黄土丘陵区不同草本群落生物量与土壤水分的特征分析简

为阐明黄土丘陵区不同草本群落生物量与土壤水分的相关特征,通过野外调查与定点观测,对延河流域内不同演替阶段的5种草本植被（长芒草、铁杆蒿、茭蒿、白羊草、大针茅）群落地上生物量、土壤水分特征及其相关关系进行研究与分析.结果表明：在0～ 500 cm土层内,各演替阶段草本群落土壤含水量的垂直分布规律明显,均表现为浅层（0 ～ 50 cm）减少、中层（50 ～200 cm）增加、深层（200 ～ 500 cm）基本稳定的趋势;植物群落地上生物量均随着演替年限呈先增加后减小趋势,在白羊草群落阶段（退耕演替25 a左右）达到最大值;草本群落地上生物量与土壤含水量整体呈正相关关系,相关程度以0 ～ 200 cm土层较高;植被群落利用土壤水分土层深度随群落演替阶段逐渐加深,表现出对环境更强的适应性.     

黄土丘陵沟壑区退耕地植被自然恢复过程——以吴起县双树沟流域为例

采用TWINSPAN分类法对黄土丘陵沟壑区吴起县双树沟流域30个自然恢复草地植被进行分类,并对分类后各植被群落特征和地上生物量进行统计分析。结果表明：在自然恢复条件下,随着退耕年限的不断增加,退耕地植被自然恢复依次经历了猪毛蒿群落-赖草＋长芒草群落-赖草＋铁杆蒿群落-铁杆蒿群落-铁杆蒿＋茭蒿群落5个发展阶段,地带性植被类型铁杆蒿＋茭蒿群落在研究区内开始出现,并且已经占有一定优势;随着退耕地植被自然恢复的不断进行,Margalef等丰富度指数以及Shannon-wiener等多样性指数、Pielou等物种均匀度指数和地上生物量都呈现出先减小后增大的发展趋势;在植被自然恢复的稳定阶段,虽然物种丰富度指数和物种多样性指数有一定的增加,但是相对恢复初期来讲还是有所下降,并且有达到与初期相当水平的趋势;物种丰富度指数均在第1恢复阶段最大,而均匀度指数Jsw以及Shannon-wiener指数在第5恢复阶段最高。随着退耕地植被自然恢复的不断进行,植被群落总盖度随着退耕年限的延长而不断增大。     

榆林风沙草滩区物种多样性研究

通过对榆林风沙草滩区的主要物种进行考察,根据植被、立地条件及土壤水分等因素,选取5个典型样地,应用物种丰富度指数（R1）、Shannon--Weiner多样性指数（H）、Simpson多样性指数（D）和Pielou均匀度指数（E,）综合分析了主要物种的丰富度、多样性和均匀度,并对其重要值和土壤水分与物种多样性的关系进行了研究。结果表明,榆林风沙草滩区主要物种的多样性排列顺序为：紫穗槐群落〉柠条群落〉踏郎群落〉沙柳群落〉沙蒿群落;均匀度排列顺序为：沙柳群落〉紫穗槐群落〉柠条群落〉踏郎群落〉沙蒿群落;土壤含水量排列顺序为：紫穗槐群落〉沙蒿群落〉沙柳群落〉柠条群落〉踏郎群落。     

黄土丘陵区撂荒群落地上生物量和物种多样性关系

研究黄土丘陵区撂荒群落生物量与物种多样性的关系及其影响机制,有助于明确群落演变的机理,可对该区植被恢复重建、群落演替、生物多样性保护和维持具有重要意义。为此,选取该区5个典型撂荒群落,在群落尺度上,分析地上生物量的月动态,重点研究了地上生物量与物种多样性的关系。结果表明:(1)5个撂荒群落地上生物量总体呈上升趋势,月份之间差异极显著,群落生物量由大到小为白羊草(Bothriochloa ischaemum)群落茭蒿(Artemisia giraldii)群落铁杆蒿(Artemisia sacrorum)群落猪毛蒿(Artemisia scoparia)群落达乌里胡枝子(Lespedeza dahurica)群落;(2)群落地上生物量与物种多样性关系表现为线性增加和线性减少两种形式。猪毛蒿群落中二者呈线性增加。铁杆蒿和白羊草群落地上生物量随丰富度的增加线性增加。白羊草和达乌里胡枝子群落地上生物量随均匀度的增加线性减少。空白生态位的占有和利用、生态位互补效应、种间相互作用是解释二者关系的内在机制,冗余种假说效应可能会导致不显著关系。     

