不同肥料配施对土壤主要养分含量及作物氮、磷、钾表观利用率的影响

四年的分析结果表明，氮磷钾化肥配施有机肥和秸秆可明显提高土壤有机质，全氮、碱解氮，速效磷和速效钾含量，氮磷钾三元素化肥配施可明显提高土壤氮、磷、钾的含量和供给能力，单一施氮和氮，磷、钾三元素中的两两配合施入，可较明显地提高该配合所含养分在土壤中的含量，四年的分析结果还表明，含氮磷钾三元素配施的各处理总体上利用率较高。     

小麦氮,磷与钾配合施用的研究

晋南小麦氮，磷和钾配合施用的田间试验和盆栽试验结果的均表明：氮钾，磷钾和氮磷钾配合施用，对小麦的生长发育均有明显的促进作用。其增产效果是；三元素配合施用效果优于二克配施，二元配施高于单独施用。     

土区长期施肥对小麦-玉米轮作体系钾素平衡与钾库容量的影响

本文研究了土区小麦-玉米轮作体系长期氮磷钾化肥不同配合施用方式及氮磷钾化肥与秸秆或有机肥配合施用对钾素平衡以及土壤钾库的影响。试验包括9个处理,分别为不施肥（CK）、单施氮（N）、氮钾（NK）、磷钾（PK）、氮磷（NP）、氮磷钾（NPK）、氮磷钾配合一季秸秆还田（SNPK）、氮磷钾配合低量有机肥（M1NPK）和高量有机肥（M2NPK）。结果表明,除NK、PK和M2NPK处理外,其它处理小麦和玉米钾的携出量均大于钾的投入量,导致土壤钾素处于亏缺状态,20年累计亏缺量为6174333 kg/hm2。与试验前相比,长期施肥种植没有显著影响土壤全钾含量; 长期施用钾肥显著提高土壤速效钾含量,但长期不施钾肥处理的土壤速效钾含量也未显著降低; 无论施钾与否土壤非交换性钾（Mactotal K）以及非交换性钾中更容易被HNO3溶解提取的钾（Step K）均明显低于试验前水平。表明土壤非交换性钾可以作为该土壤钾素消耗的指标。考虑到施钾肥的经济投入和现有资源高效利用（如秸秆、有机肥）,从长远的角度出发,维持土壤钾素肥力以及土地可持续生产力,土区小麦-玉米轮作体系采用秸秆全部还田或施有机肥是必要的。     

小麦–玉米轮作体系长期施肥对塿土微生物量碳、氮及酶活性的影响

以20年塿土小麦玉米轮作体系长期肥料定位试验为平台,探讨不同施肥模式下土壤化学肥力要素、微生物量碳氮及酶活性的响应。试验包括不施肥（CK）、单施氮肥（N）、氮磷（NP）、磷钾（PK）、氮磷钾（NPK）、NPK+秸秆（SNPK）以及不同量有机肥+NPK（M1NPK、M2NPK）等8种施肥模式。结果表明,与CK相比,长期施用NP提高土壤有机碳含量达34.0%、全氮34.0%、全磷58.5%、速效磷608.9%、微生物量碳23.3%、微生物量氮54.0%、蔗糖酶53.9%、脲酶132.6%、碱性磷酸酶29.9%以及脱氢酶40.9%。长期施用NPK与NP效果相似,钾素效果甚微。作物秸秆还田配合氮磷钾化肥与氮磷钾相比没有明显影响土壤有机碳、氮和磷水平,但是显著提高微生物量碳的含量（29.5%）、碱性磷酸酶（23.0%）和脱氢酶（26.9%）的活性。有机肥配合氮磷钾与其它施肥处理相比,显著提升土壤化学肥力要素、微生物量碳氮和酶活性,特别是引起了磷素的大量富集（速效磷含量大于150 mg/kg）。因此,塿土不施有机物情况下,氮磷配合可以提高土壤化学和生物肥力,作物秸秆还田配合氮磷钾化肥的培肥效果优于氮磷钾化肥配合,而合理的有机无机肥配合是塿土提升化学肥力和保证生物健康的最佳施肥模式。     

榨菜叶还田对土壤肥力的影响研究

利用盆栽试验和田间试验研究了榨菜叶还田对土壤养分肥力的影响,结果表明,榨菜叶还田处理土壤碱解氮、速效磷、速效钾含量在水稻整个生长期变化较小,水稻生长后期土壤速效N、P、K含量都高于化肥处理;而化肥处理氮磷钾含量变化较大,说明榨菜叶养分供应能够与作物的吸收相互协调,养分供应持续稳定,能满足水稻生长后期对NPK养分的需要,是一种天然的缓释肥料。在水稻生长期,榨菜叶还田能明显的提高土壤肥力,与对照相比,水稻收获后不同处理土壤有机质含量、土壤氮、磷、钾含量,均有所上升,以榨菜叶及其配施化肥处理上升的幅度较大,培肥效果较好。     

