打顶后涂抹生长素对棉花功能叶营养物质及脱落酸和细胞分裂素含量的调节作用

为了解新疆棉花栽培中打顶措施与棉花早衰间的关系,在盆栽条件下研究了氮(150mg.kg-1)和高氮(500 mg˙kg-1)条件下,不打顶、打顶和打顶后涂抹生长素处理对棉花内源激素含量的影响.结果表明,低氮水平下,棉花打顶后功能叶片细胞分裂素(CTK)和可溶性蛋白质含量降低,而脱落酸(ABA)和丙二醛(MDA)含量增加;打顶后涂抹生长素处理CTK和可溶性蛋白质含量均比打顶和不打顶处理高,而ABA含量低于打顶处理,但仍比不打顶处理高.打顶处理ABA/CTK的比值均高于不打顶处理,而打顶后涂抹外源生长素又使ABA/CTK比打顶处理有所降低.叶片MDA含量对不同打顶处理的响应与激素比值的响应表现出相似趋势.高氮水平下,打顶或打顶后涂抹生长素处理的ABA含量高于不打顶处理.打顶处理在低氮条件下叶绿素含量均高于高氮条件.试验结果表明,高氮处理的施氮量超过了棉花植株生长需要,出现了ABA累积,对植株生长产生抑制.低氮条件下,打顶提高了棉花叶ABA的绝对含量、ABA/CTK和MDA含量,表明打顶促进了棉花衰老,而打顶后涂抹生长素在一定程度可延缓衰老进程.     

生长后期不同断根及追钾对云南烤烟含钾量的影响

田间试验研究生长后期不同断根及追钾对云南烤烟含K量的影响结果表明 ,不同断根时间、断根部位和断根数量以及断根时追K与否及追施K素的形态等均对烤烟烟叶含K量的影响不同 ,烟株生长后期实施断根和追施K肥等措施可提高根系吸收活力和增加烟叶含K量。其中打顶时断根同时追施速效钾肥为最佳处理 ,其烟株各部位叶片含K量和上部叶片干物质量增幅最高 ,且易于实际操作。     

打顶时不同追钾对云南烤烟含钾量的影响

田间试验研究打顶时不同追K对云南烤烟含K量的影响结果表明 ,打顶时追施K肥可提高烤烟叶片含K量和烟株吸K量。烤烟田间土壤补施K肥 (包括根部集中施用K2 SO4、KNO3 和缓效钾 )处理其提高烟叶含K量效应明显优于叶面喷施K肥 (包括叶面喷施KH2 PO4、KNO3 和K2 SO4)处理 ,而 3种土壤追施K肥处理以施K2 SO4和KNO3 效果最佳 ,烤烟生育后期追施K肥提高中、上部叶片含K量效果最佳 ,顶叶含K量由对照的 2 .6 %增至3.2 %。     

打顶后喷施油菜素内酯和生长素对烤烟田间生长、碳氮代谢及烟叶品质的影响

通过田间试验研究了打顶后喷施油菜素内酯(BR)和生长素(IAA)对烤烟田间生长、碳氮代谢及烟叶品质的影响。试验共设置6个处理,分别为:T1,清水;T2,10 mg?kg?1 BR;T3,10 mg?kg?1 IAA;T4,20 mg?kg?1 IAA;T5,10 mg?kg?1 IAA+10 mg?kg?1 BR;T6,20 mg?kg?1 IAA+10 mg?kg?1 BR。在打顶当天、打顶后15 d和30 d时测定烟株顶部5片烟叶的叶面积和各部位的干物质重,在打顶当天、打顶后10 d、20 d、30 d时测定烟株碳氮代谢关键酶的活性。结果表明:1)打顶后喷施油菜素内酯和生长素能不同程度地促进上部烟叶开片,促进烟株根系生长,提高上部烟叶的产量,且以二者同时喷施时效果较好;2)除对照处理外,各处理的硝酸还原酶和谷氨酰胺合成酶活性均表现为先升高后降低,蔗糖转化酶和淀粉酶活性均表现为先降低后略微升高的变化趋势,说明打顶后喷施油菜素内酯和生长素能增强烟株的碳氮代谢强度,但在一定程度上推迟了烟叶成熟落黄时期,延长了生育期;3)打顶后喷施油菜素内酯和生长素可以有效提高烟叶钾含量、钾氯比、有机钾指数,并降低中、上部烟叶的烟碱和氯含量,且以对上部叶的作用效果最为明显,以二者同时施用时作用效果最好;4)处理T6(20 mg?kg?1 IAA+10 mg?kg?1 BR)促进烟株生长和提高烟叶品质的效果最佳,能使上部烟叶的钾含量、钾氯比、有机钾指数相对于对照T1分别提高40.9%、68.5%和0.524,使氯含量和烟碱分别降低16.2%和16.3%。总的来看,打顶后喷施油菜素内酯和生长素可以促进烟株生长,增强碳氮代谢,提高烟叶钾含量、钾氯比和有机钾指数,降低烟碱和氯含量,进而提高烟叶的产质量。     