高寒草甸不同类型草地土壤养分与物种多样性——生产力关系

研究了高寒草甸不同类型草地土壤养分与多样性—生产力之间的关系,即物种多样性对生产力的效应如何受到资源供给率等因素的影响。结果表明:以莎草类为优势种的藏嵩草沼泽化草甸群落其总生物量(包括地上和地下生物量)最高(13,196.96±719.69gm-2)、小嵩草草甸和金露梅灌丛群落为中等水平(2,869.58±147.52gm-2、2,672.94±122.49gm-2)、矮嵩草草甸群落为最低(2,153.08±141.95gm-2)。在藏嵩草沼泽化草甸群落中,总生物量和物种丰富度呈显著负相关(P<0.05);地上生物量与土壤有机质、土壤含水量和群落盖度显著正相关(P<0.05);地下生物量和土壤含水量显著正相关(P<0.05)。在矮嵩草草甸、小嵩草草甸、金露梅灌丛群落中,地上生物量与土壤有机质和土壤总氮显著正相关(P<0.05)。以上结果说明生物量的分布与土壤营养和水分变化相一致。在矮嵩草草甸、小嵩草草甸和金露梅灌丛中,多样性有随土壤养分的增加而增加的趋势;在藏嵩草沼泽化草甸中,则呈现负相关的关系。     

黄土丘陵沟壑区沟坡典型植物群落生长特征

以纸坊沟小流域沟坡7个典型植物群落为调查对象,对其结构特征、物种多样性、盖度、地上生物量进行了系统研究。结果表明:Simpson多样性指数显示为沙棘赖草白羊草柠条苔草茭蒿铁杆蒿;Magarlef丰富度指数表现为草本群落灌木群落,阴坡群落阳坡群落;Pielou均匀度指数为灌木群落草本群落,阴坡群落阳坡群落。灌木群落地上生物量(1.53～5.85 kg/m~2)显著大于草本群落(0.17～0.41 kg/m~2),草本群落地上生物量大小排序为赖草铁杆蒿茭蒿白羊草苔草。植被盖度阴坡草本群落最大,灌木群落居中,阳坡蒿类草本群落最低。沟坡植物群落的Simpson多样性指数、Margalef丰富度指数略低于梁峁坡面的植物群落,Shannon-wiener多样性指数、草本群落地上生物量显著低于梁峁坡。研究成果对于明确黄土高原小流域植被生长特性、优化水土保持措施的空间配置具有重要的指导意义。     

金塔沙漠不同人工植被类型土壤种子库特征

[目的]对甘肃省酒泉市金塔沙漠不同类型人工植被林地的土壤种子库进行调查研究,以揭示干旱条件下沙漠人工植被土壤种子库的分布规律、种子库物种多样性的变化特征以及土壤种子库与地上植被的关系,为河西走廊退化人工林生态系统的恢复与重建提供理论依据。[方法]通过野外植被调查、土壤种子库取样和土样萌发试验进行分析研究。[结果]①土壤种子库中,共统计到植物种有24种,胡杨—假苇拂子茅群落、胡杨+沙枣—柽柳+花棒+柠条—芦苇+黑沙蒿群落、梭梭—河西菊群落、柽柳—花花柴群落土壤种子库物种数依次为18种、18种、14种、3种,土壤种子密度依次为660.71,267.85,29.64,19.29粒/m~2。土壤种子库中一年生、多年生草本的物种和密度占优势,乔木、灌木和半灌木种子所占比例较低。②物种多样性分析表明,乔木林土壤种子库物种的Margalef丰富度指数大于灌木林,土壤种子库物种的Shannon-Wiener多样性指数、Simpson多样性指数、Pielou均匀度指数变化趋势基本一致,均为胡杨+沙枣—柽柳+花棒+柠条—芦苇+黑沙蒿群落柽柳—花花柴群落梭梭—河西菊群落胡杨—假苇拂子茅群落,而生态优势度指数与之相反。③乔木林土壤种子库植物与地上植被的相似程度高于灌木林。[结论]沙漠人工植被林地土壤种子库物种丰富度低,以草本植物为主,沙漠自我恢复度低,人工营造乔木林、灌木林有利于干旱荒漠区生态恢复与重建。     

