空心莲子草根系分泌物对无机磷细菌的负化感效应

空心莲子草(Alternanthera philoxeroides Griseb)是全球难以根除的恶性杂草,能在有效磷较低的土壤中生长。了解空心莲子草对微生物转化土壤无机磷的影响,有益于揭示其入侵机制。利用固、液培养技术,以3株(B05、B07和B09)能溶解无机磷的伯克霍尔德氏菌(Burkholderia Yabunchi)为材料,研究了空心莲子草根系分泌物(Exudates from A.philoxeroides roots,EAR)对其生长繁殖和溶磷的化感作用。结果表明,在固体培养时,随EAR浓度提高,无机磷细菌(Phosphatesolubilizing bacteria,PSB)的菌落直径、溶磷圈直径和溶磷指数降低;在液体培养基中,EAR不同程度地抑制PSB繁殖生长,数量减少48.13%~73.03%。供试菌株均能分泌氢离子、草酸和柠檬酸,其中B05和B09还分别能分泌乙酸和苹果酸,B07能分泌乙酸和丁二酸,草酸和柠檬酸共占有机酸分泌总量的66.02%~74.72%。此外,有机酸分泌总量和氢离子分泌量分别与溶磷量呈显著正相关,相关系数依次为0.836和0.947(p0.05,n=12)。EAR显著抑制PSB分泌有机酸和氢离子,与此同时溶磷量降低11.41%~47.32%。因此,EAR对PSB呈负化感效应,不同程度地抑制PSB繁殖生长、有机酸和氢离子分泌及无机磷溶解。     

黄连须根浸提液对无机磷细菌的负化感效应

黄连(Coptis chinensis)是我国人工栽培的传统大宗中药材,种植面积大,连作障碍严重,了解黄连对土壤微生物的化感效应,有益于揭示黄连连作障碍的发生机理,为减轻连作障碍提供科学依据。试验利用固、液培养技术,以3株能溶解无机磷的伯克霍尔德氏菌(Burkholderia Yabunchi B05、B07和B09)为材料,研究了黄连须根浸提液(Extracts of fibrous roots of Coptis chinensis,ERC)对其生长繁殖和溶磷的化感作用。结果表明,在固体培养时,随ERC浓度提高,无机磷细菌(Inorganic phosphorus-dissolving bacteria,i PDB)的菌落直径、溶磷圈直径和溶磷指数降低。在液体培养基中,ERC不同程度地抑制i PDB繁殖生长,数量减少35.98%~52.98%。供试菌株均能分泌氢离子、草酸和柠檬酸,B05和B09还能分别分泌乙酸和苹果酸,B07能分泌乙酸和丁二酸,三株i PDB溶磷量平均值(mg L~(-1))分别为228.31(B05)、311.64(B07)和174.89(B09)。有机酸和氢离子分泌总量分别与溶磷量呈显著正相关,相关系数依次为0.877和0.604(p≤0.05,n=12)。在ERC抑制iPDB分泌有机酸和氢离子的同时,溶磷量降低21.68%~60.55%。因此,在集约化种植黄连的土壤中,其根系分泌的化感物质可能影响iPDB的种群结构和生理生态功能,降低土壤无机磷的生物有效性,可视为发生连作障碍的潜在原因之一。     