不同供钾水平下烤烟体内钾的循环、累积和分配

在营养液培养条件下 ,利用Jeschke等人建立的模型 ,定量研究了不同供钾水平下烤烟体内钾的循环、累积和分配。结果表明 ,供钾水平对烤烟干物重影响不显著 ;供钾水平提高能显著提高烤烟叶片以及根和茎的含钾量 ,增加烤烟体内钾素累积。不同供钾水平下的烤烟 ,在打顶后 10天内 ,体内都有大量钾离子沿韧皮部由地上部回流到根中 ,回流到根中的钾量占由根运输到地上部的钾量的比例大约在 50 %以上。供钾水平低时 ,该比例明显降低 ,供钾水平提高 ,钾循环量增加。不同供钾水平下 ,烤烟体内钾分配比例都是叶片最高 ,根和茎较低 ;打顶后 10天内烤烟叶片中钾分配减少 ,根中钾分配增加     

打顶后烤烟叶片酶活性、钾及烟碱含量的调控技术研究

研究了不打顶(T1)、打顶(T2)、打顶+追施K2SO4(T3)、打顶+涂抹生长素1次(T4)、打顶+追施K2SO4+涂抹生长素1次(T5)、打顶+追施K2SO4+涂抹生长素2次(T6)6种调控措施对烤烟叶片硝酸还原酶(NR)活性、过氧化物酶(POD)活性、钾含量及烟碱含量的影响。结果表明,T6在成熟期的NR与POD活性最强,T1最弱。在打顶后随生育时期的延长,各处理烟叶中钾含量逐渐下降,以T1和T6下降幅度最小,T2下降幅度最大,而T3,T4和T5下降幅度居中,成熟期钾含量(%)依次为:T1(3.59)T6(2.77)T5(2.47)T3(2.11)T4(2.10)T2(1.88)。与此相反,各处理烟叶在打顶后烟碱含量逐渐上升,成熟期烟碱含量(%)依次为:T2(3.48)T3(3.03)T4(2.92)T5(2.70)T6(2.45)T1(1.14)。大田期叶片钾含量与烟碱含量呈极显著的负相关关系(-0.938**),与NR及POD活性均呈极显著的正相关关系,相关系数分别为0.838**和0.859**。烤后烟叶以T6的化学成分最为协调,其烟碱含量适中,淀粉含量较低,钾和总糖含量较高。打顶后在茎断面涂抹生长素(IAA),同时根部追施K2SO4,具有较好的提钾控碱的效果。     

钾肥对烤烟体内钾素分配及微量元素含量的影响

本文用三种典型的植烟土壤研究了不同的钾肥用量对烟株含量及分配的影响，结果表明，烟叶含钾量随钾肥用量的增加而增加，两者符合二次曲线的关系。充分供钾时，钾在烟株体内的含量顺序为芽＞叶＞茎＞根，烟叶不同部位为下部＞中部＞上部；当烟株缺钾时，上部烟叶含钾量高于中下部。无率在哪种土壤上，钾在烟株中的分配比例顺序为烟叶＞茎＞根＞芽，当中部烟叶含钾量达到２．４％时钾在烟株中的分配趋向一稳定值，即在烟叶、茎、根、     