黄土丘陵区退耕草地群落盖度与地上生物量关系

揭示黄土丘陵区退耕草地群落盖度与地上生物量的关系,对系统评价草地群落恢复潜力和水土保持效益具有重要意义。以黄土丘陵区5个退耕年限(5 a,10 a,15 a,20 a,30 a)草地群落为对象,通过照相法、群落调查和刈割法测定了草地群落盖度、物种组成和地上生物量。结果表明:群落高度、盖度与地上生物量呈显著正相关关系,与物种丰富度和Shannon-Wiener多样性指数呈显著负相关关系。群落盖度与地上生物量随退耕年限增加总体呈增加趋势,不同退耕年限草地群落间物种丰富度和多样性指数无显著差异。退耕20 a群落的植物密度、高度和单位盖度地上生物量值均最低,盖度和地上生物量与退耕15 a相比显著下降。各退耕年限草地群落优势种分别为:5 a是狗尾草(Setaria viridis)和达乌里胡枝子(Lespedeza davurica),10 a和15 a是达乌里胡枝子和铁杆蒿(Artemisia gmelinii),20 a是铁杆蒿和菊叶委陵菜(Potentilla tanacetifolia),30 a为长芒草(Stipa bungeana)。当草地群落盖度低于84.6%时,盖度与地上生物量呈极显著线性正相关关系,当盖度大于84.6%后,群落盖度不随地上生物量增加而变化。群落盖度84.6%和地上生物量285.17 g/m~2可作为黄土丘陵区退耕草地植被恢复评价和调控措施的参考值。     

青藏铁路沿线植物群落物种多样性研究

对新建青藏铁路沿线植物群落多样性进行了研究。研究结果表明:(1)新建青藏铁路沿线各样带植物丰富度(S)的变化呈先上升后趋于平稳的趋势;物种多样性指数(H)、均匀度指数(J)均随样带的递进有缓慢上升之势。优势度指数(P)呈下降趋势。物种丰富度的多少在一定程度上决定H指数值的大小。同时,当多样性指数相近时,均匀度小的群落比均匀度大的群落其优势种更为明显,优势度也更高。(2)在多年冻土地带植物的次生恢复过程中,丰富度指数、多样性指数和均匀度指数的变化趋势基本一致。均随与铁路距离的增大呈先上升后下降趋势。在75 m处达到最大值,在300 m处群落的3个指数值最小。说明受轻微干扰的植物群落在经过次生恢复后其多样性指数要高于原始群落,可达到更稳定的状态。(3)物种丰富度随海拔的上升和下降呈相同的变化趋势。通过对物种丰富度与环境因子之间的关系分析表明,物种丰富度主要受海拔变化影响。     

党河流域骆驼刺群落特征与土壤因子的相关性

[目的]分析党河流域骆驼刺群落特征与土壤因子相关性,为有效管理该流域天然骆驼刺群落及退化骆驼刺群落的恢复提供科学依据。[方法]利用"样方"法,于2012年6—10月调查群落特征及土壤样品数据,进行回归分析。[结果]在6—10月,生物量表现出显著的季节变化,Simpson优势度指数和Pielou均匀度指数季节变化趋势几乎一致,Shannon—Wiener多样性指数变化趋势相反。在0—50cm土壤层内,随土壤深度的增加,土壤电导率、土壤pH值呈现出先增加再减小的变化过程,土壤容重表现出逐渐增大的趋势,土壤含水量在土壤深度达到30cm以后增加不明显。[结论]土壤环境因子是影响骆驼刺群落特征、生物多样性和生物量的主要因素。较高的土壤含水量可以增加骆驼刺群落的生物多样性,较高的土壤容重抑制骆驼刺群落根系的生长。     

