地下水埋深对污灌氯离子地下水环境影响试验研究

地下水埋深是影响污灌污染物在土壤-地下水系统中运移特性的主要因素之一。通过室内污水入渗试验,研究了不同地下水埋深条件下污灌污染物氯离子在土壤中的运移特性及对地下水环境的影响。研究结果表明:地下水埋深的不同,导致了土壤内水分分布的差异,同时造成了污灌污染物迁移路径的不同,从而影响了污灌污染物在土壤-地下水系统中的运移特性。土壤氯离子增量随地下水埋深增加而增大,地下水中氯离子浓度随地下水埋深增加而减少,埋深越浅,氯离子污染地下水环境的程度越大。     

温度耦合驱动下土壤-地下水有机污染物迁移规律与模拟研究进展

场地土壤-地下水有机污染空间分布受场地温度场、水动力场、化学场和生物场等多场控制。明晰有机污染物在土壤-地下水系统中的空间分布规律和驱动机制，定量模拟污染迁移过程，是有效开展污染控制与修复的前提。在众多的影响因素中，温度通过改变有机污染物的理化性质及多相流、化学/生物作用驱动参数，进而影响其在土水介质中的迁移及空间分布。本文综述了有机污染物理化性质（密度、黏度、溶解度）和有机污染化学/生物驱动（挥发、吸附和生物降解）关键参数与温度之间的解析关系，及考虑温度影响的土壤-地下水中有机污染传质过程模拟的研究进展，并针对目前模拟研究的不足提出了耦合温度场的土壤-地下水有机污染物迁移数学模型，为定量探究温度耦合驱动下的有机污染物迁移转化过程和规律提供启示。     

土壤环境中微塑料污染：来源、过程及风险

土壤环境中微塑料污染问题已成为全球关注的环境问题。相对于水环境,土壤环境中微塑料的研究明显滞后与缺乏。本文系统综述了土壤环境中微塑料的研究进展与未来需求。详细介绍了国内外土壤中微塑料的丰度和分布、微塑料的来源和进入途径;重点分析了微塑料在土壤中的积累、迁移、风化和降解过程,以及与金属和有机污染物的相互作用及其环境效应;阐述了微塑料对土壤中的动物、植物、微生物及土壤质量的影响与生态风险,探讨了土壤中微塑料的暴露途径与潜在的人体健康风险;并展望了土壤环境中微塑料研究的未来方向与重点。以期为全面了解土壤环境微塑料研究的现在与未来提供资讯信息和科学指导。     

土壤——水环境中二苯砷酸污染及其修复研究进展

化学武器残留的二苯砷酸(Diphenylarsinic acid,DPAA)引起的土壤—水环境砷污染事件近年来受到广泛关注。国内外学者对土壤—水环境中DPAA的分析方法、污染状况、迁移转化和修复技术等的研究已取得一定进展。鉴于DPAA污染问题的严峻性和污染修复的迫切性,本文通过系统调研并结合笔者的研究工作,综述了土壤-水环境中DPAA分析方法、来源及污染状况的研究进展,探讨了DPAA吸附/解吸、迁移、转化过程及其关键影响因素和作用机制,阐述了对其污染的物理/化学、生物学修复机理研究;认为建立DPAA污染数据库,开展宏观及微观尺度上DPAA环境行为特征的研究,并系统构建DPAA污染的修复技术方法体系将是该领域今后研究的重点。同时,展望了未来的研究方向,旨在为促进土壤-水环境中DPAA污染及其修复的深入研究、有效降低DPAA的环境健康风险提供理论参考。     