不同栽培方式与追钾时间对烤烟光合特性、钾含量及产质量的影响

采用田间试验,研究了不同地膜覆盖、不同追钾时间及揭膜后不同培土次数对烤烟光合特性、钾含量及产质量的影响。结果表明,较其他处理,黑白配色膜覆盖+移栽后30 d追钾+揭膜后培土2次处理显著增强烟叶光合性能,助于烤烟干物质的积累,且其烟叶钾含量及积累量显著高于其他处理,常规化学成分最协调,产量产值最高。就追钾时间而言,普通白膜覆盖在移栽后45 d追钾比移栽后30 d追钾效果更佳,而黑白配色膜覆盖在烟苗移栽后30 d追钾肥却比移栽后45 d追钾效果要佳。较揭膜后培土1次处理,揭膜培土2次的处理更有利于烟株的生长发育。综合分析可得,对砂质壤土而言,黑白配色膜覆盖+30 d追钾+揭膜后培土2次的栽培方式能有效增强烟株光合性能,提高烟叶钾含量及产质量。     

机械损伤对烤烟植株氮素吸收及体内烟碱含量的影响

采用砂培和营养液培养方法,研究了在营养生长阶段切除顶芽和叶片损伤对烟株生长、体内烟碱浓度、氮浓度及吸氮量的影响。结果表明,切除顶芽导致烟株体内烟碱浓度和含量显著增加。叶片损伤也能增加体内的烟碱浓度,且损伤二次比损伤一次的效果更为明显,说明叶面损伤对烟株体内烟碱合成的影响具有累积效应。但叶面损伤对烟株体内烟碱合成的影响小于打顶处理。切除顶芽和叶面损伤对烟株体内的氮浓度及吸氮量均无显著影响,但显著提高了烟株体内单位氮素产生烟碱的能力。试验结果还表明,机械损伤刺激烟株体内烟碱的合成,烟碱增加与氮素吸收无直接关系。     

烤烟打顶后喷施外源激素对中部烟叶品质的互作效应

为探究外源激素对烤烟中部烟叶品质的影响,在打顶后的烟株表面喷施生长素(IAA)与赤霉素(GA_3)2种生物制剂,分析不同浓度的赤霉素和生长素及其互作对烤烟理化性质、游离态和糖苷结合态香味物质的影响。结果表明,在同一生长素水平下增施赤霉素及在同一赤霉素水平下增施生长素均可改善烤后烟叶理化性质,增加游离态和糖苷结合态香味物质总量,且浓度越高效果越优。生长素和赤霉素互作对烟叶质重、抗张力、烟碱、总糖、糖碱比有极显著效应;相对较高水平的生长素和赤霉素互作配施可显著提高烟叶香味品质效果,其中20 mg·L~(- 1)IAA+20 mg·L~(- 1)GA_3处理在烟株生长及品质提升方面效果最佳。本研究结果为优质烤烟生长及其调控工作提供了理论参考。     

不同氮肥在石灰性潮土中的转化及ATS对尿素氮转化的调控效应

根据氮肥施入土壤后的转化特性进行氮肥的高效调控和管理是提高氮肥利用效率、缓解氮肥污染的重要措施。为探究不同氮肥在石灰性潮土中的转化特性差异及硫代硫酸铵（ammonium thiosulfate，ATS）作为氮肥调控剂对尿素氮转化的影响，该研究采用室内土壤培养（土壤水分含量为田间持水量的60%，温度25 ℃）试验方法，以尿素、硫酸铵、氯化铵和ATS作为供试肥料，比较4种氮肥施入石灰性潮土后的转化特性差异，并以ATS作为氮素调控剂，以单施尿素作为对照，探究尿素配施不同用量ATS对尿素氮转化的影响。结果表明，4种供试氮肥在石灰性潮土中的转化过程明显不同。尿素在石灰性潮土中的水解速率最快，硝化作用强度也最高，硫酸铵其次；氯化铵由于Cl^-的硝化抑制作用，土壤表观硝化率在7～21 d显著低于尿素和硫酸铵（P＜0.05）；ATS施入土壤后，NH₄⁺-N转化为NO₂^--N的速率最高，而NO₂^--N转化为NO₃^--N的速率最低，NH₄⁺-N在土壤中的存留时间最长，出现峰值之后也一直保持最高的含量，表观硝化率最低。将ATS作为氮素调控剂与尿素配合施用，当其用量在60 mg/kg（含S量）以上时，既表现出了明显的抑制尿素水解的作用效果，也表现出了显著的硝化抑制作用（ P <0.05），且随着ATS用量的增加，抑制效应明显增强。这对于减少氮素损失，提高氮肥利用效率具有积极意义。但供试4种氮肥施入土壤后均出现了亚硝酸盐的累积，其中ATS处理的累积量显著高于尿素、硫酸铵和氯化铵（P＜0.05），累积持续时间也最长。ATS作为氮素调控剂调控氮素转化，也出现了类似的结果，且随着ATS用量增加，亚硝酸盐在土壤中存留时间明显延长，含量和峰值明显提高，出现峰值的时间也明显延后。     