吡虫啉对伯克霍尔德氏菌生长和溶磷作用的影响

吡虫啉(Imidacloprid)是近年来国内外普遍使用的新型高效烟碱类广谱杀虫剂,残留期约25 d,对土壤有益微生物的生物风险有待评估。利用固、液培养技术,以3株溶解无机磷的伯克霍尔德氏菌(Burkholderia Yabunchi B05,B07和B09)为对象,设置0、5、10、20 mg·L~(–1)浓度的吡虫啉处理,研究无机磷细菌(Inorganic phosphate-solubilizing bacteria,IPSB)的生长繁殖、对Ca_3(PO_4)_2的溶解及其机理。结果表明,在固体培养时,吡虫啉显著抑制IPSB生长,但菌株不同抑制程度各异,菌落直径的降幅高达39.81%～55.45%;供试IPSB菌株不同,吡虫啉对它们溶解Ca_3(PO_4)_2能力的影响也不一样,降低B09但提高B05和B07的溶磷圈直径和溶磷指数。在液体培养时,吡虫啉也抑制IPSB生长,菌密度降低49.87%～65.28%。吡虫啉对IPSB溶磷量的影响因浓度和菌株不同而异。具体表现为全浓度范围促进B05溶解无机磷;中、低浓度吡虫啉对B07溶解Ca_3(PO_4)_2无显著影响,高浓度有促进作用;低浓度吡虫啉对B09溶解Ca_3(PO_4)_2无显著影响,中、高浓度产生抑制作用。供试3株IPSB均能分泌氢离子(H~+)、草酸和柠檬酸。除此之外,B05和B07可分泌乙酸,B07还会分泌琥珀酸,B09可分泌苹果酸。在分泌的这些有机酸中,草酸和柠檬酸分泌量最多,合计占有机酸分泌总量的67.65%～83.28%。吡虫啉不同程度地抑制IPSB分泌H~+,但对IPSB分泌有机酸的影响因浓度、菌株和有机酸种类不同而表现出多样性。供试IPSB有机酸分泌总量和H~+分泌量分别与Ca_3(PO_4)_2溶解量呈显著线性正相关(r_(有机酸)=0.876和r_(H+)=0.823,P0.05,n=12)。总之,吡虫啉显著抑制IPSB生长繁殖,通过改变有机酸和H~+的分泌而影响Ca_3(PO_4)_2溶解。农业生产中,施用吡虫啉影响土壤IPSB的代谢、种群结构和溶磷作用。     

菜豆根瘤菌对土壤无机磷的活化释放作用

以土壤为磷源,通过液体培养研究了7株菜豆根瘤菌(Rhizobium sp.)对土壤磷的利用。结果表明,菜豆根瘤菌能释放大量的氢离子,使液体培养基的pH大幅度降低,氢离子的浓度至少提高20倍以上。根瘤菌分泌有机酸的种类与数量因菌株不同而异,这些有机酸包括甲酸、乙酸、草酸、丁二酸、柠檬酸、苹果酸和乳酸等,大部分根瘤菌能分泌乙酸。在接种根瘤菌的液体培养基中,全磷含量显著高于不接种的液体培养基,土壤无机磷总量则显著降低。由于土壤是培养基磷的唯一来源,故根瘤菌可促进土壤无机磷的溶解释放。相关分析表明,培养基的pH与土壤无机磷总量呈极显著正相关(r=0.893**,n=8),说明根瘤菌分泌的氢离子可能是溶解土壤无机磷的原因之一。接种根瘤菌显著降低土壤闭蓄态磷,土壤中的铁磷、铝磷和钙磷因菌株不同而降低,其原因可能与有机酸分泌的数量和种类有关。根瘤菌既能释放氢离子又可分泌多种有机酸的现象表明其活化土壤无机磷的方式具有多样性,可能有益于豆科植物利用不同形态的难溶性磷,使之适应各种不同的低磷土壤。     