微塑料对农田土壤碳转化影响研究进展

近年来,微塑料的生态环境风险受到国内外广泛关注。地膜覆盖、有机肥施用、灌溉和包膜控释肥料使 用等农田管理措施导致微塑料在农田土壤中持续累积。微塑料在土壤中经过物理破碎、化学分解和生物降解等作 用发生迁移和转化,可能影响土壤碳周转,进而影响土壤碳储存和含碳气体排放。因此,通过对国内外有关文献 进行总结和整理,系统地梳理了农田土壤中微塑料的种类和来源,分析了微塑料通过提供碳源影响土壤植物呼吸, 改变酶活性和微生物群落结构,进而直接或间接影响土壤碳排放和碳转化过程,包括以下几个方面:(1)微塑料 是长碳链分子结构,进入农田对土壤有机碳含量和转化及土壤团聚体、孔隙度和含水量等理化属性造成影响; (2)土壤中真菌和细菌对不同类型微塑料的分解和碳周转作用不同;(3)微塑料通过影响植物生长、改变相关功 能基因丰度、酶活性和微生物群落组成进而影响土壤碳转换过程。基于分析微塑料在土壤中的碳转化过程,为评 估微塑料对土壤碳库的影响提供参考。     

农田中的(微)塑料污染:来源、迁移、环境生态效应及防治措施

近年来,继海洋中的微塑料污染受到广泛关注后,土壤微塑料的环境风险逐渐受到重视,有关微塑料对土壤生态环境影响的研究取得了积极进展。本文总结了迄今为止的有关农田土壤中(微)塑料的研究成果和进展,阐明了当前国内外农田微塑料污染现状;详细论述了农田土壤中(微)塑料的来源以及不同源对农田微塑料污染的潜在贡献;对农田微塑料污染现有的研究方法尤其是采样方案和微塑料的提取技术做了较为详尽的分析和论证;探讨了微塑料在土壤中的迁移、老化、与其他污染物的相互作用等环境行为和归趋,以及由此带来的环境效应和生态风险,并重点关注了微塑料污染对于农田土壤质量和食品安全带来的挑战;最后列举了部分现有的微塑料污染防治策略及其对农田中微塑料污染防治的意义,并对未来土壤中微塑料的研究方向进行展望。文章认为,农田土壤的塑料与微塑料来自多种源头,其中塑料固体废物尤其是农业地膜是农田中微塑料的主要来源之一。微塑料进入土壤后,在外界物理、化学与生物等因素扰动或作用下,会发生不同尺度的迁移转化甚至生物反应,造成广泛的环境生态影响,主要有对土壤理化性质、微生物群落、土壤动物、植物生长等的不利影响,从而损害土壤健康,影响农业生产和农产品质量;此外,细小的微塑料颗粒尤其是纳米塑料存在经由食物链向人体富集的潜在风险。塑料在土壤环境中可能被生物碎化与缓慢生物降解。考虑到微塑料在环境中的广泛分布,持久性和生态风险,结合各国现有的防治策略,提出了相关的防治建议。     

土壤环境中微塑料的研究进展

微塑料是一类广泛存在于环境中的塑料颗粒,近年来,微塑料对环境的污染引起了国内外学者的广泛关注。关于微塑料对水环境造成的负面影响有较多报道,但微塑料在陆地环境特别是土壤中的存在和影响的系统性研究鲜有报道。本文从土壤微塑料的来源和分布、分析方法、对生态系统的影响、生态环境效应及管控措施等方面进行了系统综述,并针对今后土壤微塑料的研究提出了相关对策。主要包括以下几个方面:1)土壤微塑料的主要来源包括农用塑料薄膜残留、污泥的土地利用、有机肥施用、地表径流、污水灌溉和大气沉降; 2)总结了土壤中微塑料的分离、提取、鉴定及分析方法的优缺点,但目前仍没有标准化的检测和定量技术; 3)微塑料会影响土壤的结构和理化性质,对植物和动物的生长造成威胁,并改变微生物群落的多样性;4)微塑料表面可附着污染物,对环境造成物理和化学污染,可释放内源性有毒物质,并导致复合污染效应;5)微塑料污染的防控措施主要包括3个方面:研发生物降解塑料产品、从源头控制微塑料的输入以及加强世界各国合作。提出今后微塑料的研究应建立统一的定量分析标准方法,发展更准确的可追溯分析技术,加强对土壤中微塑料污染的科学研究。本研究不仅有助于了解微塑料在土壤中的环境行为,为进一步探索土壤微塑料提供思路,而且可为土壤中微塑料的生态风险评估及污染防治提供理论依据和参考。     

