不同芹菜品种镉吸收和运转差异研究

【目的】 研究镉胁迫下芹菜生长、镉吸收和向上运转品种间差异,为筛选镉低积累型芹菜品种减少镉对人体的危害提供依据。 【方法】 以10个芹菜品种为试材进行基质无土栽培试验,基质为蛭石,营养液采用1/2华南农业大学叶菜类营养液配方,以只浇灌营养液的处理作为对照,浇灌含15 mg/L氯化镉（CdCl₂）的营养液为Cd胁迫处理;每3 d浇灌一次,每次浇灌0.2 L,累计浇灌15次,每盆Cd施用量为45 mg。移栽45 d后,测定生长指标与根、叶柄和叶片Cd含量。计算相对生长量（relative growth yield,RGY）和转运系数（translocation factor,TF）,并筛选出高、低Cd积累品种。分别对高、低Cd积累品种进行穴盘基育苗,14 d后采用华南农业大学叶菜类营养液配方进行营养液栽培,21 d后利用非损伤微测技术（non-invasive micro-test technology,NMT）测定根系分生区、伸长区和根毛区Cd2+离子流速。 【结果】 与非Cd胁迫相比,Cd胁迫使‘速生四季西芹王’、文图拉西芹’、‘四季小香芹’、‘实心香芹’、 ‘雪白芹菜’ 地下部受到显著抑制,对地上部无显著影响;Cd胁迫促进了 ‘四季小香芹’ 地上部生长;而 ‘种都金黄芹菜’、‘红芹’、‘鲍芹’ 地上部受到显著抑制,对地下部则无显著影响;‘马家沟芹菜’ 和 ‘速生香芹’ 地上部和地下部均生长均受到抑制。食用器官叶柄中Cd含量以 ‘种都金黄芹菜’ 和 ‘雪白芹菜’ 最高;‘速生香芹’ 和 ‘实心香芹’ 最低。地上部Cd含量高的 ‘种都金黄芹菜’ 和 ‘雪白芹菜’ 对Cd转运能力也最高;Cd含量低的 ‘速生香芹’ 对Cd转运能力也最低。在根系成熟区（根毛区）,‘种都金黄芹菜’ 较 ‘速生香芹’ 有更高Cd2+ 离子流速。 【结论】 Cd胁迫下,芹菜不同品种生长、Cd吸收、转运和积累存在显著差异。‘四季小香芹’、‘速生四季西芹王’、‘文图拉芹菜’、‘实心香芹’ 和 ‘雪白芹菜’ 较为耐镉;而 ‘种都金黄芹菜’、‘红芹’、‘鲍芹’、‘马家沟芹菜’ 和 ‘速生香芹’ 对镉敏感。‘雪白芹菜’ 和 ‘种都金黄芹菜’ 为高Cd积累型,‘实心香芹’ 和 ‘速生香芹’ 为低Cd积累型,其中 ‘实心香芹’ 表现为低Cd含量和高生长量。高Cd积累型芹菜较低Cd积累型芹菜有更强Cd2+ 吸收能力和Cd转运能力,根部Cd2+ 流速可用于低积累品种的快速筛选。      

