适于轻度Cd、As污染土壤种植的水稻品种筛选

对重金属具有高耐性、低富集的水稻品种可用于轻度重金属污染的水稻土。采用温室盆栽试验研究2种水稻土（红泥田和黄泥田）中Cd、As污染对9种水稻生长的影响,分析不同水稻品种对Cd、As富集能力的差异。结果表明,As污染处理下所有水稻品种的生物量均显著降低,在红泥田上,水稻生物量降低幅度为29.4%～54.3%;在黄泥田上,降低幅度为29.5～53.3%。不同水稻品种对As耐性有显著差异（P〈0.05）,晚粳9707（粳稻）生物量降幅较小,耐性较高;浙1500（籼稻）降幅较大,耐性较低。对于Cd污染处理,在2种类型土壤上9种水稻对Cd耐性差异不显著。不同水稻品种对土壤Cd、As的富集能力有显著差异（P〈0.05）。在2种类型土壤上,德农2000（杂交稻）和浙1500（籼稻）分别对As、Cd的富集系数最高,对As、Cd污染敏感;南粳32（粳稻）对Cd、As的富集系数均较低,对Cd、As污染不敏感。在9个水稻品种中,南粳32对Cd、As的富集能力最低,并且对As耐性较高,适合在Cd、As轻度污染的水稻土上种植。     

不同施肥对雷竹林渗漏水中可溶性有机碳、氮流失的影响

【目的】雷竹(Phyllostachys praecox f. preveynalis)是一种在我国亚热带地区被广泛引种栽培的优良笋用竹。为了提高竹笋产量,农民不合理地大量施用化肥,已造成土壤盐化、酸化,地力破坏,导致土壤磷钾大量残留,特别是氮磷的大量流失已造成了周边水体严重污染。虽然土壤DOC和DON在土壤全碳、全氮含量中所占的比例很小,但却是土壤有机质中最重要和最活跃的部分。因此本研究的目的旨在通过全年动态监测雷竹林渗漏水中溶解性有机碳(DOC)和溶解性有机氮(DON)浓度的变化,探明减量施用化肥和有机肥对减少雷竹林氮渗漏淋失负荷的作用,以便为解决雷竹生产上的面源污染问题提供理论依据。【方法】试验设置了5个处理为对照(CK)、常规施肥(CF)、减量有机肥(DO)、减量无机肥(DI)和减量有机无机肥(DOI),3次重复,随机区组设计,小区面积为100 m2。试验于5月18日、 9月7日、11月9日分别施用肥料总量的40%、30%和30%,施肥后均进行浅翻,深度5 cm左右。【结果】 不同施肥雷竹林中DOC及DON平均浓度为33.7~45.5 mg/L和6.6~12.6 mg/L,DOC和DON的渗漏流失负荷为84.5~138.2 kg/hm2和17.2~46.3 kg/hm2。DOC渗漏流失负荷大小顺序为常规施肥(138.2 kg/hm2)减量有机肥(133.7 kg/hm2)减量无机肥(120.9 kg/hm2)不施肥(99.8 kg/hm2)减量有机无机肥(84.5 kg/hm2),而DON渗漏流失负荷大小顺序为减量有机肥(46.3 kg/hm2)常规施肥(35.3 kg/hm2）减量有机无机肥(34.8 kg/hm2)减量无机肥(31.1 kg/hm2)不施肥(17.2 kg/hm2)。渗漏水中DOC(mg/L)与DON(mg/L)之间不存在显著相关性。【结论】大幅减少化肥和有机肥用量,并推广有机肥和无机肥配施,不仅维持了雷竹竹笋的较高产量,还能减少土壤养分损失,具有经济和环境双重效益,是雷竹合理施肥的发展方向。     