施肥对砂姜黑土基础肥力及强筋小麦产量、品质的影响

为探讨不同施肥方式对砂姜黑土的培肥效果和不同土壤基础肥力水平对优质强筋小麦产量及品质的影响,在22年长期定位试验的基础上,研究了不同施肥方式下砂姜黑土基础肥力的变化,并分析了土壤主要养分性状与强筋小麦产量和品质的关系.结果表明,长期单施有机肥或有机肥与化肥配合施用均能较单施化肥处理显著提高土壤全氮、有机质、碱解氮、速效磷及速效钾的含量;同一施氮水平,有机肥与化肥配施处理的基础肥力产量(不施肥时的产量)较单施化肥的高2715.0kg·hm-2.土壤有机质、全氮、全磷及速效磷含量与籽粒产量、蛋白质、湿面筋和沉降值均呈正相关.有机肥与化肥配施不仅是培肥地力的主要途径,同时还是确保优质小麦保优栽培,实现可持续发展的有效措施.     

长期有机无机肥配施对水稻产量及土壤有效养分影响

利用中国农业科学院红壤实验站开始于1982年的水稻长期定位试验,研究长期有机无机肥配施对水稻产量及土壤速效氮、磷、钾含量的动态变化(1982—2011年)特征。29年研究结果表明:长期有机无机肥配施(NPKM)能提高水稻产量,培肥地力。长期施用化肥(NPK)导致水稻产量降低。稻谷产量随着施肥量的增加而增加。在等氮投入情况下,增施化学磷肥的增产效应要高于化学钾肥,且早稻表现尤为明显;长期单施有机肥和单施化肥对稻谷产量的影响没有显著差异。随着施肥时间的延长,各处理水稻产量差异越显著。各施肥处理土壤碱解氮增加速率表现为慢-快-慢三个阶段,有机肥的施用相较单施化肥,能够显著提高土壤碱解氮含量(p0.05)。土壤有效磷的累积主要与化学磷肥的施用有关,各施肥处理土壤有效磷历年平均含量变化趋势为:NPKM、NPM、PKMNPKM、NKM(p0.01);土壤速效钾以有机肥和化学钾肥配施的处理(NPKM、NKM、PKM)增加最快,单施化学肥料的处理(NPK)增加最慢。随着氮、磷施用量的增加,土壤中氮、磷素出现盈余,但NPKM处理相比其他处理能够有效降低盈余量;各处理土壤中钾素均表现为亏缺状态,红壤性水稻田至少每年应补充投入钾素200 kg hm-2才能基本维持土壤钾素平衡。     

糠醛渣、沼渣与化肥配施对制种玉米田理化性质和酶活性的影响

在河西走廊制种玉米田设置定位试验,研究糠醛渣、沼渣与化肥配施对制种玉米田理化性质和酶活性影响。结果表明:施用糠醛渣、沼渣可以有效降低土壤容重,提高土壤孔隙度,使土壤疏松;糠醛渣配施化肥可有效提高土壤有机质、速效钾、CEC与pH;而沼渣配施化肥可有效提高土壤碱解氮与速效磷。糠醛渣配施化肥可有效提高土壤过氧化氢酶与转化酶活性;沼渣配施化肥处理可有效提高土壤碱性磷酸酶与脲酶活性,在河西走廊利用糠醛渣与沼渣配施化肥可以有效改善土壤性质,利于土壤的有效循环利用。     

长期施肥下潮土速效钾含量与钾素投入水平关系

以郑州潮土肥力与肥料效益长期试验为基础,分析了长期施肥条件下土壤速效钾含量演变特征及其与钾素投入量的关系。结果表明,在不施钾肥条件下,土壤速效钾含量先逐年下降,810年后稳定在60 mg/kg左右; 施用钾肥和有机肥均可以显著提高土壤速效钾含量; 土壤速效钾含量与钾素投入量之间具有显著的正相关关系。单施化肥的NPK处理每投入钾1 kg/hm2,土壤速效钾含量增加0.007 mg/kg; 而化肥配施有机肥或玉米秸秆处理每投入钾1 kg/hm2,土壤速效钾含量分别增加0.025和0.014 mg/kg。从提升土壤钾素供应能力的角度而言,化肥配合施用有机肥或秸秆还田是值得推广的培肥措施。     