聚乙烯微塑料浓度对黑土团聚体特征及其稳定性的影响

  目的  微塑料会与土壤颗粒及团聚体相互作用而影响土壤的稳定性,探究微塑料浓度对黑土团聚体特征及其稳定性的影响,以期为农田土壤（微）塑料污染及土壤健康评价提供数据基础。  方法  通过大豆盆栽实验,研究自然条件下不同微塑料浓度（0%、0.1%、0.5%、1%、2%、5%）对黑土团聚体组成、团聚体稳定性（大团聚体含量R _{> 0.25}）、土壤团聚体特征指标（平均质量直径MWD、几何均重直径GMD、分形维数FD）的影响。  结果  不同微塑料浓度处理中,< 0.25 mm的机械稳定性团聚体含量比例最小,且 > 2 mm和 < 0.25 mm的团聚体含量比例随着微塑料浓度的增加而增加;> 2 mm的水稳性团聚体含量比例最小,< 0.25 mm的水稳性团聚体含量比例随着微塑料浓度的增加而增加;但在1%浓度时,机械稳定性和水稳性团聚体含量比例均与其他浓度的趋势相反;无植物种植的团聚体变化与种植物的相似。土壤大团聚体（R _{> 0.25}）的含量比例随着微塑料浓度的增加而显著减小,当微塑料浓度为1%时,其含量比例略低于对照试验（CK）。不同采样期,大豆成熟期的土壤机械稳定性团聚体和水稳性团聚体的MWD、GMD均比花期的小,而花期的团聚体分形维数比成熟期高,表明随着大豆生长及微塑料的作用,土壤团聚体稳定性降低。通过相关性分析表明,MWD与GMD呈极显著正相关关系,且二者均与FD值呈极显著负相关,即土壤团聚体MWD和GMD总体显著增大,FD值则显著减小,从而表征土壤颗粒团聚性下降。此外,当土壤中微塑料浓度为1%时,土壤团聚体分形维数最小,即土壤团聚作用增强。  结论  土壤中微塑料累积浓度越高,对土壤团聚体产生的破坏作用越强,导致土壤颗粒间聚合能力减弱,土壤中微塑料浓度为1%是否可作为影响黑土团聚体稳定性变化的阈值还有待后续研究,以期为全面评估微塑料对土壤质量的影响提供依据。     

有机污染型灌溉水对土壤团聚体的影响

为了评估灌溉水中有机污染物对农田土壤物理状态的影响,本研究以长期采用有机污染型水体灌溉的陕西交口灌区农田土壤为研究对象,以气候条件、土壤条件以及耕作制度基本一致,长期采用未污染的地下水灌溉的农田土壤为对照,分别用干筛和湿筛法测定了土壤团聚体和微团聚体组成等,分析了优势团聚体的变化情况。结果表明:长期采用有机污染水灌溉明显降低土壤中大于10 mm大团聚体和小于0.25 mm微团聚体的含量,显著增加了直径为1～5 mm范围内"(质量)优势团聚体"的含量;水稳性团聚体与土壤有机质含量呈显著正相关,而与机械组成的相关系数未达到显著水平;有机污染型水体灌溉可以显著改善微团聚体的特性,增大了土壤团聚度,降低其分散系数,从而改善了土壤结构状况。综合试验结果证明,灌溉水中的有机污染物质有助于显著地改善土壤结构状况和特性。     

场地土壤-地下水污染物多介质界面过程与调控研究进展与展望

近年来，中国重点行业场地土壤-地下水重金属和有机污染物污染十分突出，已成为土壤环境治理修复亟待解决的重要问题之一。多介质界面是控制场地系统复合污染物环境行为的关键。因此，开展场地土壤与地下水污染物多介质界面过程与调控机制研究，对于认知场地污染成因与治理修复具有重要的科学意义。系统分析了国内外场地土壤-地下水污染物多介质界面过程与调控研究进展与发展趋势，指出了目前该研究领域中存在的科学与技术问题，提出了我国场地土壤-地下水污染物多介质界面过程与调控原理的研究思路与重点方向，以推动我国场地土壤和地下水环境科学理论与技术的发展。     