亚热带常绿阔叶林土壤溶解性有机碳和微生物量碳对氮磷添加的响应

以安徽省祁门县查湾林场常绿阔叶林为研究对象,研究土壤溶解性有机碳和微生物量碳的季节变化特征及其对氮磷添加的响应。结果表明,0~30 cm土层DOC平均含量在不同月份之间的变化范围为126~298 mg kg-1。中坡林分不同处理土壤DOC平均含量高低顺序为N(300 mg kg-1)N+P(257 mg kg-1)CK(241 mg kg-1),坡顶林分施N处理和N+P处理间的DOC含量接近,差异不显著。中坡和坡顶林分土壤MBC季节变化基本呈双峰趋势,其峰值均出现在2012年11月和2013年3月。中坡林分土壤MBC含量在2013年的1、5、7月施N和N+P处理都低于CK,而坡顶林分MBC含量在2012年7月和9月2013年5月与7月MBC含量都表现为N+PCKN。土壤微生物量碳与土壤溶解性有机碳及土壤有机碳之间呈极显著相关。     

马尾松-麻栎混交林土壤溶解性有机碳、氮空间分布特征

以河南省驻马店西部低山丘陵区马尾松—麻栎混交林为研究对象,分析土壤有机碳(SOC)、溶解性有机碳(DOC)和溶解性有机氮(DON)储量及其对坡向、土层深度(0—10cm和10—20cm)及胸高断面积的响应规律。结果表明:坡向和胸高断面积显著影响SOC和DOC储量(p0.05),且不同坡向土壤中SOC、DOC和DON的影响因素不同。阳坡SOC储量主要限制性因素是速效钾,阴坡是全氮;阳坡与阴坡土壤DOC和DON储量主要受全氮的影响。另外,土层深度亦对SOC、DOC和DON储量有显著影响(p0.05),且随土层加深而降低,呈表层富集的现象。相关性分析表明,SOC、DOC和DON储量与土壤物理性质即土壤湿度、紧实度及土壤中颗粒组成存在显著的相关性。SOC、DOC和DON两两之间呈显著正相关关系,并均与土壤全氮、有效氮(铵态氮、硝态氮和碱解氮)、速效磷和速效钾等含量也存在显著的相关性(p0.01),表明土壤养分含量是影响马尾松—麻栎混交林土壤有机碳储量及溶解性有机碳、氮空间分布的重要因素。     

不同松栎混交林土壤溶解性有机碳氮的差异分析

为揭示北亚热带地区不同林分类型的土壤活性碳氮分布特征,在驻马店市南部山区选取4处具有代表性的松栎人工混交林为研究对象,对其0-20 cm土壤的溶解性有机碳（DOC）,溶解性有机氮（DON）等组分进行研究。结果表明:4种林型土壤DOC的含量为麻栎纯林 > 湿地松麻栎混交林 > 火炬松麻栎混交林 > 马尾松麻栎混交林,DON的含量为马尾松麻栎混交林 > 麻栎纯林 > 湿地松麻栎混交林 > 火炬松麻栎混交林,不同林分类型间整体上差异性显著（p<0.05）;在垂直剖面上,4种林型土壤DOC和DON均随土层深度的增加而显著性下降（p<0.05）。4种林分类型DOC/SOC,DON/TN,DOC/DON分别以麻栎纯林、马尾松麻栎混交林、麻栎纯林最高,在垂直空间分布上,差异性整体上不显著。土壤DOC和DON与土壤含水率、土壤硬度、速效钾、全氮均呈显著（p<0.05）或极显著（p<0.01）相关性。     

