农业土壤中汞的生物地球化学行为及其生态效应

综述了国内外近年来农业土壤中汞的生物地球化学行为,包括了土壤环境中汞的来源,汞的形态和生物有效性,汞在农业生态系统中的迁移和转化途径,影响汞对植物有效性的主要因子。同时讨论了汞对植物、动物生长发育的影响,特别强调了土壤中汞污染对食物中汞积累和分配的影响及通过食物链途径给人类健康带来的危害。最后提出了汞污染土壤的各种修复措施,展望了今后研究的方向。     

贵州省万山汞矿区周围土壤中不同形态汞的空间分布特征

利用连续提取法对贵州省万山汞矿区周边土壤的形态与分布特征进行了测试分析。结果表明,研究区土壤中汞含量在1.34～291.71mg·kg-1之间,明显高于我国土壤汞背景值。表层土壤中汞含量在东部区域普遍较高,西部区域相对较低,并呈现随距污染源距离的增加逐渐降低的趋势。剖面土壤中的汞则表现出明显的表层富集规律。研究区土壤中汞的形态主要以残渣态、难氧化降解有机质及某些硫化物结合态和易氧化降解有机质结合态汞为主,且不同形态的汞含量与总汞含量具有较大的相关性。     

鲤鱼的慢性汞中毒

为了预防环境污染的恶劣影响,及时准确地检测水生生物的中毒,特别是通过指示剂反映低浓度条件下的慢性中毒是非常重要的。我们在实验室条件下研究了慢性汞中毒对鱼机体和运动的影响。将一年龄的鲤鱼放养在浓度仅能引起慢性中毒的有机汞化物——谷仁乐生和无机汞化物     

土壤汞污染研究进展

对国内外学者近些年来对土壤汞污染研究的工作进展作了系统的综述。主要包括土壤汞污染的途径、迁移方式和治理办法。其中重点介绍了大气汞的干湿沉降、土壤汞的释放及生物修复治理土壤污染。最后,还介绍了土壤汞形态的分析方法以及土壤挥发性汞释放通量的测量方法。     

桂林市土壤汞存在形态的研究

采用连续浸取-形态分析(Speciation)方法,对桂林市及市郊土壤样品中以7种形态(species)存在的汞进行了测试分析,结果表明,以残渣态或晶格态形式存在的汞含量最高,达165. 2ng·g-1,占总汞含量的41. 60%;其次为腐殖酸结合或络合态汞、难氧化降解有机质或某些硫化物结合态汞,分别为86. 2ng·g-1、52. 4ng·g-1,占21. 5%、13. 2%。其它4种形态汞含量较低,相应比例均小于10% 。研究表明,桂林土壤汞虽然多以惰性形态存在,但不容忽视它们对生物体内富集汞的长期影响。     

土壤pH对汞迁移转化的影响研究进展

近年来土壤重金属污染已经成为全球性的环境问题。而汞作为五大毒性重金属元素之一,其在土壤中的迁移转化不仅会影响作物的正常生长,还会对农产品质量和安全造成严重威胁。土壤pH是影响汞迁移转化的重要因素之一,对其作用机理的不断探索已经成为近年来的研究热点。本文在前人的研究基础上,概述了土壤中汞的来源、危害及存在形态,并从汞的生物有效性及迁移转化过程两个方面详细阐述了土壤pH对汞迁移转化的影响机制。研究表明,酸性条件可能会使土壤中有效态汞的含量增加,进而导致其生物有效性提高,迁移能力增强;土壤pH对汞迁移转化过程中吸附-解吸的影响较大;土壤pH对汞迁移转化过程中络合-螯合、氧化-还原及甲基化反应的影响机理分别体现在离子竞争吸附、价态变化及甲基化促使因子的合成等方面。最后对今后的研究方向作出展望,旨在为汞污染土壤的修复与治理及汞污染扩散模型的建立提供参考依据。     