石羊河尾闾-青土湖水面形成对土壤分形维数和植被的影响

以石羊河尾闾青土湖水面形成区的土壤及植被为研究对象,利用植被及土壤调查取样方法,调查分析了水平距水面0～450 m,垂直0—60 cm土层的土壤粒径及植物多样性。利用分形几何学方法对土壤颗粒的分形特征进行分析,以探讨土壤颗粒分形维数与植被特征间的关系。研究结果表明:不同土层及不同水面距离的土壤分形维数在2.10～2.92,平均值为2.55;呈现随距水面距离增大而波动变小的趋势,0—20 cm土层在0~150 m土壤粒径分形维数呈缓慢增加趋势,在150 m处达到最大,随后逐渐降低;而20—40 cm,40—60 cm土层在0~100 m呈缓慢增加趋势,在100 m处达到最大;植物物种多样性变化与土壤分维数的变化具有较好的对应关系;各多样性指数随水面距离变化趋势一致,在距水面0~50 m和400~450 m处多样性达到最大。草本的重要值在距水面200 m处达到最大,灌木的重要值在距水面300 m处达到最大值,草本植物对区域植物多样性影响较大,但灌木植物重要值与土壤特征的变化关系更密切;线性回归分析表明在0—20 cm,40—60 cm土层,分形维数与多样性、均匀度和优势度指数呈显著负相关,在干旱沙漠地区,土壤颗粒分形维数也可作为一个反映评价土壤演变程度的综合定量指标。     

甘肃省金塔县天然胡杨林土壤含水量空间变化特征研究

土壤含水量是制约植物生长的主要因子之一。运用变异系数和ArcGIS中反距离权重法插值对金塔县金塔绿洲和鼎新绿洲天然胡杨林土壤含水量的空间变化规律进行研究。结果表明:金塔县金塔绿洲和鼎新绿洲天然胡杨林土壤含水量垂直变化趋势表现为,除双城(SCCD)土壤含水量随深度增加而呈增加趋势外,其它各点土壤含水量0—60cm呈减少趋势,在60—120cm深度火烧(HSCD)与拐坝林场(GBLC)两样点土壤含水量继续缓慢减少,大庄子(DZZC)、五星(WXCD)、牛头湾(NTWC)、西红(XHCD)土壤含水量呈现增加趋势,且双城(SCCD)土壤含水量最大。各层土壤水分变异系数差异明显,且随深度增加而增大。土壤含水量越大,胡杨长势越好。各土层土壤水分含量水平空间分布大体呈自西向东逐渐增加的趋势,这与北大河和黑河流域地貌格局有关,各土层土壤含水量水平空间分布随离水源地距离的增加而降低。     

地中海生态系统中可溶性有机N研究

Dissolved organic nitrogen (DON) in soils has recently gained increasing interest because it may be both a direct N source for plants and the dominant available N form in nutrient-poor soils, however, its prevalence in Mediterranean ecosystems remains unclear. The aims of this study were to i) estimate soil DON in a wide set of Mediterranean ecosystems and compare this levels with those for other ecosystems; ii) describe temporal changes in DON and dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN) forms (NH4+ and NO3? ), and characterize spatial heterogeneity within plant communities; and iii) study the relative proportion of soil DON and DIN forms as a test of Schimel and Bennett’s hypothesis that the prevalence of different N forms follows a gradient of nutrient availability. The study was carried out in eleven plant communities chosen to represent a wide spectrum of Mediterranean vegetation types, ranging from early to late successional status. DON concentrations in the studied Mediterranean plant communities (0-18.2 mg N kg-1) were consistently lower than those found in the literature for other ecosystems. We found high temporal and spatial variability in soil DON for all plant communities. As predicted by the Schimel and Bennett model for nutrient-poor ecosystems, DON dominance over ammonium and nitrate was observed for most plant communities in winter and spring soil samples. However, mineral-N dominated over DON in summer and autumn. Thus, soil water content may have an important effect on DON versus mineral N dominance in Mediterranean ecosystems.     