根系高效铵吸收系统是玉米获取氮素的重要补充机制

【目的】本研究旨在通过对植株根系铵吸收特征研究,揭示旱地玉米的氮素营养特征,研究结果为玉米补充氮素营养提供了一定的理论依据。 【方法】以玉米高产品种“郑单 958”为供试材料,采用水培试验模拟了玉米植株生长中的氮素营养环境,研究了玉米幼苗生长对不同氮素形态的反应;采用非损伤微测技术 (NMT),重点研究了不同供氮状况下玉米根系对 NH₄+ 的吸收特征,并与其吸收硝态氮的规律进行了比较;利用实时定量 PCR 技术,初步揭示了玉米根系中的铵吸收蛋白 (AMT) 基因对铵的响应特征。 【结果】单一供应铵态氮条件下,玉米地上部鲜重、全株干重及根系含氮量与纯硝态氮条件下相近,表明铵态氮也可作为玉米的有效氮源。非损伤微测研究结果表明,玉米幼苗根系铵吸收过程呈典型的高亲和吸收特征 (表观 Km 值约为 60 μmol/L),推测这一过程是由高亲和的转运体蛋白介导。氮饥饿预处理使根系的铵吸收速率 Vmax 和 Km 值分别降低了约 3 倍和 1 倍。这一现象与水稻等作物不同,暗示玉米的铵吸收过程可能不存在反馈抑制现象。另外,介质中硝态氮的存在对根系的铵吸收具有显著抑制作用 (抑制效果 > 20%);在供试微摩尔浓度范围内,根系对 NO₃– (100 μmol/L) 的吸收速率显著低于对相同浓度 NH₄+ 的吸收。进一步对主要在玉米根系中表达的铵吸收蛋白基因 ZmAMT1;1a 和 ZmAMT1;3 的定量 PCR 分析表明,上述基因在维持供铵状态下的表达量较缺氮处理均有显著提高,与铵吸收测定结果相符。 【结论】玉米根系中保留着高效铵吸收系统,在低硝态氮浓度下,该系统对铵态氮的高效吸收可作为其获取足够氮源的一个重要的机制。高硝态氮则抑制玉米根系对铵态氮的吸收,以避免氮素吸收利用系统在功能上的冗余。     

外源ABA提高甘蓝型油菜抗镉胁迫能力和氮素生理利用效率

  【目的】  植物脱落酸 (ABA) 可调节植物生长、种子休眠和叶片衰老，还可对非生物胁迫作出反应。比较添加外源ABA前后镉 (Cd) 胁迫下甘蓝型油菜的生理反应，可深化对脱落酸提高作物抗性和氮素生理利用效率作用机理的认识。  【方法】  供试甘蓝型油菜品种为814号，试验设3个处理:正常培养 (CK)、10 μmol/L CdCl₂ (Cd) 和5 μmol/L ABA + 10 μmol/L CdCl₂ (A + Cd)。在处理4天后，观察甘蓝型油菜表型，测定脯氨酸及丙二醛 (MDA) 含量、Cd含量、硝酸盐和铵盐含量以及硝酸还原酶 (NR)、谷氨酰胺合成酶 (GS) 活性等相关指标。  【结果】  与Cd处理相比，A + Cd处理甘蓝型油菜新叶SPAD值提高了1.1倍，根部脯氨酸含量增加了29.0%，MDA 含量降低了48.3%。外源ABA的添加会抑制甘蓝型油菜对Cd的吸收，降低甘蓝型油菜地上部和地下部Cd含量，减小Cd对甘蓝型油菜的毒害作用，影响甘蓝型油菜对NO₃–的吸收，降低油菜体内的总氮含量。与Cd处理相比，A + Cd处理甘蓝型油菜根部NR活性显著提高82.8%，更多的NH₄+分配到了地上部，地上部GS活性升高了32.1%，增强了甘蓝型油菜体内的氮同化和代谢过程，氮素生理利用效率显著提高了17.2%。  【结论】  外源ABA的添加可降低Cd的吸收量，提高氮代谢相关酶活性，促进脯氨酸的合成和降低丙二醛的生成，进而增强甘蓝型油菜对Cd的抗性，增强甘蓝型油菜体内氮同化和代谢的过程，并提高甘蓝型油菜的氮素生理利用效率。     

