl ions. The reason for the differences in behaviour between monocots and dicots may be due to the differing cation-exchange capacity of the plant roots, causing a higher cation uptake by dicots and therefore greater proton release.     

Availability in Soil and Acquisition by Plants as the Basis for Phosphorus and Potassium supply to Plants

This report summarizes research aimed at describing the processes and quantifying the factors affecting transfer of P and K from soil into plants. Soil properties related to availability and plant properties reflecting nutrient acquisition were determined. Their interactions in the rhizosphere and their importance for nutrient supply of plants were studied by a combination of measurements and calculations using a simulation model. Phosphorus and potassium uptake by roots decreased P and K concentration at the root surface and caused characteristic depletion profiles in the adjacent soil. The shape of the profiles depended on the effective diffusion coefficient, the concentration of the nutrient in soil, morphological properties of the roots and on influx into roots. The degree of depletion at the root surface indicated the proportion of the nutrient potentially available in the soil. The shape of the depletion profiles reflected the amount of the nutrient taken up by a root section. The parameters found to describe nutrient acquisition are (i) influx per unit root length, (ii) root length per unit shoot weight (root/shoot ratio), and (iii) the period of time a root section absorbs nutrients. Plant species differed considerably in these properties. In order to integrate the processes involved and to evaluate the importance of individual factors, the Claassen-Barber model was used. Depletion profiles and nutrient uptake calculated with this model were in good agreement with measured values in a number of cases. However, at low P supply, plants absorbed substantially more P than the model predicted. This indicates that influx in this case is supported by mechanisms not properly taken into account yet. Influx per unit root length depends on morphological properties of and nutrient mobilization by roots. Root hairs increase root surface area per unit root length. In addition, because of their small diameter and geometric arrangement in soil, root hairs are specially apt to gain from diffusion when concentration gradients are small. This applies even more to VA-mycorrhizae. Their hyphae are longer and thinner than root hairs and can thus deplete larger volumes of soil per unit root length. Root-induced changes of soil pH increased the size of P depletion profiles, indicating that roots can mobilize soil P by this mechanism. Both acid and alkaline phosphatase enzyme activities were found to be markedly increased at the soil-root interface suggesting that soil organic P may contribute to the P supply of plants.     

土壤－水分－植物体系中铅和镉的交互作用及其机制: Ⅱ. 根际中Pb-Cd的交互作用

The interaction of Pb-Cd can be observed not only in the uptake process of elements by plants and in their influence on the growth,but also in rhizosphere.The changes in extractable Cd and Pb concentrations in the rhizosphere soil of rice plants ,root exudates from wheat and wheat plant and their complexing capacity,with Pa and Cd were investigated under different Pb and Cd treatments.Results showed that the concentration of extractable Cd in the rhizosphere of rice in red soil was markedly increased by Pb-Cd interaction,It increased by 56% in the treatment with Pb and Cd added against that in the treatment with only Cd added in soil . The considerable differences in both composition and amount of root exudate from wheat and rice were found among different treatments.Pb and Cd might be complexed by root exudates ,The concentrations of free Pb and Cd in the solution were increased markedly by adding root exudate from wheat and decreased by that from rice due to Pd-Cd interaction.The distribution patterns of Pb and Cd in roots were affected by Pb-Cd interaction,which accelerated transport of Pb into internal tissue and retarded accumulation of Cd in external tissue.     

Kaliumdynamik im wurzelnahen Boden in Beziehung zur Kaliumaufnahme von Maispflanzen

Potassium dynamics at the soil-root interface in relation to the uptake of potassium by maize plants Young maize plants were grown in flat containers on a sandy and a silt loam soil after addition of ⁴³K as tracer. Changes of the K concentration in soil in the vicinity of the roots were determined by scanning the film density of autoradiographs. A distinct zone of K depletion in the soil adjacent to the root surface was observed, similar to those found earlier with phosphate and rubidium. The highest degree of depletion occured within a distance of 0.7 mm from the surface of the root cylinder which corresponds to the average length of root hairs of the cultivar used. The quantity of K released within 2.5 days per unit of this part of the soil exceeded the exchangeable K by a factor of two. In a radial direction the zone of maximum depletion was followed by a depletion profile which extended over 5 mm in the sandy and over 3 mm in the silt loam soil. The K concentration of the soil solution decreased to 2–3 μmoles K/l at the root surface. In order to determine the effect of depleting the K concentration by plant roots on the release of soil K, desorption studies were carried out in parallel. For this purpose the soil was successively extracted by solutions with cation concentrations corresponding to the soil solution, except for K. With this procedure a massive release of K from the soil was observed after the equilibrium concentration decreased to 2–3 μmoles K/l. It is concluded that

• – in one growing season only part of the soil volume of the rooted layer contributes potassium to the plant and, on the other hand
• – substantial part of the potassium absorbed by plants is derived from nonexchangeable soil K, even in short periods of time.

     

Metabolite profiling of shoot extract,root extract,and root exudate of rice under nitrogen and phosphorus deficiency

ABSTRACT

Root exudate is derived from plant metabolites and its composition is affected by plant nutrient status. A deficiency of mineral nutrients, such as nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P), strongly affects the type and amount of plant metabolites. We applied a metabolite profiling technique to investigate root exudates of rice plants under N and P deficiency. Oryza sativa was grown in culture solution containing two N levels (0 and 60 mg N L^?1) or two P levels (0 and 8 mg P L^?1). Shoot extracts, root extracts, and root exudates were obtained from the rice plants 5 and 15 days after transplanting and their metabolites were determined by capillary electrophoresis/time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Shoot N concentration and dry weight of rice plants grown at ?N level were lower than those of plants grown at +N level. Shoot P concentration and dry weight of rice plants grown at ?P level were lower than those of plants grown at +P level. One hundred and thirty-two, 127, and 98 metabolites were identified in shoot extracts, root extracts, and root exudates, respectively, at the two N levels. One hundred and thirty-two, 128, and 99 metabolites were identified in shoot extracts, root extracts, and root exudates, respectively, at the two P levels. Seventy-seven percent of the metabolites were exuded to the rhizosphere. The concentrations of betaine, gamma-aminobutyric acid, and glutarate in root exudates were higher at both ?N and ?P levels than at their respective high levels. The concentration of spermidine in root exudates was lower at both ?N and ?P levels than at their respective high levels. The concentrations of the other metabolites in root exudates were affected differently by plant N or P status. These results suggest that rice roots actively release many metabolites in response to N and P deficiency.