一株耐盐溶磷真菌的筛选、鉴定及其生物肥料的应用效果

【目的】 从内蒙古种植向日葵的盐碱地中筛选高效溶磷真菌，为农业生产中增产节肥，开发耐盐、溶磷微生物肥料提供菌种资源。 【方法】 利用形态特征和ITS rDNA序列鉴定菌株；LC-MS技术测定菌株M2在液体培养基中分泌有机酸和植物激素含量，明确菌株M2的溶磷和促生机理。采用液体摇床培养试验测定了鉴定菌株的溶磷能力。试验处理包括:在磷酸三钙、磷酸铝和5个磷矿的磷矿粉制备的100 mL难溶磷磷源 (含5 g/L难溶磷) 中，接入1 mL灭菌培养液对照，和分别接种1 mL斜卧青霉菌P83和草酸青霉菌M2共15个处理。置于28℃、160 r/min摇床培养，分别于3、6和9 d，取菌液5 mL，在12000 r/min、4℃离心5 min，取上清液测定有效磷含量。采用含NaCl的固体培养基测定菌株的耐盐性。NaCl含量分别为0%、5%、7.5%、10%和12.5%的PDA平板中接入溶磷菌，置于28℃恒温培养箱中5 d，观察并记录菌丝的生长状况。采用盆栽试验方法检验了菌株的溶磷能力。以玉米种子 (郑单958) 为供试作物，以水稻土、黏性潮土、盐潮土和石灰性潮土为供试土壤，以Ca₃(PO₄)₂、AlPO₄ 和昆阳磷矿粉 (RP) 为供试磷源 (磷源用量为1.0 g/kg土壤)。设置只加入灭菌草炭和Pikovskaya培养液对照，分别接种溶磷菌P83、M2，共计38个处理，144盆。玉米播种40天后收获，测定植株鲜重、干重和玉米根际土壤有效磷含量。田间试验以花生为供试作物，设置只加灭菌草炭和Pikovskaya培养液对照和分别接种ATCC20851、P83、M2溶磷菌剂三个处理。花生生长155 d后收获，称量花生植株鲜重和干重、花生果实鲜重和干重，同时采集花生根部土壤测定有效磷含量。 【结果】 溶磷菌株M2鉴定为草酸青霉 (Penicillium oxalicum)。液体培养基摇床培养6 d后，接种菌株M2，以Ca₃(PO₄)₂为磷源的上清液中有效磷含量达972 mg/L，Ca₃(PO₄)₂溶解率为59.2%；以AlPO₄为磷源的有效磷含量达988 mg/L，溶解率为48.2%；以江苏锦屏、贵州开阳、云南晋宁、河北钒山和云南昆阳磷矿粉为磷源的有效磷释放量达21.0～556 mg/L。菌株M2在7.5%NaCl培养基中正常生长。盆栽试验结果发现，菌株M2对玉米植株促生效果显著，玉米植株鲜重比不接种菌剂 (CK) 提高26.4%～99.2%、干重增加20.0%～262.9%，土壤有效磷提高19.2～25.3 mg/kg。菌株M2与4种土壤的适配性均高于对照菌株P83。田间小区花生产量结果显示，接种溶磷菌剂M2增产效果最好，花生果实产量达4.50 t/hm2，比CK增加0.85 t/hm2，增产23.29%。菌株M2 在含有磷酸三钙、磷酸铝和开阳磷矿粉3种难溶磷培养液中经过6 d培养，均产生7种有机酸，其中草酸和柠檬酸含量最高，分别为653.46 mg/L和269.61 mg/L；培养液中均能检测到吲哚乙酸 (IAA) 和玉米素，IAA含量为32.38～66.17 mg/L，玉米素浓度为0.05～0.07 mg/L。 【结论】 获得了一株耐盐、高效溶解多种难溶磷的草酸青霉菌M2，可显著增加土壤有效磷，促进玉米生长和花生增产，与4种典型土壤适配性好，具有良好的农业应用前景。      

两株高效溶磷菌的溶磷能力及其对玉米生长和红壤磷素形态的影响

  【目的】  磷在土壤中易于固定,且向有效态的转化能力弱。研究两株高效溶磷菌活化土壤中的磷素的能力,为提高红壤供磷能力提供指导。  【方法】  以溶磷菌株伯克霍尔德菌 (Burkholderia) XQP35 (P35)、拉乌尔菌 (Raoultella) SQP80 (P80) 为研究对象,以磷酸铝、磷酸铁、植酸钙和卵磷脂替代液体NBRIP培养基中的磷酸钙作为磷源处理,测定两个菌株对不同磷源的溶解能力。将液体NBRIP培养基的pH分别调至4、5、6、7和8,再接种菌株并培养24、48、72、96、120、144 h,测定液体培养基中的溶磷量。以玉米为试材进行盆栽试验,设定不接种菌剂 (CK) 和接种P35、P80、商品化菌剂 (EM) 4个处理。在玉米生长20、40、60、80、100天后,取样分析玉米生长、土壤有效磷含量,并分析了第100天时的土壤中性和酸性磷酸酶活性,以及土壤中不同形态磷的含量。  【结果】  1) 菌株P35、P80对难溶性磷酸钙和植酸钙均有较强的溶解能力,对磷酸铁、磷酸铝和卵磷脂磷的溶解能力较弱。P35在培养24 h内及P80在培养48 h内,其溶磷量在不同培养基pH处理间差异显著,随着培养时间的延长,不同pH处理间的溶磷量逐渐接近,且溶磷量达到一定水平后不再增加。2) 土壤接种菌株P35、P80对玉米表现出良好的促生效果,提高了玉米植株地径、株高、吸磷量和干物质积累量,干物质量分别较CK增加32%、36% (P < 0.05)。3) 在土壤接种菌株20～100天内,P35和P80处理的土壤有效磷含量始终高于CK和EM处理,有时差异可达显著水平 ( P < 0.05);而EM处理的土壤有效磷含量始终与CK没有显著差异。土壤接种菌株100天后,3个菌株处理的土壤酸性磷酸酶、中性磷酸酶活性与CK均无显著差异,但对土壤中不同形态磷含量影响不同。P80处理显著提高H₂O-Pi含量,P35显著提高了NaOH-Pi、NaHCO₃-Pi含量,且P80的磷活化系数也显著高于CK。  【结论】  溶磷菌株P35、P80对环境pH的适应能力较强,对磷酸钙和植酸钙有较强的溶解能力。P35活化磷的速度快,可能在土壤中引起磷的再固定,最终表现为提高了土壤无机磷中的NaOH-Pi和NaHCO₃-Pi。菌株P80对磷的活化速度较P35慢,但其活化的磷主要表现为H₂O-Pi含量的提高,更有利于玉米的吸收利用。     