三种施肥模式对石灰性土壤培肥的影响

试验在中国科学院封丘农业生态实验站的石灰性潮土上进行 ,在氮、磷、钾固定用量和比例的基础上 ,选定全施有机肥、全施化肥、有机肥和无机肥配合施用三种处理。结果表明 ,这三种施肥模式都显著地提高了土壤全氮和速效氮、土壤全磷和有效磷、土壤全钾和速效钾含量。有机肥在提高土壤全氮和速效氮含量方面效果明显优于无机肥 ,对土壤速效磷含量的影响也高于无机肥 ,但是对土壤全磷含量的增加效应上不如无机肥大。无论是有机肥中的钾还是无机肥中的钾 ,对土壤全钾的贡献没有明显的差别 ;但是在土壤速效钾方面 ,无机肥中的钾对其影响大于有机肥中的钾。有机肥和无机肥的配合施用是提高石灰性潮土土壤肥力更好的方法。     

Bioavailability of As,Cd, Co,Cr, Cu,Hg, Mo,Ni, Pb,Se, and Zn from Biosolids Amended Compost

Appropriate compost standards are being considered in Canada. Five aspects of compost safety and quality are being evaluated; probably the most controversial aspect is the standards for metals in compost. In order to assist in the development of appropriate standards, the authors began an extensive research project in October, 1993 to determine the bioavailability of metals from compost and compost-metal mixtures. Swiss chard was grown in compost-amended soils or compost in a growth room using five treatments of increasing percentages of compost in the media (0, 25 percent, 50 percent, 75 percent, 100 percent compost (v/v)). A Truro loamy sand and a race-track manure-biosolids compost (RTM-biosolids) supplemented with a high metal biosolids were used in a completely randomized design with five replicates. Dry matter yield, metal content in plant tissue, and total metal uptake were evaluated as well as the total and DTPA-extractable metal content in the compost-soil mixes. The results of this and five other experiments conducted by the authors will help determine whether the suggested limits for As, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Hg, Mo, Ni, Pb, Se and Zn in composts are appropriate.     

Phytotoxicity of cobalt,vanadium, titanium,silver, and chromium

Abstract

The phytotoxicity of five nonessential elements (Co, V, Ti, Ag, Cr) to higher plants was studied in solution culture experiments with bush beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L. C.V. Improved Tendergreen). All, but in varying degrees, tended to concentrate in roots with a decreasing gradient to stems and leaves. Cobalt was one of the more mobile of the five trace metals. Its toxicity was expressed as severe chlorosis; 43 (with 10^‐5 M) and 142 (with 10^‐4 M) μg Co/g dry weight in leaves resulted in severe chlorosis. Vanadium as 10^‐4 M vanadate resulted in smaller plants but not in chlorosis. Leaf, stem, and root V, respectively, were 13, 8, and 881 μg/g dry weight. Titanium was somewhat mobile with considerable yield decrease at 10^‐4 M; leaf, stem, and root Ti concentrations, respectively, were 202, 48, and 2420 μg/g. Symptoms were chlorosis, necrotic spots on leaves, and stunting. Silver was very lethal at 10^‐4 M AgNO₃; at 10^‐5 M yields were greatly decreased, but plants were grown without symptoms. Leaf, stem, and root concentrations of Ag for this treatment, respectively, were 5.8, 5.1, and 1760 μg/g dry weight. Plants grown with 10^‐5 N Cr₂O₇ were decreased in yield by about 25% with or without EDTA (ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid) while the same level of Cr₂(SO₄)₃ was essentially without effect. For the two salts, the leaf, stem, root concentrations for Cr, respectively were 2.2 and 1.3, 0.7 and 0. 7, and 140 and 104 μg/g. Most of the trace metals studied here had interactions in the uptake and/or distribution of other elements.     

Variation of N,P, K,Ca, Mg,Mn, Zn,and al in slash pine foliage

Abstract

The seasonal patterns of foliage nutrient concentrations and contents were monitored for two growing seasons in an 11‐year—old Pinus el1iottii stand. In the first growing season after needle initiation, N, P, K, Mg, and Zn concentrations decreased, but this was followed by an increase in the fall and winter months. Another drop in concentration of all elements, except P, occurred in the second growing season. Decreases in total contents indicated that this drop was a result of translocation to other tissues. In contrast to the mobile elements, the concentration and fascicle contents of Ca, Mn, and Al increased with aging of the needles.

Between‐tree variability was least for N, P, and Zn and the N, K, Mg, Mn, and Zn in the current foliage had consistently lower variation than that in the 1‐year‐old foliage. Between‐tree variation for K was lower in the winter than the spring.