灌溉施用氮肥后氮素在土壤中的转化及淋失状况: 土柱模拟研究

A soil column method was used to compare the effect of drip fertigation (the application of fertilizer through drip irrigation systems, DFI) on the leaching loss and transformation of urea-N in soil with that of surface fertilization combined with flood irrigation (SFI), and to study the leaching loss and transformation of three kinds of nitrogen fertilizers (nitrate fertilizer, ammonium fertilizer, and urea fertilizer) in two contrasting soils after the fertigation. In comparison to SFI, DFI decreased leaching loss of urea-N from the soil and increased the mineral N (NH₄⁺-N + NO₃^--N) in the soil. The N leached from a clay loam soil ranged from 5.7% to 9.6% of the total N added as fertilizer, whereas for a sandy loam soil they ranged between 16.2% and 30.4%. Leaching losses of mineral N were higher when nitrate fertilizer was used compared to urea or ammonium fertilizer. Compared to the control (without urea addition), on the first day when soils were fertigated with urea, there were increases in NH₄⁺-N in the soils. This confirmed the rapid hydrolysis of urea in soil during fertigation. NH₄⁺-N in soils reached a peak about 5 days after fertigation, and due to nitrification it began to decrease at day 10. After applying NH₄⁺-N fertilizer and urea and during the incubation period, the mineral nitrogen in the soil decreased. This may be related to the occurrence of NH₄⁺-N fixation or volatilization in the soil during the fertigation process.     

Exchangeable ammonium and nitrate from different nitrogen fertilizer preparations in polyacrylamide-treated and untreated agricultural soils

 High molecular weight, anionic polyacrylamide (PAM) is currently being used as an irrigation water additive to significantly reduce soil erosion associated with furrow irrigation. PAM contains amide-N, and PAM application to soils has been correlated with increased activity of soil enzymes, such as urease and amidase, involved in N cycling. Therefore we investigated potential impacts of PAM treatment on the rate at which fertilizer N is transformed into NH₄ ⁺ and NO₃ ^– in soil. PAM-treated and untreated soil microcosms were amended with a variety of fertilizers, ranging from common rapid-release forms, such as ammonium sulfate [(NH₄)₂SO₄] and urea, to a variety of slow-release formulations, including polymerized urea and polymer-encapsulated urea. Ammonium sulfate was also tested together with the nitrification inhibitor dicyandiamide (DCD). The fertilizers were applied at a concentration of 1.0 mg g^–1, which is comparable to 100 lb acre^–l, or 112 kg ha^–1. Potassium chloride-extractable NH₄ ⁺-N and NO₃ ^–-N were quantified periodically during 2–4 week incubations. PAM treatment had no significant effect on NH₄ ⁺ release rates for any of the fertilizers tested and did not alter the efficacy of DCD as a nitrification inhibitor. However, the nitrification rate of urea and encapsulated urea-derived NH₄ ⁺-N was slightly accelerated in the PAM-treated soil. Received: 16 January 1998     

Transformations of nitrogen fertilizers in soil

The effects of ¹⁵N-labelled urea, (NH₄)₂SO₄ and KNO₃ on immobilization, mineralization, nitrification and ammonium fixation were examined under aerobic conditions in an acid tropical soil (pH 4.0) and in a neutral temperate soil (pH 6.8). Urea, (NH₄)₂SO₄ and KNO₃ slightly increased net mineralization of soil organic nitrogen in both soils. There was also an apparent Added Nitrogen Interaction (ANI) i.e. added labelled NH₄-N stood proxy for unlabelled NH₄-N that would otherwise have been immobilized. So far as immobilization and nitrification were concerned, urea and (NH₄)₂SO₄ behaved very similarly in each soil. Immobilization of NO₃-N was negligible in both soils. Some of the added labelled NH₄-N was rapidly fixed, more by the temperate soil than by the tropical soil. This labelled fixed NH₄-N decreased during incubation, in contrast to labelled organic N, which did not decline.     