土壤矿物对汞的吸持特性研究

吸附热力学与动力学试验研究结果表明 ,5种土壤矿物对Hg的吸附容量与吸附强度均表现为MnO2 >Fe2 O3 >膨润土 >高岭土 >CaCO3 。MnO2 对Hg吸附容量大且固持能力强 ,CaCO3 则与之相反。各土壤矿物结合汞的形态分布特征表明各土壤矿物结合汞在不同环境的稳定性及相应数量比例。挥发试验结果表明各土壤矿物结合汞的环境活性 (挥发活性 )大小受土壤矿物对Hg吸附容量与吸附强度制约 ,并与矿物结合汞的形态分布特征相关 ,水溶交换态和酸溶态比例越高则土壤矿物结合汞挥发活性越强 ,碱溶态和残渣态比例越高则土壤矿物结合汞挥发活性相应越弱     

汞及其化合物在生物圈中的分布

很早以前医学上就已知道,汞及其化合物既有治疗作用,也有毒性。历史上有过不少用汞毒夺取政权的例子。文献中偶尔也报导过由于对汞及汞制剂处理不当或疏忽大意而引起中毒的事例。但是广泛引起人们对汞的     

天津污灌区水稻土壤汞形态特征及其食品安全评估

选择天津污水灌溉区作为研究区域,该文的主要研究目的是分析土壤不同形态汞对水稻不同组织中总（THg）和甲基汞MeHg富集的影响以及评估污灌区稻米食用汞暴露风险,并对污灌区土壤溶解与可交换态汞安全阀值进行了初步分析。结果表明,北塘、大沽和北京污灌区稻田土壤THg和MeHg浓度显著高于对照区海河土壤THg浓度。大沽、北京河污灌区和海河土壤汞的形态为残渣态浓度最高,而北塘污灌区为有机结合态浓度最高。由于水稻地上组织中THg浓度受到大气汞浓度影响,各组织中汞浓度在不同污灌区分布规律不同。水稻籽粒的 MeHg 富集系数为1.63～3.70,通过人体每天摄入MeHg量的安全值计算得出土壤溶解与可交换态汞质量分数应低于9.19 ng/g。污灌区食用稻米MeHg暴露对居民健康存在较大风险,人体MeHg每天摄入量超标率达到20.83%。因此,可以对超标土壤进行治理或改变耕作方式来降低土壤污染对人体MeHg暴露造成的影响。     

西安市污水灌区汞的污染概况

汞对人体有很强的毒性,在人体中有累积作用,中毒轻者,病状不十分明显,重者丧命。     

Freshwater Fish Mercury Concentrations in a Regionally High Mercury Deposition Area

We sampled and analyzed individually, edible dorsal muscle from largemouth bass (LMB), Micropterus salmoides (n?=?138) and yellow perch (YP), Perca flavescens (n?=?97) from 15 lakes to investigate potential local impacts of mercury emission point sources in northeastern Massachusetts (MA), USA. This area was identified in three separate modeling exercises as a mercury deposition hotspot. In 1995, 55% of mercury emissions to the environment from all MA sources came from three municipal solid waste combustors (trash incinerators) and one large regional medical waste incinerator in the study area. We determined the mercury accumulation history in sediments of a lake centrally located in the study area. Recent maximum mercury accumulation rates in the sediment of the lake of ~ 88 μg/m²/year were highly elevated on a watershed area adjusted basis compared to other lakes in the Northeast and Minnesota. Fish from the study area lakes had significantly (p?=?0.05) greater total mercury concentrations than fish from 24 more rural, non-source-impacted lakes in other regions of the state (LMB n?=?238, YP n?=?381) (LMB: 1.5–2.5 x; YP: 1.5 x). The integration of this extensive fish tissue data set, depositional modeling projections, historical record of mercury accumulation in sediments of a lake in the area, and knowledge of substantial mercury emissions to the atmosphere in the area support designation of this area as a mercury depositional and biological concentration hotspot in the late 1990s, and provides further evidence that major mercury point sources may be associated with significant local impacts on fisheries resources.     