镉积累差异水稻品种生长发育对清除NO的响应

  【目的】   研究一氧化氮 (NO) 对镉 (Cd) 胁迫下水稻苗期生理生化及氮代谢响应的调节作用,探讨通过清除NO提高水稻耐Cd能力的措施。   【方法】   以Cd高积累 (TN1) 和Cd低积累 (春江06) 品种为材料,进行了Cd胁迫 (40 μmol/L) 水培试验。以Cd胁迫营养液为对照,在对照基础上设置添加硝普钠 (Cd+SNP)、添加NO清除剂CPTIO (Cd+CPTIO)、添加硝酸还原酶抑制剂钨酸钠 (Cd+TU) 处理,共4个处理。处理后12天,测定不同处理对水稻幼苗生长、NO₃–-N分配、根系特性及光合特性的影响。   【结果】   NO对高Cd和低Cd积累水稻品种的影响不同。与对照相比,Cd+SNP处理降低高Cd积累水稻品种幼苗地上部和地下部NO₃?-N含量,但对幼苗生物量和氮素吸收没有显著抑制效果;Cd+CPTIO处理会提高幼苗生长、氮素积累量及氮效率 (P < 0.05);增加或清除NO处理均显著降低了地上部和地下部的Cd含量。对于低Cd积累水稻品种,Cd+SNP、Cd+CPTIO、Cd+TU处理间幼苗生物量、氮素吸收量均无显著差异。   【结论】   品种基因型对NO信号的调节敏感度不同,高Cd 积累品种清除NO处理可以显著抑制Cd的吸收和向地上部的运转,促进幼苗的生长和对氮素的吸收利用,抑制硝酸还原酶活性处理缓解Cd胁迫促进幼苗生长的效果不稳定。而对于低Cd积累水稻品种,清除NO处理也有一定的缓解Cd吸收和向地上运转的效果,但其重要性不如基因本身的拒Cd能力。因此,Cd胁迫下,高Cd积累水稻品种采用清除NO的措施可有效缓解Cd胁迫,促进水稻的生长,但对于低Cd积累水稻品种,清除NO也可以进一步降低Cd的向上运输,但是对水稻幼苗生长和氮素利用的影响不显著。     

缺锌对玉米根系发育、生长素含量及生长素转运基因表达的影响

【目的】研究缺锌对玉米根系生长及根系中生长素含量与生长素运输关键基因表达的影响,揭示缺锌胁迫下玉米根系生长与生长素响应特征。【方法】以郑单958玉米为材料,进行营养液培养试验,设置Zn 0缺锌 (0 μmol/L) 和正常供锌 (1 μmol/L) 两个处理。植株干样经硝酸–过氧化氢消煮,利用原子吸收分光光度计测定消煮液锌浓度。保存于FAA溶液 (70% 乙醇︰38% 甲醛︰乙酸 = 90︰5︰5,体积比) 中的根系样品,经洗涤扫描获得数字图像,利用WinRHIZO软件分析得到根长、根表面积、根体积等指标;采用气相色谱-质谱联用仪检测根系中生长素吲哚乙酸含量;采用实时荧光定量PCR技术对玉米根系生长素转运基因ZmAUX1和ZmPIN1c表达进行定量分析。【结果】缺锌胁迫下,植株地上部锌含量低于20 μg/g,生物量显著降低;缺锌根系表面积与体积变小,总根长、侧根总长度与侧根平均长度变短,侧根密度增大,直径变细。缺锌条件下,距根尖2 cm的区域中生长素较正常供锌处理降低近30%。缺锌根系中ZmAUX1和ZmPIN1c基因表达明显受抑。【结论】缺锌胁迫下玉米根系中生长素转运关键基因表达降低,生长素含量下降,生长素分布改变,影响根系生长发育。     

低氮胁迫对不同耐低氮玉米品种苗期伤流液性状及根系活力的影响

【目的】研究了低氮胁迫对不同耐低氮性玉米品种苗期生长、伤流性状及根系活力的影响,比较不同耐低氮性玉米品种对低氮胁迫响应的差异,以期为西南丘陵地区耐低氮玉米品种的选育提供理论依据。 【方法】以两个耐低氮品种‘正红 311’、‘成单 30’和两个低氮敏感品种‘先玉 508’、‘三北 2 号’为试验材料进行水培试验,营养液设置 4 个氮水平:0、0.05、0.5、5 mmol/L。测定了苗期株高等形态指标、干物质积累量、根系活力,计算了根冠比、活跃吸收面积比、伤流液中可溶性蛋白等转运速度及氨基酸/硝态氮浓度的比值。 【结果】低氮胁迫下玉米苗期苗高、茎粗、叶面积、SPAD、单株干重、地上部干重、伤流强度,伤流液中可溶性蛋白和可溶性糖转运速度,氨基酸和硝态氮转运速度及浓度,根系活力,根系总吸收面积和根系活跃吸收面积均显著下降,但耐低氮品种各指标的降幅均低于低氮敏感品种。根冠比、伤流液中氨基酸/硝态氮浓度比值均显著升高,可溶性蛋白和可溶性糖浓度随胁迫时间的延长表现出先下降后升高的趋势。耐低氮品种根冠比增幅低于低氮敏感品种,而可溶性蛋白浓度的增幅高于低氮敏感品种,且低氮胁迫下耐低氮品种根系活力、伤流液中可溶性蛋白和可溶性糖浓度显著高于低氮敏感品种。 【结论】耐低氮品种在低氮胁迫下能够保持较高的根系活力,进而促进了根系对营养物质的吸收和转运,提高了伤流液中各组分的浓度和转运速度,较好地维持了碳氮循环,从而有效地协调了植株地上、地下部养分和物质的分配,控制了根冠比的增加,维持了地上部的生长。     