石羊河尾闾(青土湖)水面形成后土壤养分的空间特征

通过测定青土湖不同土层、不同水面距离的土壤有机质、全氮、全磷、全钾、速效氮、速效磷和电解质,对比不同土层和水面距离的土壤养分差异,分析其空间变异性以及相关关系。结果表明：１）青土湖的土壤各养分含量均较低,水面形成的干扰改变了原状土壤的理化性质,水面的形成对土壤养分垂直分布的影响范围在0~40cm。;2）0-60cm土层深度的有机质、全氮、速效氮、全磷、全钾和土壤溶液电导率分别在距水面100-150m和300 m处达到最大值,在距水面200 m处为最小,呈波浪式变化,这种波浪式变化与其原湖泊沉积和区域气候环境相符合。;32）土壤养分含量存在显著空间变异性,各养分指标含量随土层深度变化规律明显,不同水面距离0～40cm土层土壤有机质、全氮等含量均比40~80cm高,土壤各养分含量除了土壤全钾含量在0~80cm、土壤全磷在60~80cm为弱变异外,其他均属于中等变异。;43）在0~40cm土层深度,有机质与全氮、全钾,速效氮、电导率呈正相关;电导率和速效磷、全磷呈正相关。青土湖的土壤各养分含量均较低,水面形成的干扰改变了原土壤的理化性质,水面的形成对土壤养分垂直分布的影响范围在0~40cm。     

Nutrient Monitoring of Sewage Water Irrigation: Impacts for Soil Quality and Crop Nutrition

Abstract

Agriculture in the Middle East region, specifically crop production (mainly cereals and food and forage legumes), is invariably limited by low rainfall and thus soil moisture. Although irrigation is contributing to increased yields, its potential is also limited because of few surface‐water sources (rivers, lakes) and declining groundwater tables. The only source of water that is increasing is urban wastewater. Such waters are rarely treated in the Middle East but are nonetheless used for irrigation in perimeters of urban areas. Despite the potential health hazards of using such waters, crop benefits are evident to farmers. This study involved monitoring of the Quake River, south of Aleppo, Syria, where it irrigates about 10,000 ha of mixed crops (e.g., cotton, cereals, oil crops, and vegetables). The water was sampled at various points along the river in winter and summer (1997–98) and again 6 years later (2003) and analyzed for nitrate, ammonium, phosphate, potassium (K), micronutrients, salinity, and pH. A similar suite of analyses, plus organic matter, was done on soil profiles along the river and progressively away from it. The river water was rich in major and micronutrients and, with normal irrigation amounts, was sufficient to supply the needs of most crops, thus avoiding fertilizer use. These nutrients increased in the soil profiles with time. The nutrient value of such untreated wastewater, as well as being a source of irrigation water, re‐enforces the argument for treatment plants to promote the safe use of this valuable resource in a drought‐prone and nutrient‐deficient region.     

煤粉尘扩散及As积累对土壤和作物的影响

为了探讨焦化厂煤粉尘扩散对周围农田产生的重金属污染,对焦化厂下风方向农田中沉降的煤粉尘进行收集,对农田土壤的砷含量和pH值进行测定,对农田中生长的玉米进行砷含量测定和光合速率测量。结果表明:在焦化厂下风方向100m范围内的农田中,随着与煤粉尘源距离的不断逼近,煤粉尘的降尘量不断增加,农田的降尘量每年约为1 000kg/hm2;表层土壤的pH值与对照土壤相比,降低了0.35个单位,煤粉尘沉降与积累使得表层土壤有酸化的趋势。随着与煤粉尘源距离的不断逼近,土壤砷含量递增的趋势十分明显,此范围内土壤的总砷含量在8.4～10.9mg/kg之间,与对照土壤呈显著差异,表层土壤总砷含量平均高出对照1.43mg/kg,反映了焦化厂周围土壤中砷含量有不断积累的趋势。煤粉尘扩散还使得焦化厂周围农田玉米叶片和籽粒中砷含量呈现出富积的趋势,10m处的叶片砷含量约为对照处的3倍;玉米籽粒中砷含量平均值高出对照0.011mg/kg,其中10m处的玉米籽粒砷含量约为对照处的2倍。煤粉尘沉降物也不同程度地降低了玉米叶片的光合效率。总之,焦化厂煤粉尘扩散物使周围农田土壤产生了明显的As积累,对土壤质量和玉米生长造成了不同程度的影响。     