Extractability and Bioavailability of Mercury from a Mercury Sulfide Contaminated Soil in Oak Ridge, Tennessee, USA

Historically as part of its national security mission, the U.S. Department of Energy’s Y-12 National Security Facility in Oak Ridge, TN acquired a significant fraction of the world’s supply of elemental mercury. During the 1950s and 1960s, a large amount of elemental mercury escaped confinement and is still present in the watershed surrounding the Y-12 facility. A series of remediation efforts have been deployed in the watersheds around the Oak Ridge site. However, most recently, concentration of total mercury in fish and water of the lower East Fork Poplar Creek (EFPC) of Oak Ridge has increased although majority of the mercury contamination in the local soils is present in the form of mercury sulfide. We have studied the extractability, solubility, and bioavailability of mercury sulfide in Oak Ridge soils. Dynamics of the dissolution of mercury sulfide by various extractants, including acids and a chelating agent, have been investigated. After three seasons of planting, soil mercury sulfide is more easily dissolved by both 4 M and 12 M nitric acid than is pure mercury sulfide reagent as indicated by their dissolution kinetics. Mercury release by EDTA from HgS-contaminated soil increased with time of reaction and soil mercury level. This chelating chemical increases the solubility of mercury in HgS-contaminated Oak Ridge soil. The results also show that mercury sulfide in contaminated Oak Ridge soils was still to some extent bioavailable to plants. The increase of bioavailability of soil mercury sulfide after three seasons of planting may contribute to the recent increase of mercury levels in water of the Lower East Fork Popular Creek (LEFPC) of Oak Ridge.     

Mercury Transport and Speciation during Electrokinetic Soil Remediation

A 30 V direct electric field was applied to a contaminated soilfrom a chlor-alkali plant for 182 days. The principal soilcontaminats were mercury, polchlorinated dibenzofurans, andlead. When chloride was added to the soil, mercury moved towardsthe cathode, showing that anionic mercury chloride complexes didnot dominate. When iodide was added to the soil solution,mercury moved towards the anode, illustrating the predominanceof an anionic mercury iodide complex. The iodide mobilisedmercury from the soil and transported it rapidly into the anodesolution, so that mercury was removed from the soil. When theexperiment was continued, mercury returned to a cationic formand electromigration transported the mercury back into the soil.This was probably due to the lower iodide concntrations that mayresult from the oxidation of iodide to iodine near the anode.Sequential extraction showed that mercury was strongly bound tothe soil, both before and after the electrokinetic treatment.The heavy metals were found in the `acidic and oxidising', andthe residual fraction of the leaching procedure. Mercury wasmore available after the treatment with iodide.     

汞在泥炭上的吸附特征研究

采用批次法研究了汞在三江平原泥炭、吉林双阳泥炭上等温吸附特征及介质pH值、背景离子浓度的影响。实验结果表明:两种泥炭吸附等温线均同时符合Langmuir和Freundlich等温吸附方程,而与Langmuir方程的拟合效果更好; 在溶液汞浓度相同时,温度升高,泥炭对汞的吸附量降低;在相同的条件下,三江平原泥炭对汞的吸附量大于吉林双阳泥炭对汞的吸附量;两种泥炭对汞的吸附量受pH值的影响明显且都在pH 6.0左右具有最大的吸附量;在酸性条件下,吸附介质的pH值升高利于泥炭对汞的吸附;介质的离子浓度升高,可以使两种泥炭对汞的吸附量迅速降低。     

Mercury in Biomass Feedstock and Combustion Residuals

An exploratory survey of the mercury content of some common California biomass feedstocks shows that the concentrations are well below EPA toxicity levels with representative feedstock concentrations of 20 ppb for rice straw, 28 ppb for wheat straw, and 32 ppb for whole-tree wood chips. The temporal variability for rice straw (17–20 ppb) is near the analytical uncertainty (～2 ppb). Saline-irrigated feedstock does not contain greatly higher mercury contents (17–38 ppb) compared to normally irrigated feedstock. Water leaching has likewise no detectable effects on mercury mobility, despite an up to 30% increase in the Hg concentrations attributable to mass losses during leaching. Combustion at temperatures of at least 575°C results in complete volatilization of mercury leaving solid ash and slag residuals with mercury contents at or near the lower limit of detection (5 ppb). The mercury strongly concentrated in fly ash can reach concentrations up to 40 times (<1,166 ppb) the corresponding fuel concentrations.     