安国药材与粮作土壤中有效铜锌含量的状况调查

2012年5月在河北省安国市药材种植面积较大的4个乡镇10个行政村进行药材田和粮作田中3个土层(0-20、20-40、40-60cm)的田间土壤采样,测定其有效铜、锌含量,以了解当前耕作条件下药材和粮作土壤中有效铜、锌含量的现状。结果表明:药材土壤中有效铜含量在0.34~1.21mg·kg-1,有效锌含量在0~10.49mg·kg-1,粮作田土壤中有效铜含量在0.27~2.11mg·kg-1,有效锌含量在0~3.44mg·kg-1,t检验结果表明药材与粮作土壤中有效铜和有效锌含量无显著差异,但粮作土壤中有效铜含量比药材田略丰,有效锌缺乏比药材田严重;药材和粮作土壤中表层(0-20cm)有效锌含量高于其它两个土层(20-40、40-60cm),差异极显著(P0.01),有效铜含量各土层间差异不显著;土壤中有效铜锌含量在所取样本间差异较大。由此可知,药材和粮作土壤中有效铜和有效锌含量相近,按照土壤微量元素分级标准,药材田和粮作田土壤中有效铜含量均处于中等水平,基本满足作物生长需求,而有效锌含量缺乏,所以在耕作中适宜增加铜、锌微肥的施用,以提高药材的品质和产量。     

不同类型水稻土可溶性有机氮及其组分的剖面分布

为揭示可溶性有机氮(soluble organic nitrogen，SON)在土壤剖面的分布状况，选取中亚热带地区发育于相同母质的黄泥田、灰黄泥田和灰泥田3种不同类型水稻土为对象，研究不同类型水稻土剖面中SON含量、组分及主控因子。结果表明，不同类型水稻土SON、游离氨基酸氮(FAA-N)、酰胺氮(AN-N)和可溶性蛋白氮(SP-N)含量具有明显的剖面分异，均表现为0 ~ 20 cm土层＞20 ~ 40 cm土层＞40 ~ 60 cm土层。不同类型水稻土SON及各组分含量差异主要表现在0 ~ 20 cm土层，均表现为灰泥田>灰黄泥田>黄泥田，灰泥田SON、FAA-N、AN-N和SP-N含量分别高于灰黄泥田50.5%、41.7%、44.8% 和2.1%，高于黄泥田196.5%、200.9%、180.4% 和76.5%。0 ~ 20 cm土层3种不同类型水稻土FAA-N和AN-N分别占SON的54.4% ~ 58.7% 和45.5% ~ 48.1%，而底层(40 ~ 60 cm)FAA-N和AN-N分别占SON的33.1% ~ 55.7% 和50.3% ~ 52.8%，说明FAA-N和AN-N具有向下累积的趋势，且在土壤剖面中对SON的贡献大于SP-N。中性氨基酸尤其是肌氨酸是底层FAA-N的主要组分。灰色关联分析表明有机质、蛋白酶、脲酶和总孔隙度与不同类型水稻土SON及组分垂直分布密切相关，对SON、FAA-N、AN-N和SP-N含量变化的总贡献度分别为95.2%、92.1%、98.3% 和90.9%。因此，SON及组分在土壤剖面中的垂直分布与土壤类型和土层深度密切相关，且受土壤有机质、酶活和总孔隙度的影响。     

不同培肥处理对土壤溶解性有机碳含量及特性的影响

以黄土高原南部地区的长期肥料定位试验为研究对象,通过室内测定及培养试验研究了不施肥(CK)、撂荒(FA)、施氮磷钾肥(NPK)、氮磷钾配施有机肥(MNPK)和氮磷钾配施秸秆(SNPK)培肥处理土壤中溶解性有机碳(DOC)的含量、结构特性及其降解特性。结果表明,在0～20 cm耕层土壤中,不同培肥处理土壤中DOC的含量变化范围在4.65～8.94 mg kg-1之间,平均为6.42 mg kg-1,各培肥处理间差异明显,其大小顺序为MNPKSNPKNPKFACK。由DOC溶液的UV280吸收值和腐殖化指数(HIXem)可以得出,不同培肥处理土壤中溶解性有机物中结构相对复杂的芳香化合物所占的比例明显不同,其大小顺序为SNPKMNPKFANPKCK。经过7d的生物降解培养,不同培肥处理土壤DOC溶液的降解率变化范围在19.3%～48.5%之间,平均为28.6%,其大小顺序为CKFANPKSNPKMNPK。随着培养的进行,DOC溶液中结构较为复杂的溶解性有机物的比例上升。     