Influence of Salinity on Nitrogen Transformations in Soil

Laboratory experiments were carried out to study the influence of various salinity levels [1 (control), 9 (medium), 17 (high), and 27 dS m^–1(strong)] on nitrogen (N) transformations in soil fertilized with urea and ammonium sulfate. Generally, soil salinization affected the normal pathway of N transformations. The results showed that salinity (medium to high) inhibited the second step of nitrification, causing nitrite (NO₂ ^?) accumulation in soil. The inhibition was more severe in cases of high level of salinity. The greatest salinity level caused inhibition of even the first step of nitrification, leaving more ammonium (NH₄)-N accumulation in soil. Severity in nitrification inhibition was observed with increase in salinity and rate of N application, which declined with time. Ammonium accumulation with increased salinity caused N losses in the form of ammonia (NH₃) volatilization. After 14 days, the NH₃ losses were 1.4-, 2-, and 5-fold greater at 9, 17, and 27 dS m^–1 than that of the control (1 dS m^–1). After 42 days, the losses reached up to 6-fold more than the control at the greatest salinity level. Initially (up to 14 days), NH₃ losses were more from urea than from ammonium sulfate, whereas at the later stages (42 days), the losses were almost equal from both the fertilizers. The overall results revealed significant adverse effects of salinity on N transformations in soil.     

氮肥对镉在土壤-芥菜系统中迁移转化的影响

以芥菜为研究对象, 采用盆栽试验, 探讨了不同用量的5种氮肥对污染农田土壤中镉(Cd)在土壤–根系–地上部迁移累积的影响。结果表明: 5种氮肥均促进了芥菜根系对Cd的吸收, 且根系Cd含量随施氮量的增加而增加; 但根系吸收转运Cd的能力随氮肥施用量的增加呈先降后增的变化趋势。在≤200 mg(N)·kg^-1(土)的施氮水平下, CO(NH₂)₂和Ca(NO₃)₂处理能显著降低芥菜地上部Cd含量, 降低幅度分别为13%~29%和24%~30%。在施氮量相同的条件下, NH₄Cl和(NH₄)₂SO₄显著降低了土壤pH, 增加了土壤DTPA-Cd含量, 促进了芥菜对Cd的吸收。本试验条件下, 200 mg(N)·kg^-1(土)的CO(NH₂)₂在增加芥菜产量和降低芥菜地上部Cd含量等方面优于其他氮肥处理。     

Effects of different N sources on N nutrient and microbial distribution across soybean rhizosphere

Abstract

Nitrogen is the most important nutrient for plant growth. In the present study, investigations were carried out on the effects of sodium nitrate, ammonium sulfate, urea, and two types of controlled-release coated urea (LP-40 and LP-70) fertilizers on the NO₃ ^?-N, NH₄ ⁺-N concentrations, and microbial numbers as well as pH distribution across the rhizosphere of soybean (Glycine max L. Merrill, var. Heinong 35). The study was conducted on a typical black soil using a rhizobox system. The results showed that NO₃ ^?-N was the main source of nitrogen, which was deficient in the rhizosphere in the treatments of ammonium sulfate, urea, LP-40, and LP-70, but accumulated considerably in the sodium nitrate treatment. The NH₄ ⁺-N concentration slightly increased in the rhizosphere in the ammonium sulfate treatment, and decreased in the rhizosphere when the other four kinds of N fertilizers were supplied. In an the treatments, bacterial and fungal numbers were highest in the central compartment (C.C.) of the rhizoboxes where the soybean root system was confined, but the rhizosphere width estimated from the increase in the microbial abundance differed among different N fertilizers. The experimental results also indicated that the fungal composition in the C.C. was less diverse than in other parts of the rhizobox compartments, and that the majority of fungal groups was represented by Penicillium spp., suggesting that the microbial distribution across the soybean rhizosphere differed both quantitatively and qualitatively.     