Plants and biological soil crusts modulate the dominance of N forms in a semi-arid grassland

It has been suggested that the dominance of N forms should shift from dissolved organic nitrogen (DON) to nitrate along a gradient of increasing N availability. We aimed to apply this model at a local scale within a semi-arid ecosystem showing a high spatial heterogeneity in the distribution of vegetation and soil resources. By doing this, we seek a better understanding of the N cycling in spatially heterogeneous ecosystems. We took soil samples from the three major sources of spatial heterogeneity: the grass Stipa tenacíssima, the N-fixing shrub Retama sphaerocarpa, and open areas. We also sampled the biological soil crust (BSC) located in the latter areas as another source of spatial heterogeneity. BSC microsites were classified by four levels of soil coverage, ranging from high coverage (66%) to bare soil. The proportion of nitrate, ammonium and DON was determined in all microsites. DON was the dominant N form for open areas, while nitrate was dominant under the canopy of Retama; these microsites contained the lowest and highest N availability, respectively. Under BSC, DON was the dominant N form. We found high temporal variability in the dominance of N forms for all microsites. Our results suggest that the biome-derived model of Schimel and Bennett (2004) explaining N form dominance across N availability gradients may be extended to local gradients.     

Dynamics of calcium‐sodium exchange under unsaturated plow conditions

Abstract

An experiment was conducted in soil columns of 84 cm length and 5.7 cm inner diameter to determine the effect of degree of water saturation on the extent of replacement of sodium by calcium from the exchange sites. The experiment was performed by running 0.20 N calcium chloride solution through a saline‐sodic soil into a water table at the lower end at different rates less than the infiltration rate of the soil, thus obtaining unsaturated flow conditions. The effective or the apparent calcium exchange capacity of the soil was reduced significantly and nearly proportionally with a decrease in the degree of water saturation during the flow process. It is suggested that part of exchange sites become inaccessible during the unsaturated flow and that there must be some isolated locations away from the main water stream in which mixing or molecular exchange by diffusion is negligible.     

Sustainable Management of Nutrients in Forage-Based Pasture Soils: Effect of Animal Congregation Sites (5 pp)