溶磷真菌的筛选及配施难溶态磷对土壤磷素有效性的影响

为研究溶磷真菌菌群对土壤磷素有效性的影响,首先在室内对3株不同种类溶磷真菌(1株属于被孢霉属Z1,1株为青霉属Z2,1株为黑曲霉Z3)的组合效应进行了研究,确定了最佳的菌株组合Z1+Z2+Z3,试验选用Z1、Z2、Z3组成菌群作为试验菌株;然后通过盆栽油菜试验研究溶磷真菌配施难溶态磷(磷酸三钙和磷矿粉)对土壤磷素有效性的影响。结果表明:溶磷真菌处理土壤有效磷、有机质、碱性磷酸酶、蔗糖酶含量和油菜产量分别比基质处理显著增加了60.00%,20.21%,56.45%,53.81%,14.38%,溶磷真菌配施难溶态磷上述各指标都高于单施溶磷真菌处理;单施溶磷真菌对土壤最大吸磷量的影响与基质无差异,溶磷真菌配施难溶态磷可以显著降低土壤最大吸磷量,溶磷真菌+磷酸三钙和溶磷真菌+磷矿粉处理土壤最大吸磷量比溶磷真菌处理显著减少158.7,47.6 mg/kg,溶磷真菌各处理土壤吸附常数都低于对应的基质处理,溶磷真菌可以降低土壤对磷的吸附。在土壤上溶磷真菌应与难溶态磷配合施用,对提高土壤磷素有效性有积极的作用。     

长期有机无机配施下烤烟-玉米轮作优化土壤微生物活化无机磷

采集遵义市15年长期施肥定位试验的土壤,包括撂荒地（对照）、烤烟连作—单施化肥、烤烟连作—化肥有机肥配施、烤烟玉米轮作—单施化肥和烤烟玉米轮作—化肥有机肥配施等处理,通过土壤悬浊液与培养液混合培养技术、微生物高通量测序及常规分析,研究长期施肥对土壤无机磷活化的影响。结果表明,烤烟玉米轮作、施用有机肥和撂荒地的土壤可培养微生物（细菌、真菌、放线菌和无机磷细菌）数量增多,种群多样性增加,说明土壤生态环境改善。将土壤悬浊液接种至微生物培养液中,培养期间混合液中的有效磷含量以烤烟玉米轮作高于烤烟连作,化肥有机肥配施和撂荒地高于单施化肥,其中以烤烟玉米轮作—化肥有机肥配施最高,烤烟连作—单施化肥最低,说明合理种植和科学施肥有益于土壤无机磷的活化,在遵义烟区提倡烤烟玉米轮作—化肥有机肥配施很有必要。在混合液中,氢离子与溶解钙磷、有机酸与溶解铁磷和铝磷显著相关。与溶磷微生物的纯培养技术相比,土壤悬浊液培养既能反映微生物的溶磷特征,又更接近土壤微生物菌群复杂的溶磷状况。在供试土壤微生物中,存在柠檬酸合酶、蛋白葡萄糖脱氢酶和苹果酸合酶等的合成通路,处理间的差异可从分子生物学角度解释合理轮作和化肥有机肥配施促进土壤无机磷活化的原因。     