不同辣椒品种镉吸收积累能力及关键期研究

  【目的】   比较不同辣椒品种植株Cd的吸收和积累动态差异,明确Cd积累关键期,为生产上规避辣椒Cd积累提供技术支持。   【方法】   以8个辣椒品种为材料进行了田间小区试验,供试土壤全镉含量为0.194 mg/kg。在辣椒苗期 (移栽当天)、壮苗期 (移栽后32 天)、结果期 (移栽后65 天)、成熟期 (移栽后111天) 采样,分析辣椒植株根、茎、叶及果实生物量、Cd含量,计算不同组织间的Cd运转系数。   【结果】   供试8个品种分为菜椒和朝天椒两类。4次采集的样品,叶部Cd含量均为菜椒 > 朝天椒,果实Cd含量在结果期菜椒高于朝天椒,成熟期朝天椒显著高于菜椒。朝天椒果实以品种艳椒425的Cd含量最低,菜椒以品种苏椒5号Cd含量最低。壮苗期为辣椒植株Cd的快速积累期,朝天椒根、茎和叶Cd含量移栽后0到32天分别增加了14.9、51.2和51.9倍,菜椒分别增加了8.9、25.6和39.9倍。结果期Cd积累变缓,移栽后65天朝天椒根、茎和叶Cd含量比移栽后32 天分别增加了0.35、0.55和–0.13倍,菜椒分别增加了0.20、0.01和–0.29倍;成熟期 (移栽后111 天) 朝天椒根、茎和叶Cd含量比结果初期 (移栽后65天) 分别增加了–0.29、0.44和–0.40倍,菜椒分别增加了–0.34、–0.14和–0.32倍。不同辣椒品种Cd在植株内的转运能力有差异,4次采样根–茎Cd转运效率菜椒 > 朝天椒,而茎–叶、叶–果和茎–果Cd转运效率则是朝天椒 > 菜椒。辣椒果实Cd积累量与壮苗期茎的Cd含量呈极显著正相关 (P < 0.01),与茎–果、叶–果Cd转运效率显著相关 (P < 0.05)。   【结论】   壮苗期前 (移栽后0～32天) 为辣椒植株Cd的快速积累期,该时期辣椒根茎叶中的Cd含量可以增加数十倍,进入结果期Cd含量的增加速率大大降低。壮苗期辣椒茎的Cd含量与果实Cd积累量呈极显著相关。菜椒根中的Cd向茎的转运能力较强,而朝天椒茎叶中的Cd向果实中转运能力较强,因而,朝天椒果实Cd积累能力高于菜椒。     