紫云英翻压后稻田土壤可溶性有机氮迁移特性与损失风险

可溶性有机氮在氮素转化和生态环境安全方面具有重要的作用。在等氮磷钾条件下以单施化肥（CK）为对照,研究不同数量紫云英翻压后（CMV1,15 000 kg?hm-2;CMV2,30 000 kg?hm-2和CMV3,45 000 kg?hm-2）灰泥田土壤可溶性有机氮（SON）和溶解性有机氮（DON）的动态变化、迁移特征及损失量。结果表明,不同施肥处理20～40 cm和40～60 cm土层SON含量分别较0～20 cm土层降低了58.50%和78.47%;施用紫云英利于SON在灰泥田土壤剖面中累积,水稻生育期0～60 cm土层CMV1、CMV2和CMV3处理SON密度分别较CK处理提高5.57%、10.11%和21.39%;不同施肥处理DON总损失量介于18.33～58.55 kg?hm-2,占可溶性总氮的46.52%～50.16%,其中3.77～37.85 kg?hm-2（以N计,下同）随淹水层径流损失,14.5～18.02 kg?hm-2随渗滤液迁移损失,且DON在土层间的迁移具有一定的延迟性;每季水稻CMV1、CMV2和CMV3较CK可分别减少16.90、31.09和37.52 kg?hm-2的DON损失。上述结果表明DON是稻田土壤氮素损失的重要形态,施用紫云英后灰泥田DON的损失量低于施用等氮量尿素,可减少水田氮素面源污染。     

南方低产黄泥田与高产灰泥田基础地力的差异

【目的】黄泥田为南方红黄壤区广泛分布的低产田。定量评价黄泥田基础地力,明确与高产灰泥田水稻氮磷钾养分吸收利用的差异,可为黄泥田改良及水稻施肥提供依据。【方法】采集福建省20个县的典型黄泥田0—20cm土壤,同时采集与其邻近且由同一微地貌单元发育的高产灰泥田土壤,进行了水稻盆栽试验。试验设施肥(每盆N0.60g、P2O50.24g、K2O0.42g)和不施肥两个处理。氮肥采用15N丰度10%的尿素,磷肥用磷酸二氢钙,钾肥用氯化钾。水稻品种为‘中浙优1号’,采用移栽种植,每盆种植两穴。收获后,调查籽粒产量,采集土壤和植株样品,植株分地上部和根部,分析了生物量、氮磷钾含量,土壤分析了全氮含量。植株与土壤同位素氮用ZHT-03质谱仪测定15N%丰度。计算了土壤基础地力与水稻养分吸收、累积及肥料利用率。【结果】黄泥田的基础地力经济产量、基础地力地上部生物产量较灰泥田分别低26.9%与23.5%,相应的基础地力贡献率分别低14.1与9.7个百分点。基础地力贡献率(经济产量)与土壤有机质含量呈极显著正相关,与土壤容重呈极显著负相关。不论施肥与否,黄泥田水稻有效穗数均显著低于灰泥田,且不施肥水稻有效穗数与土壤有机质含量呈极显著正相关,而与土壤容重呈极显著负相关。施肥条件下,黄泥田水稻成熟期籽粒、茎叶和根系氮、磷、钾素含量均低于灰泥田,其中3个部位磷素含量较灰泥田分别低9.6%、38.4%和46.3%,差异均显著,黄泥田水稻籽粒和茎叶的钾素含量较灰泥田分别低10.8%和18.5%,差异均显著。施肥下黄泥田水稻成熟期籽粒、茎叶的氮素吸收量较灰泥田分别低10.8%和17.3%,磷素吸收量分别低12.5%和46.2%,钾素吸收量分别低16.6%和28.5%,差异均显著。等量施肥条件下,黄泥田的水稻氮肥利用率较灰泥田低4.6个百分点,但土壤氮肥残留率增加3.0个百分点。【结论】以高产灰泥田为标准,黄泥田基础地力具有20%以上的产量提升潜力。土壤有机质与容重是影响基础地力贡献率与有效穗的重要肥力因子。黄泥田水稻氮肥利用率显著低于灰泥田,但土壤氮素残留率较高。提高有机质、降低土壤容重是提升基础地力的主攻方向。     