镉抗性植物内生菌EB12-6菌株的筛选及去除Cd~(2+)的初步研究

从生长于沈抚污灌区的野生东方蓼、狗尾草、稗草、山莴苣等植物组织中分离纯化出46株植物内生菌,经用含Cd~(2+)培养基筛选,得到对重金属镉具有较强抗性的细菌菌株EB12-6。观察其形态特征,研究对Cd~(2+)去除情况以及温度、p H、O_2、Na Cl对菌株生长的影响,结果表明:EB12-6菌株为好氧革兰氏阴性菌,有鞭毛;在p H为7.5,37℃温度,培养时间36 h,初始Cd~(2+)浓度为20 mg/L条件下,对Cd~(2+)去除率可达63.88%。     

解磷菌株YR-P31 的分离、鉴定、 生物学特性及其促生作用

从水稻等作物根际土壤中分离到1 株解磷菌。该菌株能够以Ca3(PO4)2 为唯一的磷源良好地生长。经过对其形态特征、生理生化分析，初步鉴定为巨大芽孢杆菌属细菌。该菌株利用无机磷培养基生长的最适温度和pH 值分别为35℃和7.0，其解磷作用是通过溶磷圈及在液体培养基内可溶性磷的增加来证实的。此外该菌株在固体培养基上还能促进大肠杆菌的生长。该菌株具有解磷能力和促生作用，在微生物肥料的进一步开发中具有很大的潜力。     

溶磷细菌肥对石灰性土壤磷素转化的影响

通过室内模拟培养和大豆盆栽土培生物模拟试验，研究了磷细菌溶解磷酸钙的能力及在北方石灰性土壤上施用磷细菌肥对土壤磷素转化的影响。试验结果表明：磷细菌菌株具有较强溶解磷酸钙的能力，磷酸钙的溶出率从第1天的2．80％提高到第8天的22．00％。在贫速效磷和富难溶性磷土壤上施用溶磷细菌肥有利于土壤中难溶态的Ca10-P和缓效态Ca8-P含量下降，促使土壤中Ca2-P和Al-P的含量增加，从而使土壤中有效磷含量增加。而对于富速效磷的土壤，无论施菌肥与否对土壤中各种形杰的无机磷绢分基本没有影响．     

磷素活化剂对红壤磷形态及有效性影响的研究

在我国南方红壤中加入不同的磷活化剂进行培养试验,结果显示:磷活化剂提高了土壤有效磷含量,不同活化剂的活化能力不同。相关分析和通径分析结果表明,磷活化剂的活化能力大小顺序为:低分子有机酸钠钙盐>腐植酸>腐植酸钠>脲基甲酸乙酯;磷活化剂可以提高红壤中的Al-P、Ca-P和Fe-P等无机磷含量,其中Al-P和Ca-P与有效磷均达到极显著水平,而Fe-P作用效果不显著,可以通过影响Al-P和Ca-P来间接影响有效磷,磷活化剂会抑制土壤中O-P的生成。     

农作措施对集约化土壤中磷形态变化的影响

Phosphorus (P) in agricultural soils is an important factor for soil quality and environmental protection. Understanding of P and its fractions in soils on a regional scale is imperative for effective management or utilization of P and the improvement of P availability in soils. To study spatial variability and changes of soil P and its fractions as affected by farming practices, soil samples were taken in Rugao County, Jiangsu Province of China, an intensive agricultural area in the Yangtze River Delta region, in years of 1982 (n = 1 514), 1997 (n = 1 651), and 2002 (n = 342). High spatial variabilities of Olsen P and total P (TP) were observed throughout the study area. Loamy Stagnic Anthrosols and clay or loamy Aquic Cambosols had significantly higher concentrations of Olsen P and TP than sandy Ustic Cambosols and Aquic Cambosols. Olsen P and TP were increased from 1982 to 2002. The accumulations of Olsen P and TP in the cultivated soils were likely related to the increased application of P fertilizer, organic input, and soil incorporation of crop residues as well as conversion of soil use. Accumulated soil P was dominantly in labile and semi-labile P fractions. These P fractions may be utilized by future crop production by adjusting management practices, but they also pose a serious threat to nearby water bodies. Future strategies should include decreasing P fertilization in soils and supporting sustainable management. The information from this study can be used to monitor changes in soil fertility and environmental risks so that the use of fertilizers can become more rational.     