根部增氧模式对水稻产量与氮素利用的影响

【目的】根部缺氧是影响水稻生长发育与养分吸收的主要非生物因子之一。为了明确不同增氧模式的作用效果,探明水稻产量和氮素利用效率对根部增氧的响应特征,本试验研究了不同根部增氧模式下水稻生长动态、产量和氮素吸收积累与转运特性。【方法】以深水水稻品种IR45765-3B和水稻品种中浙优1号为材料,试验在顶部用透明塑料膜遮雨的水泥栽培池中进行,试验设施用CaO₂（CaO₂）、微纳气泡水增氧灌溉（MBWI）和干湿交替灌溉（AWD）等三个增氧模式处理及淹水对照（WL）。分别测定了两品种的生长动态、产量和与氮素利用相关的指标。【结果】与淹水对照相比较,根部增氧处理均显著促进IR45765-3B分蘖的发生,增幅为10.7%~33.6%,而中浙优1号茎蘖数仅在CaO₂处理和AWD处理部分调查时期显著高于对照;根部增氧处理显著提高了两品种的干物质积累量,并显著提高两品种水稻产量,增氧处理下IR45765-3B产量较对照分别增加26.3%（CaO₂）、21.8%（MBWI）和10.7%（AWD）,而中浙优1号产量较对照分别增加51.0%（CaO₂）、52.2%（MBWI）和29.68%（AWD）;根部增氧显著增加水稻的氮素吸收与利用,与对照相比较,增氧处理下IR45765-3B和中浙优1号氮肥偏生产力均显著升高;施用CaO₂和MBWI处理水稻氮素转运效率和氮素转运贡献降低,但齐穗期后两品种的氮素吸收量显著增加,齐穗期后IR45765-3B和中浙优1号在CaO₂处理下的氮素吸收量较对照分别增加了73.4%和119.2%,MBWI处理下的氮素吸收量较对照分别增加了128.7%和106.5%。【结论】根部增氧显著促进水稻分蘖发生与成穗,增加水稻干物质积累并显著提高产量;在氮素利用方面,增氧处理下水稻植株对氮素的吸收与积累显著增加,且增氧处理显著促进了水稻对氮素的利用效率;三种增氧模式中CaO₂和MBWI的效果较AWD更明显。     

适量施磷有效提高苋菜对镉污染土壤的修复能力

  【目的】  土壤性质和化肥施用均影响作物对重金属污染土壤的修复效果。探究不同磷肥施用量对苋菜镉 (Cd) 吸收和累积的影响，为通过养分管理减少作物对重金属的积累提供依据。  【方法】  以苋菜 (Amaranshus mangostanus L.) 为供试作物，以黄棕壤和赤红壤为供试土壤进行盆栽试验。在两个供试土壤中，加入分析纯CdCl₂?2.5H₂O (Cd 15 mg/kg土), 平衡一个月后，用于苋菜栽培。设置5个磷肥（P）施用水平:0 (CK)、50、100、200、400 mg/kg土，以磷酸二氢铵 (分析纯) 加入。苋菜生长45天后收获，调查地上部和根部生物量，分析其磷、镉含量，并测定土壤中DTPA提取的有效态Cd含量。  【结果】  施用磷肥能提高苋菜的生物量，随着施磷量的增加，苋菜生物量也随之增加，且各处理均与CK处理差异显著。在黄棕壤上，苋菜地上部生物量增幅为9.2%～39.0%，根部为4.0%～15.0%；在赤红壤上，苋菜地上部增幅为7.7%～46.0%，根部为10.0%～100.0%。苋菜Cd含量与CK处理相比均显著降低，在黄棕壤上，苋菜地上部和根部Cd含量的降幅分别为7.4%～50.2%和7.9%～58.8%；在赤红壤上，降幅分别为9.9%～55.8%和21.7%～66.0%。苋菜Cd累积量与CK处理相比均呈上升趋势，黄棕壤上苋菜地上部和根部Cd累积量的增幅分别为36.2%～54.3%和7.4%～38.9%；在赤红壤上，增幅分别为34.3%～62.8%和5.4%～55.4%。当施磷量为P 50 mg/kg土时，苋菜地上部、根部在黄棕壤和赤红壤上的Cd累积量均最大。施磷降低了土壤中镉的生物有效性。随着施磷量的增加，土壤有效态Cd含量显著降低，黄棕壤上的降幅为0.9%～7.2%，赤红壤上的降幅为1.2%～7.9%。植株体内Cd含量与磷含量之间存在一定的负相关性。  【结论】  施用磷肥显著提高苋菜的生物量，同时降低土壤中有效态镉的含量。虽然施磷肥显著降低了苋菜地上部和根部的Cd含量，但显著提高的生物量有效增加了苋菜对土壤Cd的总吸收和累积量，提高了其对镉污染土壤的植物修复效率。盆栽结果表明，在镉浓度为15 mg/kg 土的黄棕壤和赤红壤上，磷肥施用量为50 mg/kg土时修复效果最佳。     