生物炭颗粒在饱和多孔介质中的迁移与滞留

生物炭在实际生产实践中具有许多潜在的农业和环境效益,因此受到了越来越多的关注。生物炭在多孔介质中的迁移不仅会影响它在土壤中的归趋,还可能会影响微生物群体及土壤有机质的动态变化以及被吸附的污染物对环境的影响。实验通过柱实验研究了微米级生物炭颗粒在饱和多孔介质中的迁移和滞留特性,主要选取了四种影响生物炭迁移的潜在因素:原材料、裂解温度、背景溶液pH值和离子强度。实验结果显示微米级生物炭在饱和多孔介质中具有一定的迁移能力,但是大部分的微米级生物炭会滞留在饱和多孔介质的表面和孔隙间。生物炭的制备原材料对于生物炭的表面电势特性有较大影响,从而影响了微米级生物炭在饱和多孔介质中的迁移能力。热解温度越高,生物炭的表面电势越大,迁移能力越弱。随着背景溶液离子强度增加和pH值减小,微米级生物炭颗粒在多孔介质中滞留增加,迁移能力减弱。     

Determination of effective release rates of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and dissolved organic carbon by column outflow experiments

Risk assessment of groundwater pollution requires quantitative information on the release kinetics of pollutants and organic matter from contaminated soil. We applied a new experimental design for column outflow experiments to investigate the release of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and dissolved organic matter under water-saturated flow conditions. We used materials originating from a soil contaminated with non-aqueous phase liquids. To distinguish between release at equilibrium and release limited by mass transfer, we used two flow velocities and multiple interruptions to the flow. We quantified release and transport parameters by inverse numerical simulation of the individual breakthrough curves, applying a model based on the advection–dispersion equation including non-equilibrium and non-linear sorption. Release of the dissolved organic C takes place in two steps. Initially, a large amount of readily available organic matter is released. This first flush is followed by an outflow with typical characteristics of rate-limited release: larger concentrations in slower flow and increased concentrations after interruptions. The breakthrough of PAHs responds neither to the different flow velocities nor to the interruptions. We hypothesize that release of PAHs from the contaminated material is governed by dissolution at equilibrium according to Raoult's law. The boundary conditions of the experimental design, i.e. the flow velocities and multiple interruptions, enable us to distinguish between release at equilibrium and that which is rate-limited. Also, the response of the breakthrough behaviour to the boundary conditions can be used to estimate inversely effective release parameters.     

微塑料污染对土壤环境质量和微生物生态学特性的影响研究进展

微塑料这一新兴污染物已成为全球性普遍关注的重要环境问题,近年来,土壤微塑料污染也越来越受到重视。本文从土壤环境质量和微生物生态学特性的角度,综述了近几年国内外土壤微塑料污染的相关研究进展,主要包括以下几个方面:（1）微塑料对土壤物理性质和养分有效性的影响;（2）微塑料对土壤污染物的吸附和解吸作用;（3）微塑料对土壤酶活性、微生物群落结构和抗生素抗性基因的影响;（4）“微塑料圈”中微生物的群落结构及其与土壤中微生物的生态位分异特征。最后针对土壤微塑料的重点研究方向提出展望,为今后土壤微塑料污染的研究提供了科学思路。     

Tracking the Transport of Silver Nanoparticles in Soil: a Saturated Column Experiment

Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) can enter the environment when released from products containing them. As AgNPs enter soil, they are often retained in the soil profile and/or leached to the groundwater. This research assessed the transport of AgNPs in their “particle form” through the soil profile using a series of columns. Three soil types were put into soil columns: LSH (loam with high organic matter (OM)), LSL (loam with low OM), and Sand (no OM). The results showed that AgNP transport and retention in soil as well as particle size changes are affected by soil organic matter (OM) and the cation exchange capacity (CEC) of soil. OM affected the transport and retention of AgNPs. This was evident in the LSH columns where the OM concentration was the highest and the AgNP content the lowest in the soil layers and in the effluent water. The highest transported AgNP content was detected in the Sand columns where OM was the lowest. CEC had an impact on the particle size of the AgNPs that were retained in the soil layers. This was clear in columns packed with high CEC-containing soils (LSL and LSH) where AgNP particle size decreased more substantially than in the columns packed with sand. However, the decrease in AgNP sizes in the effluent water was less than the decrease in particle size of AgNPs transported through but retained in the soil. This means that the AgNPs that reached the effluent were transported directly from the first layer through the soil macropores. This work highlights the ability to track AgNPs at low concentrations (50 μg kg^?1) and monitor the changes in particle size potential as the particles leach through soil all of which increases our knowledge about AgNP transport mechanisms in porous media.     

Retention and Transport of PAH-Degrading Bacterium <Emphasis Type="Italic">Herbaspirillum chlorophenolicum</Emphasis> FA1 in Saturated Porous Media Under Various Physicochemical Conditions

Dispersal of functional microorganisms is a rate-limiting process during in situ bioremediation of contaminated soil and groundwater. In this work, series of column experiments were conducted to investigate the retention and transport behaviors of Herbaspirillum chlorophenolicum FA1, a promising bacterial agent for bioremediation, in saturated porous media under conditions of different combinations of grain size, solution pH, solution ionic strength (IS), and humic acid (HA) concentration. Experimental data showed that the mobility of FA1 in saturated porous media was strongly dependent on the physicochemical conditions. The breakthrough curves (BTCs) indicated that the amounts of FA1 in the effluent increased with increasing in sand size, solution pH, and HA concentration, but decreased with increase of solution IS. The shape of retention profiles (RPs) was hyper-exponential. The amounts of retained bacteria in the media also varied with the experimental conditions with opposite trends to that of effluent. Both experimental BTCs and RPs were simulated by a mathematical model that accounted for deposition kinetics to better interpret the effects of physicochemical conditions on FA1 deposition dynamics. Findings from this study showed that fate and transport of the functional bacterium FA1 in porous media strongly relied on the environmental conditions. Both experimental and modeling results can provide guidelines for field application of functional bacteria for soil and groundwater remediation.     

Stability and transportability of biosolid colloids through undisturbed soil monoliths

This study evaluated the stability of water-suspended biosolid colloids fractionated from municipal and agricultural wastes and their transportability through undisturbed soil monoliths. The aim of the study was to assess potential risks posed by dispersed biosolid colloid particles as carriers of contaminants associated with organic waste amendments applied to soils. All biosolid colloids showed remarkable stability over a wide range of pH conditions, with 50–90% remaining in suspension after 24 h. Lime-stabilized biosolid colloids (LSB) were more stable than poultry manure (PMB) and aerobically digested (ADB) biosolid colloids, with pH and organic matter (OM) content being the dominant factors influencing colloid stability. However, increased colloid stability did not always result in greater transportability. In spite of their higher overall stability, LSB colloids showed low transportability potential through undisturbed soil monoliths averaging < 0.1C/C₀, probably due to carbonate dissolution and increased ionic interaction with the soil matrix. The ADB and PMB colloids, with the highest OM content, exhibited increased mobility, particularly through soils with significant macroporosity. Breakthrough curves were mostly irregular, suggesting considerable macropore flow and increased interaction with the soil matrix. Eluent pH and EC fluctuations appeared to mainly affect LSB colloid transport, while the mobility of the remaining biosolid colloids was maintained over a wide range of ionic conditions. The findings of this study suggest that some biosolid colloids derived from soil-applied agricultural or municipal wastes may exhibit considerable mobility through soil macropores with potential to migrate to great distances in subsoil environments. Considering the high surface charge and electronegativity of these colloids, they may be a significant vector for hydrophobic contaminant transport and pollution of groundwater resources.     