Background, Aim and Scope   Grazing animals have a dominant effect on the movement and utilization of nutrients through the soil and plant system, and thus on the fertility of pasture soils. Grazing can accelerate and alter the timing of nutrient transfers, and increase the amount of nutrients cycled from plant to soil. Long periods, position of shade, and water resources for grazing cattle can influence the spatial distribution of soil biochemical properties including soil organic carbon (C), total extractable inorganic nitrogen (TEIN), and Melich 1 extractable total phosphorus (TP). The objective of this study is to test whether cattle congregation sites typical on most Florida ranches, such as mineral feeders, water troughs, and shade areas are more nutrient-rich and may contribute more nutrients to surface and groundwater supply than in other pasture locations under Florida conditions. Materials and Methods: Baseline soil samples around and beneath three congregations sites in established (>10 yr) grazed beef cattle pastures at the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), Agricultural Research Service (ARS), Subtropical Agricultural Research Station (STARS), Brooksville, FL, were collected in 2003, 2004, and 2005. Results: The levels of soil TEIN and TP were significantly (p ≤ 0.001) affected by the interaction of congregation sites and distance away from the center of the sites. Mineral feeders had the highest concentration of TP followed by shades and water troughs. The concentrations of soil TP decreased almost linearly with distance (x = meter) away from the center of the mineral feeders (-5.24x + 55.10; R2 = 0.92; p ≤ 0.001) and the shades (-6.25x + 57.21; R2 = 0.85; p ≤ 0.001). However, the level of TP around the water troughs (-0.25x + 16.91; R2 = 0.09) does not appear to change significantly with distance, staying close to about 13-18 mg kg-1. The levels of TEIN decreased linearly with distance away from the mineral feeders from the center of the shades. A linear model can describe the relationship between TEIN and distance away from the center of shades: -11.3x + 78.2; R2 = 0.95; p ≤ 0.001. The shaded sites (34.25 ± 1.7 mg kg-1) had higher levels than the mineral feeders (7.22 ± 0.60 mg kg-1) or water troughs (10.06 ± 0.8 mg kg-1) sites. Discussion: The higher soil TP near and around the mineral feeders can be attributed to the presence of phosphorus in the supplemental feeds. The average level of soil TP in the mineral feeders of 34.05 ± 0.44 mg kg-1 was not high enough to be of environmental concern. Losses of soil phosphorus by overland flow are becoming a big concern when the concentrations for soil phosphorus exceeded 150 mg kg-1 in the upper 20 cm of soils. With TN, the shaded sites (34.25 ± 1.7 mg kg-1) had either higher levels than the mineral feeders (7.22 ± 0.60 mg kg-1) or water trough (10.06 ± 0.80 mg kg-1) sites. Higher TEIN content at the shade sites may have been more likely due to frequent urination of animals and lack of vegetation immediately adjacent to shades. The lack of vegetation within and/or near the shades then had no uptake mechanism for removal of inorganic nitrogen, unlike the heavy demand for inorganic nitrogen by bahiagrass in other areas of the pasture. An accumulation of TEIN immediately adjacent to shades could lead to a potential point source that would be susceptible to leaching or gaseous losses to the environment. Conclusions: Early results of the study are suggesting that cattle congregation sites in beef cattle operations in Florida are not nutrient-rich, therefore may not contribute more nutrients to surface and groundwater supply under Florida conditions. Recommendations and Perspectives: Since there is no apparent vertical build up or horizontal movement of TEIN and TP in the landscape, we can then surmise that cattle congregation sites may be considered not a potential source of nutrients at the watershed level, at least on the sand ridge soils in Florida. Further research is continuing, including sampling at cattle congregation sites at other locations in north and south Florida, which started in July 2004.     

条带覆盖免耕下吉林南部玉米行间土壤水分和温度的时空动态

  【目的】  覆盖免耕能够减缓土壤侵蚀,提升土壤有机质含量,但在我国东北黑土区,可能会引起春季土温较低,影响玉米生长。因此,研究条带覆盖免耕(NT-SRC)技术模式下玉米行间土壤水分和温度的时空分布规律,为科学应用NT-SRC技术提供理论支撑。  【方法】  玉米田间试验于2018年在吉林省南部进行,采用田间条带覆盖免耕技术模式。玉米采用宽窄行栽培,宽行行距为100 cm,秸秆全覆盖;窄行行距为40 cm,无覆盖,为玉米播种带。选择玉米行间进行原位连续监测,监测点包括玉米株下(0位点),宽行距植株10、20、30和50 cm (简称为10、20、30、50位点),窄行距植株10和20 cm (简称为–10和–20位点),每个位点土壤水分和温度监测探头埋藏5、10和20 cm 3个深度,自动连续监测土壤温度和含水量。  【结果】  1) NT-SRC管理下,玉米行间含水量在空间分布上呈现宽行>株下>窄行,其中含水量50位点处最高,–10位点处最低;不同监测点土壤含水量在时间尺度上的稳定性为 –10<–20<10<0<20和30<50 位点;土壤水分在玉米生育期内的稳定性表现为苗期>成熟期>拔节期和吐丝灌浆期。2)与窄行相比,宽行在水分较低的拔节期和吐丝灌浆期能够分别提高土壤储水量13.1% 和11.1%。3)宽窄行的行间温度差异主要表现在苗期和拔节期,土壤温度由窄行20 cm处至宽行50 cm处依次降低。相较于宽行,苗期窄行的日均温提高1℃～2℃。  【结论】  在吉林南部地区免耕配合带状秸秆覆盖模式下,秸秆覆盖使宽行的土壤含水量和储水量在全生育期高于窄行,且土壤含水量更加稳定。无覆盖窄行提升了苗期和拔节期苗带土壤温度,对吐丝灌浆期和成熟期行间温度分布几乎无影响,缓解了吉林南部黑土区全覆盖免耕管理下玉米生长过程中的水热矛盾。