施氮对镉胁迫下杂交相思树生长及镉吸收分配的影响

【目的】研究不同水平氮的供应对木本固氮植物杂交相思树适应镉环境胁迫及其生物修复能力的影响,可为有目的地进行相思树栽培提供施肥依据。【方法】以杂交相思树 (Acacia mangium × Acacia auriculiformis) 为试材进行了盆栽试验。Cd2+ 设3个水平(0、30、60 mg/kg),在Cd2+ 30 mg/kg的基础上设施尿素2个水平(0.4、0.8 g/kg) ,共5个处理。研究了杂交相思幼苗的干物质、氮(N)、磷(P)、钾(K)、镉(Cd)的积累和分配规律。【结果】Cd2+ 胁迫显著抑制了杂交相思幼苗根、茎、叶和总干物质的积累,限制了N、P、K等元素的吸收和积累;杂交相思Cd转移系数为0.044～0.224,根Cd含量明显高于茎和叶,并且根部Cd累积能力要大于地上部;但Cd2+ 60 mg/kg胁迫下,杂交相思通过向地上部分转移Cd以更好地适应强胁迫环境。Cd2+ 30 mg/kg胁迫下,高氮 (0.8 g/kg) 较低氮 (0.4 g/kg) 更显著地促进了茎、叶和植株总的P、K积累,而低氮更有效地增加了根的N、P、K积累量;高氮较低氮更显著地提高了茎、叶干重以及干物质在茎叶中的分配比例,低氮则提高了根干重以及干物质在根中的分配比例和根冠比;Cd2+ 胁迫下施氮显著促进了杂交相思对Cd的吸收和积累,提高了Cd转移系数;低氮更显著地促进了根、叶和总Cd的积累,高氮更显著地促进了茎Cd的积累及Cd在茎、叶中的分配比例。【结论】Cd2+ 胁迫下杂交相思通过改变干物质及N、P、K、Cd积累和分配规律以及提高N、P和K利用率的方式,保证根系生长,以更好地适应胁迫环境。低Cd2+ 胁迫下 (30 mg/kg),施氮可缓解杂交相思由镉胁迫所引起的对N、K吸收的抑制,促进杂交相思各器官干物质以及N、P、K、Cd的积累。低施氮量 (尿素 0.4 g/kg) 促进相思树生长的效果更佳,高施氮量 (尿素 0.8 g/kg) 促进Cd向地上部的运转,提高其对Cd生物修复能力。     

Genotypic Difference in Arsenic and Cadmium Accumulation by Rice Seedlings Grown in Hydroponics

Genotypic differences in arsenic (As) and cadmium (Cd) uptake and their translocation within rice seedlings grown in solution culture were investigated. Arsenic uptake and its translocation differed significantly between eight cultivars. The largest shoot and root As concentrations were found in cultivar ‘TN1’ and ‘ZYQ8’, while cultivar ‘JX-17’ had the lowest As concentration. Arsenic concentration in shoot or root of ‘JX-17’ was about 50% of that in cultivar ‘ZYQ8’. Specific Arsenic uptake (SAU) was found significantly different between rice cultivars, which was about 2-fold higher of ‘ZYQ8’ than that of ‘JX-17’. The Cd accumulation also differed significantly between cultivars. Rice cultivar ‘JX-17’ had the highest ability in Cd uptake, but the lowest ability in Cd translocation from root to shoot. The transfer factor (TF) of Cd had an important effect on Cd accumulation by rice seedlings. Arsenic can competitively inhibit P uptake by rice seedlings, P concentrations in shoots, or roots treated with As were significantly lower than those without As addition. However, the concentrations of P and As were positively correlated within these genotypes. The Cd immobilization by cell wall was an important mechanism for Cd detoxification. The cell wall bound 21–44% of total Cd in shoots and 25–59% of total Cd in roots of these tested genotypes. The genotypic differences in As and Cd uptake and translocation within rice seedlings provide the possibility of selecting and breeding genotypes and /or cultivars with reduced levels of As and Cd in rice grains.     