The Health Safety Programme for Workers Exposed to Elemental Mercury at the Mercury Mine in Idrija

In the Idrija Mine ore appears in two forms: the first as cinnabar (70%) and the second as native mercury (30%). In the area where native mercury was mined the concentrations of elemental mercury in the working and unventilated areas of the pit were very high, they periodically reached over and above 3 mg/m³ of air and most of the time exceeded the maximum acceptable levels of mercury vapours in the air (0.1 mg/m³). In such specific working conditions the number of workers suffering from the effects of mercury was very high. Work conditions in the mine urgently required more effective and preventative measures against exposure to mercury. The health and safety program includes monitoring of mercury concentrations, technical measures, personal protection, evaluation of individual external intensity of exposure and medical surveillance. The results were very successful, the number of mercun intoxicated workers dropped and after 1975 there were no more intoxicated workers, in spite of the increase in the number of areas worked where native mercury was present.     

Mercury in Northern Québec: Role of the Mercury Agreement and Status of Research and Monitoring

In order to determine the nature and extent of the problem caused by the presence of mercury in the environment of the James Bay territory a Mercury Agreement was signed in 1986 jointly by the Crees, the Govemment of Québec and Hydro-Québec. The objectives were to minimize potential hazards to human health arising from the presence of mercury in the environment, to alleviate negative impacts on the Crees, their way of life and their harvesting activities and to provide for remedial measures. Monitoring of mercury concentrations in fish show that, 15 years after impounding of La Grande-2 reservoir, the concentrations remain higher in reservoirs than in natural lakes but they are now decreasing in both predatory (Northern pike) and non-predatory (Whitefish) fishes. Monitoring of the mercury exposure among the Crees showed that concentrations in hair have decreased and are now stabilized, for most of the population, to concentrations that do not present a health risk. This decrease may be attributed to a reduction in fish consumption and/or a possible switch of the diet towards non-piscivorous fish, less contaminated by mercury.     

Anthropogenic Mercury Deposition to Arctic Lake Sediments

The history of atmosheric mercury inputs to remote arctic regions can be measured in lake sediment cores using lead-210 chronology. In this investigation, total mercury deposition is measured in sediments from Imitavik and Annak Lakes on the Belcher Islands in southeastern Hudson Bay, an area in the southern Canadian Arctic with no history of local industrial or agricultural sources of contamination. Both lakes received background and atmospheric inputs of mercury while Annak also received mercury from raw domestic sewage from the Hamlet of Sanikiluaq, a growing Inuit community of about 550 established in the late 1960's. Results from Imitavik show that anthropogenic mercury inputs, apparently transported through the atmosphere, began to appear in the mid-eighteenth century, and continued to the 1990's. Annak had a similar mercury history until the late 1960's when disposal of domestic sewage led to increased sediment and contaminant accumulation. The high input of mercury to Annak confirms that Sanikiluaq residents are exposed to mercury through native food sources.     

Rapid Determination of Mercury in Contaminated Soil and Plant Samples Using Portable Mercury Direct Analyzer without Sample Preparation, a Comparative Study

The objective of this study was to determine the efficiency of a portable total mercury analyzer (OhioLumex RA-915+) in comparison with traditional analytical methods, such as inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry and cold vapor atomic absorption. The quick mercury analytical procedure with the direct mercury analyzer without sample pretreatment (such as sample digestion) was optimized for a variety of environmental samples, including contaminated soil and plant samples. The efficiency was evaluated using practical parameters, such as time required for analysis, sample amount, mercury species, accuracy, and precision/reproducibility, as well as using statistical analysis. Our results demonstrate that these three instrumental methods yielded similar mercury concentration values and statistical data, while the mercury direct analyzer had the advantages of not requiring for sample digestion and only requiring a small quantity of samples for distribution of mercury in a single root, a single root hair, and sub-regions of a single leaf of plants. These factors are used to justify use of the portable direct mercury analyzer under field conditions and validation of the results.