For pine foliage, recommended sampling period for N, P, Mg, and Zn is mid to late summer and for the other elements it is late fall to late winter.

There are several sources of variation that influence the level of nutrients in tree foliage. The most important of these, apart from the tree nutrient status, are seasonal fluctuations, variation between trees, and age of needles . Smaller sources of variation are associated with position of the needles within the crown, diurnal changes, year to year variation, and analytical errors^1,2. These variables must be studied in order to develop suitable sampling techniques and in Pinus this has been undertaken for P. banksiana ¹, P. taeda ³, P. strobus ⁴, P. resinosa ⁴, P. sylvestris ⁵, and P. radiata ^6,7. However, foliage sampling has not been studied in detail for slash pine (Pinus elliottii Englem var. elliottii) and earlier studies with other pines have been largely confined to temperate or cool climates.

This study reports the variation in elemental concentrations with season, age of foliage, and between slash pine trees growing in a subtropical climate in Florida.     

Thin layer chromatographic determination of aflatoxins, ochratoxins, sterigmatocystin, zearalenone, citrinin, T-2 toxin, diacetoxyscirpenol, penicillic acid, patulin, and penitrem A.

A general method is described for determining 16 mycotoxins in mixed feeds and other food products used in the manufacture of these feedstuffs. The mycotoxins are extracted and cleaned up by extracting with solvents of different pH. Thin layer chromatography is used to separate the toxins; toxins are then quantitated by the limit detection method. The minimum detectable concentration of mycotoxins in various products is: aflatoxin B1 or G1, 4--5 micrograms/kg; ochratoxin A or ethyl ester A 140--145 micrograms/kg; citrinin 600--750 micrograms/kg; zearalenone, 410--500 micrograms/kg; sterigmatocystin, 140--145 micrograms/kg; diacetoxyscirpenol, 2400--2600 micrograms/kg; T-2 toxin, 800--950 micrograms/kg; patulin, 750--800 micrograms/kg; penitrem A 14,000--14,500 micrograms/kg; penicillic acid 3400--3650 micrograms/kg.     

Glucoraphanin and 4-hydroxyglucobrassicin contents in seeds of 59 cultivars of broccoli, raab, kohlrabi, radish, cauliflower, brussels sprouts, kale, and cabbage

The importance of dietary sulforaphane in helping maintain good health continues to gain support within the health-care community and awareness among U.S. consumers. In addition to the traditional avenue for obtaining sulforaphane, namely, the consumption of appropriate cruciferous vegetables, other consumer products containing added glucoraphanin, the natural precursor to sulforaphane, are now appearing in the United States. Crucifer seeds are a likely source for obtaining glucoraphanin, owing to a higher concentration of glucoraphanin and the relative ease of processing seeds as compared to vegetative parts. Seeds of several commonly consumed crucifers were analyzed not only for glucoraphanin but also for components that might have negative health implications, such as certain indole-containing glucosinolates and erucic acid-containing lipids. Glucoraphanin, 4-hydroxyglucobrassicin, other glucosinolates, and lipid erucic acid were quantified in seeds of 33 commercially available cultivars of broccoli, 4 cultivars each of kohlrabi, radish, cauliflower, Brussels sprouts, kale, and cabbage, and 2 cultivars of raab.     

Cooking,Roasting, and Fermentation of Chickpeas,Lentils, Peas,and Soybeans for Fortification of Leavened Bread

The effects of cooking, roasting, and fermentation on the composition and protein properties of grain legumes and the characteristics of dough and bread incorporated with legume flours were determined to identify an appropriate pretreatment. Oligosaccharide content of legumes was reduced by 76.2–96.9% by fermentation, 44.0–64.0% by roasting, and 28.4–70.1% by cooking. Cooking and roasting decreased protein solubility but improved in vitro protein digestibility. Mixograph absorption of wheat and legume flour blends increased from 50–52% for raw legumes to 68–76, 62–64, and 74–80% for cooked, roasted, and fermented ones, respectively. Bread dough with cooked or roasted legume flour was less sticky than that with raw or fermented legume flour. Loaf volume of bread baked from wheat and raw or roasted legume flour blends with or without gluten addition was consistently highest for chickpeas, less for peas and lentils, and lowest for soybeans. Roasted legume flour exhibited more appealing aroma and greater loaf volume of bread than cooked legume flour, and it appears to be the most appropriate preprocessing method for incorporation into bread.     