不同品种燕麦对镉胁迫响应的差异性研究

利用实验室水培模拟试验,研究了轻度镉胁迫条件下10个燕麦品种生长及吸收积累镉的差异性。结果表明,经5μmol·L-1的镉处理后,供试燕麦品种的株高、根长、地上部与地下部生物量、叶绿素含量、类胡萝卜素含量均出现不同程度的下降,不同品种间存在明显的差异,有的甚至达到极显著水平;不同品种燕麦对镉的吸收与积累也存在明显差异;燕麦镉的吸收转运与耐性没有直接的联系。按照镉胁迫下燕麦耐镉性和镉含量的冠根比进行聚类分析,可将10个品种分为4类：①镉转运少且耐性强;②转运多但耐性强;③转运多且耐性弱;④转运较少但耐性弱。其中品5号地上部生长抑制率最小,并且镉含量、镉转运量较少,表现出较强的耐镉性,在轻度镉污染土壤上种植品5号有利于降低镉污染对人类健康的风险。     

Effect of soil cadmium concentration on three Chilean durum wheat cultivars in four environments

Durum wheat (Triticum turgidum L. var durum) is a species that accumulates cadmium (Cd). Durum wheat cultivars differ in their absorption ability of Cd; therefore, identifying and selecting genetic material with low Cd accumulation reduces human exposure to this toxic element. In the present study, Cd concentration was evaluated in three Chilean durum wheat cultivars (Llareta-INIA, Corcolén-INIA, and Lleuque-INIA) grown in four Chilean locations with varying concentrations of Cd in soils. The objective of this study was to evaluate the response of these durum wheat cultivars to different doses of cadmium in terms of grain yield; Cd concentration in different plant tissues (grain, straw, roots); soil Cd concentration was also evaluated. Results show that grain yield was not affected by soil Cd; differences in Cd concentration in plant tissues were generally associated with location, cultivar, and soil Cd concentration. Grain Cd concentration in all three cultivars was classified in the low accumulation category for this metal; ‘Lleuque-INIA’ noted as having a very low accumulation.     

添加有机酸对土壤镉形态转化及苋菜镉积累的影响

植物根系分泌的低分子量有机酸能够与土壤中的镉形成镉–有机酸复合体,从而影响根际镉的移动性。本文通过添加有机酸对土壤镉形态转化的研究,阐明有机酸与镉生物积累的关系。采用盆栽试验及土壤培养等方法,研究了添加苹果酸、柠檬酸对赤红壤和黄棕壤中镉的形态转化以及超积累型苋菜天星米镉生物积累的影响。结果表明,与Cd 25 mg/kg处理比较,Cd 25 mg/kg＋苹果酸、Cd 25mg/kg＋柠檬酸处理对苋菜生物量未产生影响,但显著增加苋菜根系及地上部镉含量;添加苹果酸、柠檬酸处理显著降低土壤专性吸附态Cd含量,却显著增加了交换态Cd、碳酸盐结合态Cd和有机结合态Cd含量。说明添加苹果酸、柠檬酸还能够通过影响土壤镉形态转化而促进苋菜对镉的积累。     

Characterization of root morphology and root-derived low molecular weight organic acids in two sweet potato cultivars exposed to cadmium

The mechanisms of low cadmium (Cd) accumulation in sweet potato cultivars are obscure. In this study, seedlings of a low-Cd (Nan88, N88) and a high-Cd cultivar (Xiang 16, X16) were grown in Hoagland’s solution containing Cd concentrations of 0 (control), 1 (Cd₁), and 10 µM (Cd₁₀) for 20 days. We analyzed the Cd accumulation, root morphology and low molecular weight organic acids (LMWOAs) excreted by the root tips (RTs). The total root length (RL) and specific root length (SRL) in X16 were greater than those in N88 following Cd treatments. In the Cd₁ treatment, RL and surface area for root diameter was ≤0.2 mm, and RTs in X16 were also greater than those in N88. LMWOAs excreted from the RTs initially increased and then decreased as Cd concentration increased. The RTs of N88 were more efficient at excreting organic acids than were those of X16. The low-Cd cultivar with lower RL and SRL displayed greater ability to excrete organic acids in Cd treatments, which can decrease Cd translocation from roots to shoots. Furthermore, root morphology and some LMWOAs released from the root tips played an important role in the differing rates of Cd accumulation in the two sweet potato cultivars.     