Effect of Drying on Phosphorus Distribution in Poultry Manure

Abstract

Laboratory drying may alter manure phosphorus (P) distribution. The effects of freeze, air (22°C), and oven (65°C) drying on sequentially fractioned poultry manure P were examined. Higher drying temperatures resulted in lower percentage of dry matter. Increased H₂O‐ and decreased sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO₃)‐extractable P with drying provided evidence that drying increases poultry manure P solubility. Labile fractions were predominantly inorganic P (P_i), whereas sodium hydroxide (NaOH) and hydrochloric acid (HCl) fractions had significant amounts of organic P (P_o). Drying altered H₂O‐ and NaHCO₃‐extractable P_i but had no consistent effect on P_o in these fractions. This work suggests that variations due to drying should be taken into consideration when evaluating manures for P availability or when comparing data in which different drying methods have been utilized.     

温室土壤磷素迁移变化特征研究

采用野外调查采样和室内分析相结合的方法,研究了典型温室栽培地区山东寿光土壤磷素状况及其迁移变化特征。结果表明：（1）除Ca10-P外,温室土壤耕层（0～20 cm）全磷及无机磷组分含量均显著高于露地土壤,其平均含量分别为露地土壤的2.9、3.7、5.6、4.1、3.4倍和6.1倍,且以耕层累积为主,表现出明显的表聚特征,并有向下迁移的趋势;（2）在温室栽培的前期,磷素累积较快,连续种植了4～8 a时,全磷含量达到一个较高范围,为露地土壤的2～4倍,随着种植年限的继续增加,其再累积磷素的能力较差,甚至略有下降;（3）Ca8-P、Al-P和O-P是温室土壤磷素累积的主要形态,与露地土壤相比,其在0～20 cm耕层的平均增加量分别为296.5、288.5、306.0 mg.kg-1;（4）温室土壤耕层水溶性磷和速效磷的平均含量为10.9 mg.kg-1和248.4 mg.kg-1,分别为露地土壤的8.7倍和5.4倍,磷淋失并造成环境污染的可能性很大。     

Phosphorus bioavailability of sewage sludge‐based recycled fertilizers in an organically managed field experiment

Recycled phosphorus (P) fertilizers from sewage sludge can contribute to the ongoing effort of closing the P cycle. Five recycled P fertilizers (Struvite SSL, Struvite AirPrex®, P‐RoC®, Pyrolysis coal, and Na‐SSA) were tested for their P availability in a two‐year field experiment with maize. The experiment was conducted on an organic certified research station at soil pH 6.5. Other P fertilizer treatments included: phosphate rock (PR), compost, and an unfertilized control. In addition, the rhizobacteria strain Bacillus sp. Proradix (Proradix®) was applied to test its ability to increase P bioavailability. Each year, shoot DM and P offtake of maize was measured and P use efficiency of the tested fertilizers was calculated. No significant differences in shoot DM were found among fertilized treatments and the unfertilized control in both years of experiment. Fertilization with recycled fertilizers increased P offtake by between 0% (Na‐SSA) and 27.5% (Struvite SSL) compared to the unfertilized control. Rhizobacteria application led to an increase in P offtake of maize from 25.9 to 38.7 kg P ha^?1 when combined with PR fertilization in the year of fertilizer application, while no significant effect was found for the recycled fertilizers. Some of the tested recycled fertilizers from urban waste water can be considered as effective fertilizers for their use in organic agriculture.     

The equivalence of the Calcium‐Acetate‐Lactate and Double‐Lactate extraction methods to assess soil phosphorus fertility