模拟土柱条件下黑土中肥料氮素的迁移转化特征

为明确肥料氮素在土壤中的迁移转化动态特征,利用模拟土柱方法,研究了3倍常规施肥量条件下不同肥料处理(尿素、硫铵)黑土的矿质氮变化。结果表明:不同氮肥处理的氮素养分迁移转化特征有明显差异。对照处理(不施肥)土柱内各层次间NH4+-N和NO3--N含量差异不明显;施用尿素或硫铵后,表层0~50mm土层的NH4+-N和NO3--N含量比不施肥对照分别升高100.8~3408.1mg·kg-1、113.4~388.0mg·kg-1和126.7~4671.1mg·kg-1、51.4~63.3mg·kg-1,且在培养前14d内变化最大。在整个培养期内,施用硫铵处理各层次NH4+-N平均含量比尿素处理高2.54~1423.7mg·kg-1,NO3--N平均含量低4.38~335.1mg·kg-1;而尿素处理各层次的硝化率是硫铵处理的0.79~9.12倍。表明肥料氮素的迁移与转化集中在0~50mm土层内,尿素处理的氮素转化速率较硫铵处理高。     

Does the potential ammonium fixation of soils have an impact on the optimum nitrogen fertilizer rate?

Field experiments were conducted to determine the effect of nitrogen (N) fertilizer forms and doses on wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) on three soils differing in their ammonium (NH₄) fixation capacity [high = 161 mg fixed NH₄-N kg^?1 soil, medium = 31.5 mg fixed NH₄-N kg^?1 soil and no = nearly no fixed NH₄-N kg^?1 soil]. On high NH₄⁺ fixing soil, 80 kg N ha^?1 Urea+ ammonium nitrate [NH₄NO₃] or 240 kg N ha^?1 ammonium sulfate [(NH₄)₂SO₄]+(NH₄)₂SO₄, was required to obtain the maximum yield. Urea + NH₄NO₃ generally showed the highest significance in respect to the agronomic efficiency of N fertilizers. In the non NH₄⁺ fixing soil, 80 kg N ha^?1 urea+NH₄NO₃ was enough to obtain high grain yield. The agronomic efficiency of N fertilizers was generally higher in the non NH₄⁺ fixing soil than in the others. Grain protein was highly affected by NH₄⁺ fixation capacities and N doses. Harvest index was affected by the NH₄⁺ fixation capacity at the 1% significance level.     

施肥时机对土壤水氮运移转化规律的影响

为揭示不同施肥时机（全过程、前1/2和后1/2入渗水量施肥）下土壤水氮运移转化规律,以砂壤土和黏壤土质地的一维垂直肥液（尿素）入渗试验为基础,重点分析不同施肥时机下土壤水氮分布与再分布过程中的运移转化规律,并量化比较其对土壤中氮素含量的影响。结果表明,施肥时机对土壤累积入渗量和湿润体中水分分布影响微小,但对不同形态氮素运移转化影响显著;砂壤土和黏壤土入渗结束时刻,全过程和后1/2入渗水量施肥时,其尿素态氮、铵态氮（NH₄⁺—N）和硝态氮（NO₃^-—N）含量均随土层深度增大而减小;前1/2入渗水量施肥时,尿素态氮和NO₃^-—N含量在湿润体边缘累积,NH₄⁺—N呈先增大后减小趋势,且主要分布在5—25 cm土层;再分布阶段,全过程和后1/2入渗水量施肥时,砂壤土和黏壤土中尿素态氮分别在再分布3天和5天时基本水解完成,同时NH₄⁺—N含量达到峰值,NO₃^-—N含量再分布10天内未出现下降趋势;前1/2入渗水量施肥时,尿素态氮再分布10天时基本水解完成,NH₄⁺—N含量再分布5~10天达到峰值,NO₃^-—N含量则呈先增加后减小趋势;后1/2入渗水量和全过程施肥条件下,砂壤土和黏壤土再分布10天时0—40 cm土层中NH₄⁺—N和NO₃^-—N含量均大于前1/2入渗水量施肥,说明其氮素潜在利用效率高,故推荐畦（沟）灌合理施肥时机为后1/2入渗水量或全过程施肥。研究结果可为农田畦（沟）灌施肥系统的设计和管理提供理论基础和技术支撑。