Nitrogen Use Efficiency of Rice Under Cadmium Contamination:Influence of Rice Cultivar Versus Soil Type

There is a need for rice cultivars with high yields and nitrogen (N) use efficiency (NUE), but with low cadmium (Cd) accumulation in Cd-contaminated paddy soils. To determine the relative effects of rice genotype, soil type, and Cd addition on rice grain yield and NUE, a pot experiment consisting of nine rice cultivars was conducted in two types of paddy soils, red soil (RS) and yellow soil (YS), without or with Cd spiked at 0.6 mg kg^-1. The N supply was from both soil organic N pools and N fertilizers; thus, NUE was defined as the grain yield per unit of total crop-available N in the soil. Cd addition decreased grain yield and NUE in most rice cultivars, which was mainly related to reduced N uptake efficiency (NpUE, defined as the percentage of N taken up by the crop per unit of soil available N). However, Cd addition enhanced N assimilation efficiency (NtUE, defined as the grain yield per unit of N taken up by the crop) by 21.9% on average in all rice cultivars. The NpUE was mainly affected by soil type, whereas NtUE was affected by rice cultivar. Hybrid cultivars had higher NUEs than the japonica and indica cultivars because of their greater biomass and higher tolerance to Cd contamination. Reduction of NUE after Cd addition was stronger in RS than in YS, which was related to the lower absorption capacity for Cd in RS. Canonical correspondence analysis-based variation partitioning showed that cultivar type had the largest effect (34.4%) on NUE, followed by Cd addition (15.2%) and soil type (10.0%).     

秸秆还田对稻田土壤溶液中溶解性有机质的影响

研究了麦秆不同方式还田、施用无机氮肥及不同移栽时间对水稻田土壤溶液中溶解性有机碳（DOC）、溶解性有机氮（DON）浓度的影响。结果表明，淹水后土壤溶液中DOC浓度在淹水初期明显增加，而后逐渐下降。添加麦秆这一有机物料，在水稻生长期前2个月内显著提高了DOC，对DON在一段时间内也表现出促进作用，其后差异不显著。施用无机氮肥降低了土壤溶液中DOC、DON浓度。DON的浓度与施肥量呈负相关。水稻推迟移栽，土壤溶液中溶解性有机质（DOM）均显著降低。     

Coal Fly Ash and Phospho‐gypsum Mixture as an Amendment to Improve Rice Paddy Soil Fertility

Abstract

Rice is a plant that requires high levels of silica (Si). As a silicate (SiO₂) source to rice, coal fly ash (hereafter, fly ash), which has an alkaline pH and high available silicate and boron (B) contents, was mixed with phosphor‐gypsum (hereafter, gypsum, 50%, wt wt^?1), a by‐product from the production of phosphate fertilizer, to improve the fly ash limitation. Field experiments were carried out to evaluate the effect of the mixture on soil properties and rice (Oryza sativa) productivity in silt loam (SiL) and loamy sand (LS) soils to which 0 (FG 0), 20 (FG 20), 40 (FG 40), and 60 (FG 60) Mg ha^?1 were added. The mixture increased the amount of available silicate and exchangeable calcium (Ca) contents in the soils and the uptake of silicate by rice plant. The mixture did not result in accumulation of heavy metals in soil and an excessive uptake of heavy metals by the rice grain. The available boron content in soil increased with the mixture application levels up to 1.42 mg kg^?1 following the application of 60 Mg ha^?1 but did not show toxicity. The mixture increased significantly rice yield and showed the highest yields following the addition of 30–40 Mg ha^?1 in two soils. It is concluded that the fly ash and gypsum mixture could be a good source of inorganic soil amendments to restore the soil nutrient balance in rice paddy soil.     