A large variety of extraction methods are used worldwide for the estimation of “plant‐available P” in soils. In Germany, the standard extractants are Calcium‐Acetate‐Lactate (CAL) and Double‐Lactate (DL). Until now there is no validated transformation procedure available and studies on the comparability of both methods have reported conflicting evidence. The uncertainty about the equivalence of CAL‐P and DL‐P hinders a direct comparison of the P fertility status and P fertilizer recommendations across Germany. Based on 136 datasets for soil samples from an interlaboratory comparison program and three P fertilization field trial sites, for which plant‐available P had been determined by both the CAL and DL method, we assessed the comparability of both extraction methods and derived simple and multiple regression equations to transform DL‐P into CAL‐P values. On average, DL extracted 30% more P than CAL. However, this strongly depended on soil pH and carbonate content. A simple linear regression model explained 70% of the variance. However, if simple linear regression models were fitted to pH‐specific samples (pH range 4.5 to 7.0) the R² increased to 0.96. Based on an independent validation dataset (n = 48) we demonstrated that such pH‐specific models were more accurate than models that did not consider pH when transforming DL‐P to CAL‐P values. Multiple regression results showed that out of soil pH, C_org, N_t, and C : N ratio, only soil pH improved the model. The transformation equations in this study provide a step towards an improved comparability of P fertility status assessments of soils across Germany.     

Agronomic assessment of phosphorus efficacy for potato (Solanum tuberosum L) under legume intercrops

Abstract

Phosphorus (P) is an essential element and its efficient use is of global importance. This study evaluated the effect of growing potato under legume intercrops on P uptake and use efficiency indices: P harvest index (PHI), P uptake efficiency (PuPE), P partial factor productivity (PPFP) and P partial balance (PPB). The experiment was carried out for four consecutive seasons with treatments comprising potato cultivated under legume intercrops: none (T1), dolichos (Lablab purpureus L) (T2), peas (Pisum sativum L) (T3) and beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L) (T4). Across the seasons, the mean haulm P uptake for T2 (6.7?kg P ha^?1), T4 (5.5) and T3 (4.5) were 6%, 23% and 36% lower than that observed in T1 (7.1?kg P ha^?1), respectively. On the other hand, tuber P uptake was highest in T1 (21.8?kg P ha^?1) and T2 (21.3?kg P ha^?1) and were significantly higher than 13.2?kg P ha^?1 in T3 and 15.1?kg P ha^?1 in T4. This had a profound effect on PuPE, which was equally highest in T1 (0.26?kg total P uptake kg^?1 P supply) and T2 (0.25) and lowest in T3 (0.16) and T4 (0.18). Similarly, PPFP, PHI and PPB followed a similar trend, with highest values in T1 (57?kg tuber dry matter yield kg^?1 P supply, 76.4?kg tuber P uptake kg^?1 total plant’s P uptake and 0.20?kg tuber P uptake kg^?1 P supply, respectively). Among the tested legume intercrops, dolichos competed least for P with the main crop (potato) hence it can be integrated into potato-based cropping systems without compromising potato tuber yield.     

Crop use and profile distribution of phosphorus in soils that developed on mafic rocks in southern Portugal

The phytoavailability of soil phosphorus (P) depends on the different forms in which it occurs and how these forms change after the application of P fertiliser to the soil. Forms of P in the A, B and C horizons of eleven pedons that developed on mafic rocks were characterised by a fractionation method before and after fertilisation with single superphosphate, and a micropot experiment was conducted to assess the short-term use of P fertiliser by rye (Secale cereale L.). The main sources of P to the crop were (i) phosphate adsorbed on mineral surfaces and pedogenic Fe, Al or Ca phosphates in the A horizon and (ii) Ca-phosphates in B and C horizons. In the C horizons, poor in Fe/Al phases and clay, the precipitated Ca-P showed low solubility, resulting in a reduction in shoot biomass. The apparent P recovery by rye was similar in the A (36%) and B (29%) but decreased in the C (15%) horizons. The partial factor productivity (g g^?1) decreased from the A (58) to B (11) and C (5) horizons. P phytoavailability decreased with increasing profile depth because the transformation of P fertiliser to poorly soluble Ca-P forms increased with depth.     

黄土旱塬冬小麦磷素含量累积动态与磷肥利用效率研究

利用旱作长期定位施肥试验,研究施用磷肥对冬小麦植株磷素含量的动态变化以及磷肥利用效率的影响。结果表明,磷肥对冬小麦植株体内含磷量的影响呈V型,冬前期最高,随着作物生长逐渐降低,灌浆期达到最小值,随后又有回升。冬小麦磷素累积主要集中在拔节期—开花期,和灌浆期—成熟期2个阶段进行,保证这2个阶段磷素供应对小麦的良好生长有重要作用。从磷肥利用效率、产量等指标来看,在施用氮肥90 kg/hm2的情况下,磷肥用量应该控制在45～90 kg/hm2的合理范围内。