土壤胶体在不同饱和度土壤介质中的释放与淋溶行为研究

采用饱和与非饱和填充土柱纵向淋溶研究方法,结合对流弥散模型方程（CDE）对穿透曲线的拟合计算,全面考察了土壤介质水饱和度、土壤水pH/离子强度、土壤孔隙水流速和土壤胶体颗粒大小对天然土壤胶体在实际土壤介质中释放、沉积迁移行为的影响。分别获取胶体扩散系数和阻滞因子值,定量说明实验中水化学、水动力学等条件的作用影响力。结果显示,介质不饱和条件不利于胶体的释放和淋溶;高pH和低离子强度条件对土壤胶体释放与迁移有利;淋溶过程的间断干扰,可以促使土壤胶体的增量淋溶释放;淋溶强度及胶体颗粒粒径大小,能够影响胶体穿透时间和穿透浓度峰值大小。     

黄河三角洲土壤盐渍化影响因素分析

通过野外土壤调查和采样分析,对黄河三角洲土壤盐渍化形成的天然环境和影响因素进行了概述,对区域土壤盐渍化程度、类型和特征等进行了分析和探讨。并根据采样点地下水位、矿化度、高程、植被盖度、离海远近等要素,采用灰色关联度模型,分析了不同盐渍化类型主导的环境要素。结果表明,原生盐渍土含盐量主要受地下水位、矿化度和植被覆盖的影响;土壤次生盐渍化主要受离排灌渠远近、地下水矿化度和埋深的影响。     

Effects of microplastic polystyrene, simulated acid rain and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi on Trifolium repens growth and soil microbial community composition

Microplastic pollution is a global and ubiquitous environmental problem in the oceans as well as in the terrestrial environment. We examined the fate of microplastic polystyrene (MPS) beads in experimental soil in the presence and absence of symbiotic arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) and simulated acid rain (SAR) to determine whether the combinations of these three factors altered the growth of white clover Trifolium repens. We found that MPS, SAR, or AMF added singly to soil did not alter T. repens growth or yields. In contrast, MPS and AMF together significantly reduced shoot biomass, while SAR and MPS together significantly reduced soil available phosphorus independent of AMF presence. Microplastic polystyrene, AMF, and SAR together significantly reduced soil NO^-₃-N. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi added singly also enriched the beneficial soil bacteria (genus Solirubrobacter), while MPS combined with AMF significantly enriched the potential plant pathogenic fungus Spiromastix. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi inoculation with MPS increased the abundance of soil hydrocarbon degraders independent of the presence of SAR. In addition, the abundance of soil nitrate reducers was increased by MPS, especially in the presence of AMF and SAR. Moreover, SAR alone increased the abundance of soil pathogens within the fungal community including antibiotic producers. These findings indicate that the coexistence of MPS, SAR, and AMF may exacerbate the adverse effects of MPS on soil and plant health.     

动物粪液中可溶性磷在土壤中的吸附和迁移特性研究

农田土壤施用动物粪肥引入了大量的可溶性有机物、有机磷和无机磷,了解这些可溶性物质在土壤中的相对移动性及它们之间的相互作用有助于指导农田养分管理。本研究从粪液中分离获得含水溶性无机磷、有机磷和有机物（碳）的溶液,选择了具不同质地和有机质含量的4个土壤（含高量有机质的黄筋泥、含低量有机质的黄筋泥、淡涂泥和清水沙）,应用等温吸附和土柱模拟淋洗方法研究了可溶性有机碳、无机磷和有机磷共存条件下,粪液中可溶性有机态磷和无机态磷在土壤中的吸附和迁移特性。吸附试验表明,可溶性有机物（碳）的存在大大降低了土壤对有机态磷和无机态磷的吸附,表明施用液态有机肥比施用化肥具有更大的磷流失风险。供试土壤对无机态磷的吸附强度高于有机态磷,但对二者的吸附量大小为:黄筋泥>淡涂泥>清水沙;并与粘粒含量、氧化铁含量呈正相关。有机质较高的土壤对有机磷的吸附明显低于有机质低的土壤。淋洗试验表明,在供试土壤中,这3种可溶性物质在土壤中吸持(包括生物吸持)的顺序为:可溶性无机磷>可溶性有机碳>可溶性有机磷;有机态磷比无机态磷更易在土壤中迁移。