Effects of drought on the accumulation and redistribution of cadmium in peanuts at different developmental stages

This study aimed to investigate the impact of water deficit on cadmium (Cd) accumulation in peanut plants during different developmental stages. Two contrasting peanut cultivars, Fenghua 1 (high-biomass cultivar) and Silihong (low-biomass cultivar), were grown in a Cd-contaminated arable soil under different water regimes. The two cultivars differed from each other in seed Cd concentrations. Fenghua 1 exhibited lower Cd concentrations in the seeds than Silihong, which is associated with root-to-shoot Cd translocation. Drought plays different roles in the translocation and redistribution of Cd in peanut plants during different developmental stages. At the seedling stage, drought decreased shoot Cd concentrations for both cultivars, whereas at the pod-filling and pod-ripened stages, drought increased shoot Cd concentrations. Similarly, drought stress reduced pod Cd concentrations at the pod-filling stages and increased at the pod-ripened stages. Seed Cd concentrations in mature plants were increased by drought for both cultivars. Seed Cd concentrations were negatively correlated with biomasses of shoots and pods, but positively correlated with Cd concentration in the shoots and pods. Increased seed Cd concentrations under drought stress might result from the concentration effects due to drought induced decrease of plant growth.     

Phenotypic variations of wheat cultivars from the North China Plain in response to cadmium stress and associated single nucleotide polymorphisms identified by a genome-wide association study

Understanding the genetic mechanisms for cadmium (Cd) uptake and translocation in common wheat (Triticum aestivum) is of significance in food Cd contamination control. In this study, a diverse panel of 132 wheat cultivars was collected from the North China Plain. The cultivars were evaluated in terms of their phenotypic variations in response to Cd stress and subjected to a genome-wide association study (GWAS) to identify single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) associated with the phenotypic variations at the seedling stage. Significant phenotypic variations with high heritability were observed among the wheat cultivars exposed to 40 μmol L^-1 Cd for the studied traits, including root length (RL), shoot length (SL), root and shoot dry biomasses (RDW and SDW, respectively), root and shoot Cd concentrations (RCD and SCD, respectively), and Cd translocation factor (TF). Mean RCD, SCD, and TF ranged from 1.0 to 33.8, 0.125 to 2.022, and 0.009 to 0.321 mg g^-1, respectively. Cluster analysis showed that wheat cultivars with higher RL, SL, RDW, and SDW under Cd stress were able to accumulate more Cd in root, leading to a lower Cd TF. Mixed linear model-based association analysis detected 17 novel significant marker-trait associations (MTAs), four of which were significant at a genome-wide scale. Most of the significant MTAs controlled Cd TF and explained 17.17%-26.47% of the phenotypic variations. Some of the SNP loci were physically close to a reported Cd-related quantitative trait locus or gene on wheat chromosomes. Results of this study provided a list of wheat cultivars with the potential of low Cd accumulation and enriched our knowledge on the genetic basis of Cd uptake and translocation in wheat. Pyramiding breeding of superior alleles detected in this study may additionally reduce Cd accumulation of improved wheat cultivars with excellent agronomic traits.     

Zinc alleviates growth inhibition and oxidative stress caused by cadmium in rice

A hydroponic experiment with two rice cultivars differing in cadmium (Cd) tolerance was conducted to investigate the alleviating effect of zinc (Zn) on growth inhibition and oxidative stress caused by Cd. Treatments consisted of all combinations of two Zn concentrations (0.2 and 1 μM), three Cd concentrations (0, 1, and 5 μM), and two rice cultivars (Bing 97252, Cd‐tolerant; Xiushui 63, Cd‐sensitive). Cd toxicity caused a dramatic reduction in plant height and biomass, chlorophyll concentration and photosynthetic rate, and an increase in Cd concentration in both roots and shoots, malondialdehyde (MDA) concentration, and superoxide dismutase (SOD) and peroxidase (POD) activities in shoots. The response of all these parameters was much larger for Xiushui 63 than for Bing 97252. Addition of Zn to the medium solution alleviated Cd toxicity, which was reflected in a significant increase in plant height, biomass, chlorophyll concentration, and photosynthetic rate, and a marked decrease in MDA concentration and activity of anti‐oxidative enzymes. However, it was noted that Zn increased shoot Cd concentration at higher Cd supply, probably due to the enhancement of Cd translocation from roots to shoots. Therefore, further studies are necessary to determine the effect of Zn supply on Cd translocation from vegetative organs to grains or grain Cd accumulation before Zn fertilizer is applied to Cd‐contaminated soils to alleviate Cd toxicity in rice.