稻秸的不同组分对水稻土微生物量碳氮及可溶性有机碳氮的影响

为探明稻秸(稻草)及其不同组分(腐解稻秸、可溶性有机物和去活稻秸)对红黄泥水稻土微生物量碳、氮(MBC、MBN)和可溶性有机碳、氮(DOC、DON)含量的影响。通过室内恒温培养试验,研究了长期淹水条件下,添加稻秸及其组分对MBC、MBN、DOC和DON的影响。结果表明,与对照(S处理)相比,添加稻秸(RS+S处理)、腐解稻秸(DRS+S处理)和去活稻秸(NARS+S处理)均提高了MBC,提高幅度分别为11.17%(p0.01),1.83%和6.25%(p0.05),添加可溶性有机物(DOM+S处理)处理降低了MBC,降低幅度为2.67%;RS+S处理提高了MBN,提高幅度为15.29%,DRS+S、DOM+S和NARS+S处理均降低了MBN,降低幅度分别为15.19%,3.09%和15.92%。与S处理相比,RS+S、DRS+S、DOM+S和NARS+S处理均极显著提高了红黄泥DOC(p0.01),提高幅度依次分别为13.33%,10.88%,6.81%和11.41%;RS+S、DRS+S和DOM+S处理均显著提高了红黄泥DON(p0.05),NARS+S处理极显著提高了红黄泥DON(p0.01),提高幅度依次分别为6.96%,10.84%,10.12%和13.41%。与S处理相比,DRS+S和NARS+S处理极显著提高了MBC/MBN,RS+S处理显著降低了MBC/MBN,DOM+S处理对MBC/MBN几乎没有影响;各处理对DOC/DON没有显著影响。稻秸及其不同组分对红黄泥水稻土MBC、MBN、DOC和DON含量的影响基本一致,但影响程度存在差异,稻秸和去活稻秸影响较大。结果可为稻秸及其不同组分对MBC、MBN、DOC和DON的影响机理提供基础数据,进一步揭示稻田土壤速效养分的来源与转化关系,为农业生产中秸秆的科学利用和稻田土壤肥力定向培育提供科学依据。     

Microbial immobilization and mineralization of dissolved organic nitrogen from forest floors

Dissolved organic nitrogen (DON) plays a key role in the N cycle of many ecosystems, as DON availability and biodegradation are important for plant growth, microbial metabolism and N transport in soils. However, biodegradation of DON (defined as the sum of mineralization and microbial immobilization) is only poorly understood. In laboratory incubations, biodegradation of DON and dissolved organic carbon (DOC) from Oi and Oa horizons of spruce, beech and cypress forests ranged from 6 to 72%. Biodegradation of DON and DOC was similar in most samples, and mineralization of DON was more important than microbial immobilization. Nitrate additions (0-10 mg N L⁻¹) never influenced either DON immobilization by microorganisms or mineralization. We conclude that soil microorganisms do not necessarily prefer mineral N over DON for meeting their N demand, and that biodegradation of DON seems to be driven by the microbial demand for C rather than N. Quantifying the dynamics of DON in soils should include consideration of both C and N demands by microbes.     

Characterization and implication of phytolith-associated potassium in rice straw and paddy soils

Rice straw contains up to 2.3% K in dry matter, including potassium (K) subcompartmented in phytoliths, complex siliceous structures formed in plant tissue via precipitation of Si. Rice straw is usually returned to the soil as a conventional practice to sustain soil nutrients, and therefore, the K pool accompanied with rice straw phytoliths is also cycled. Based on phytoliths obtained by ashing of rice straw at 400 °C and dissolution experiments using batch extraction in combination with physical separation of phytoliths by heavy liquid, this study evaluated the phytolith K(phytK) pool in rice straw and aged phytoliths in paddy soils. Entrapped organic matter containing K within phytolith silica cells was visualized by X-ray tomographic microscopy, and releases of this phytK pool accompanying phytolith dissolution were quantified. A 1% Na₂CO₃ solution, which has been commonly used to extract amorphous Si and to quantify soil phytoliths, showed obvious responses for K derived from phytolith dissolution, indicating that the Na₂CO₃ method can be developed for measurement of phytK. In 13 soil samples, Na₂CO₃-dissolvable K content assignable to phytK was 0.55 ± 0.39 g kg^?1 in the puddled horizon, suggesting the phytK pool is of high significance for the management of K in paddy soils.     