Hydrophilic chromatographic determination of carnosine, anserine, balenine, creatine, and creatinine

A new HPLC procedure based on hydrophilic interaction chromatography (HILIC) has been developed for the simultaneous determination of carnosine, anserine, balenine, creatine, and creatinine in meat. This is the first time that HILIC has been directly applied to the study of meat components, having the advantage of not requiring complex cleanup and/or sample derivatization procedures. The chromatographic separation has been developed using a silica column (4.6 x 150 mm, 3 microm), and the proposed methodology is simple, reliable, and fast (<13 min per sample). The method has been validated in terms of linearity, repeatability, reproducibility, and recovery and represents an interesting alternative to methods currently in use for determining the mentioned compounds and other polar substances. The detection limits are 5.64, 8.23, 3.66, 3.99, and 0.06 microg/mL for carnosine, anserine, balenine, creatine, and creatinine, respectively.     

Fluxes of Cu,Zn, Pb,Cd, Cr,and Ni in temperate forest ecosystems

The literature on the fluxes of six heavy metals in temperate forest ecosystems is reviewed. Special attention is given to wet and dry deposition and internal flux, to metal budgets for ecosystems and soils, to concentrations in aqueous compartments of the ecosystem and to speciation in soil solutions. Metal fluxes are discussed in relation to pollution load, soil type, tree species and land use. The mobility of Cu and Pb is strongly dependent on the solubility of organic matter. These metals are commonly accumulated in forest soils. Zinc, Cd and Ni are greatly influenced by soil acidity and are often lost in considerable amounts from acidified soils. Chromium is often at balance in forest ecosystems. Implications for metal solubility and budgets in forest soils are discussed in connection with an increase in soil acidification.     

Volatilization of trifluralin,atrazine, metolachlor,chlorpyrifos, alpha-endosulfan,and beta-endosulfan from freshly tilled soil

The volatile and soil loss profiles of six agricultural pesticides were measured for 20 days following treatment to freshly tilled soil at the Beltsville Agricultural Research Center. The volatile fluxes were determined using the Theoretical Profile Shape (TPS) method. Polyurethane foam plugs were used to collect the gas-phase levels of the pesticides at the TPS-defined critical height above a treated field. Surface-soil (0-8 cm) samples were collected on each day of air sampling. The order of the volatile flux losses was trifluralin > alpha-endosulfan > chlorpyrifos > metolachlor > atrazine > beta-endosulfan. The magnitude of the losses ranged from 14.1% of nominal applied amounts of trifluralin to 2.5% of beta-endosulfan. The daily loss profiles were typical of those observed by others for volatile flux of pesticides from moist soil. Even though heavy rains occurred from the first to third day after treatment, the majority of the losses took place within 4 days of treatment, that is, 59% of the total applied atrazine and metolachlor and >78% of the other pesticides. Soil losses generally followed pseudo-first-order kinetics; however, leaching due to heavy rainfall caused significant errors in these results. The portion of soil losses that were accounted for by the volatile fluxes was ordered as follows: alpha-endosulfan, 34.5%; trifluralin, 26.5%; chlorpyrifos, 23.3%; beta-endosulfan, 14.5%; metolachlor, 12.4%; and atrazine, 7.5%.     

Evaluation of the cytotoxicity, genotoxicity, mutagenicity, and antimutagenicity of propolis from Tucuman, Argentina

This study evaluates the toxic, genotoxic/mutagenic, and antimutagenic effects of propolis extract from Amaicha del Valle, Tucumán, Argentina. The cytotoxicity assays carried out with the lethality test of Artemia salina revealed that the LD50 was around 100 microg/mL. Propolis extracts showed no toxicity to Salmonella typhimurium TA98 and TA100 strains and Allium cepa at concentrations that have antibiotic and antioxidant activities. Otherwise, for the testing doses, neither genotoxicity nor mutagenicity was found in any sample. The propolis extracts were able to inhibit the mutagenesis of isoquinoline (IQ) and 4-nitro o-phenylenediamine (NPD) with ID50 values of 40 and 20 microg/plate, respectively. From this result, the studied propolis may be inferred to contain some chemical compounds capable of inhibiting the mutagenicity of direct-acting and indirect-acting mutagens. A compound isolated from Amaicha del Valle propolis, 2',4'-dihydroxychalcone, showed cytotoxic activity (LC50 values of 0.5 microg/mL) but was not genotoxic or mutagenic. Furthermore, this compound was able to inhibit the mutagenicity of IQ (ID50 values of 1 microg/plate) but was unable to inhibit the mutagenicity of NPD. Our results suggest a potential anticarcinogenic activity of Amaicha del Valle propolis and the chalcone isolated from it.