CH4 production potential in a paddy soil exposed to atmospheric CO2 enrichment

Abstract

An anaerobic incubation experiment was conducted to investigate methane (CH₄) production potential in soil samples collected from a paddy field after exposure to free-air CO₂ enrichment (FACE). The FACE experiment with two CO₂ levels, ambient and ambient + 200 p.p.m.v CO₂ during the rice growing season, was conducted at Shizukuishi, Iwate Prefecture, Japan. The soil was a wet Andosol. Soil samples were taken from the surface (0–1 cm) and the sub-surface (1–10 cm) soil layers 2 months after rice harvest. Sub-samples of the fresh soils were put into glass bottles and submerged under N₂ gas headspace during the incubation. The results showed that, prior to incubation, the contents of total C and dissolved organic C (DOC) were significantly greater in FACE soil than ambient soil. During the incubation, CH₄ production potential was approximately 2–4-fold higher in FACE soil than ambient soil and approximately 500–1,000-fold greater in surface soil than sub-surface soil. In general, the FACE soil contained more DOC than ambient soil, particularly in the surface soil layer. These findings suggest that FACE treatment exerted long-term positive effects on CH₄ production and increased organic C content in this paddy soil, particularly in the surface soil layer.     

Phosphorus status of some paddy soils in Bangladesh

Abstract

Phosphorus status of Bangladesh paddy soils covering the major paddy soil types was assessed in terms of parent materials and physiography. Total P concentration ranged from 172 to 604 mg kg^?1 in the topsoil and from 126 to 688 mg kg^?1 in the subsoil, and varied with the physiography to which the soils belonged. In most soils, the available P concentration was much higher for the topsoil than for the subsoil. The inorganic P concentration was higher than the organic P concentration, except for one soil series from the Old Himalayan Piedmont Plain, and was significantly and positively correlated with the total P concentration. Among the inorganic forms, only the concentration of Al-bound P showed a significant correlation with that of available P based on the Bray P-2 method in both topsoil and subsoil. In general, the P status was critically low in paddy soils of the terrace area. Normal growth of paddy rice in this area is expected to be difficult without application of P fertilizer.     

Arsenic phytotoxicity and accumulation in rice seedlings grown in arsenic‐contaminated soils as influenced by the characteristics of organic matter amendments and soils

Organic matter (OM) application into soils is a common agricultural practice. Previous studies have shown that in arsenic (As)‐contaminated paddy soils, OM has the potential to alter the behavior of As and affects the growth and As accumulation of rice plants. In this study, pot experiments were conducted to investigate the differences in the amounts of As released into soil solutions, its toxicity, and accumulation in rice seedlings caused by application of three different OM amendments [soybean meal (SB), sugarcane dreg compost (SC), and cattle‐dung compost (CD)]. These OM amendments were each applied to three As‐contaminated soils, Guandu (Gd), Pinchen (Pc), and Chengchung (Cf), which have different characteristics. The results indicate that after addition of two easily decomposable OMs (SB and SC), the As toxicity and concentrations increased in rice plants, especially in As‐spiked Cf soils which had low As retention capacity. This was the result of elevated As concentration in soil solutions due to a decrease in soil redox potential and competition between dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and As for sorption sites, as well as the formation of As–DOC complexes. However, there were no significant effects on plant growth and As accumulation in rice seedlings after treatments with CD (not easily decomposable OM). Another important finding was that the amount of iron plaque on the surface of rice roots increased with OM amendments in the Gd soils rich in iron oxides and hydroxides, thus reducing the As uptake by rice plants. These results suggest that the characteristics of OM and soils should be considered when OM amendments are applied to As‐contaminated soils.