五台山森林群落中物种多样性对旅游干扰的生态响应

在对五台山森林植被进行分类的基础上,利用丰富度指数、均匀度指数和多样性指数,研究了不同森林群落中物种多样性对旅游干扰的生态响应。结果表明:(1)各项指数与群落类型有关,群落物种数量越多,其丰富度较大;群落结构越复杂,层次越分明,其多样性指数越大。同时,各项指数与群落发展的限制因素有关,干扰区群落多样性主要受旅游的影响,非干扰区群落多样性主要受海拔等自然条件的影响。(2)干扰区森林群落随着旅游影响的增大,除Simpson指数外,其它指数都呈现下降的趋势。非干扰区森林群落随着海拔高度的增加,除Simpson指数和Alatalo指数外,其它指数都呈下降的趋势。     

气候变化对我国森林生态的影响

阐述了气候变化对我国森林地理分布格局、物候期、生物多样性、森林结构及生产力的影响。研究表明,气候变化对我国主要造林树种地理分布的影响多发生在气候交错地带,少部分发生在适宜分布区域,树种分布可能向北或向高海拔地区移动;不同区域树种物候期推迟或提前,原区域的适宜物种减少,新物种随气候变化迁入;气候变化基本示改变我国森林第一性生产力的地理分布格局,但群落生物量水平将有所提高不同树种森林结构变化不同。通过     

华北土石山区天然森林植被演替中群落结构和物种多样性变化的研究

基于华北土石山区潮关西沟流域天然森林植被调查的基础上．对森林植被群落演替中群落树种组成、胸径结构和生物多样性变化进行了研究。结果表明，随着演替的进行．群落的乔灌木树种数先升高后降低，趋于稳定。而乔木密度呈增加趋势，而灌木密度和乔木树种的最大株数比例的胸径范围呈不断降低趋势。群落的乔木、灌木和乔灌木的物种多样性、丰富度随着演替的进行先升高后降低。除了栎树林乔木和平榛灌丛的乔灌木的均匀度较低外，乔木、灌木和乔灌木其他群落的均匀度变化不明显。     

气候变化对我国森林生态的影响

阐述了气候变化对我国森林地理分布格局、物候期、生物多样性、森林结构及生产力的影响。研究表明,气候变化对我国主要造林树种地理分布的影响多发生在气候交错地带,少部分发生在适宜分布区域,树种分布可能向北或向高海拔地区移动;不同区域树种物候期推迟或提前,原区域的适宜物种减少,新物种随气候变化迁入;气候变化基本未改变我国森林第一性生产力的地理分布格局,但群落生物量水平将有所提高,不同树种森林结构变化不同。通过采取积极的适应性措施可降低气候变化的不利影响。     

城市与郊区森林土壤微生物群落特征差异研究

森林是具有重要服务功能的生态系统之一,在城区和郊区都普遍存在,但对于森林土壤微生物群落特征的城郊差异研究却很少。本研究在北京城市与郊区选择三种相同树种(油松Pinus tabulaeformis、侧柏Platycladus orientalis和毛白杨Populus tomentosa)的森林,主要研究比较了土壤微生物量碳、微生物群落结构和功能多样性的城郊差异。结果表明,郊区森林的土壤微生物量碳含量显著高于城区(郊区微生物量碳为367.29 mg kg-1,城区为294.23 mg kg-1)。同一树种下郊区微生物活性高于城区,差异未达到显著。微生物多样性和均匀度城郊差异不明显;但树种间存在一定的差异,城区毛白杨林下土壤微生物群落的均匀度显著低于柏树与油松,多样性指数显著低于柏树。结果表明城市化过程对城市土壤微生物量以及微生物群落的结构和功能有一定影响,且不同树种对于这种影响存在差异。随着城市化加快,城乡梯度上土壤微生物量碳的城乡差异明显,而土壤微生物群落结构、功能的差异有减小的趋势。     

深圳莲花山植被组成及植物多样性研究

对深圳莲花山植被组成及多样性进行了调查研究,5个植物群落共有67科、128属和166种。可见其科的数量较多,每个属所拥有的种也较少,表现出此区域植被组成的遗传差异较高。各群落在种类α-多样性D_s、H、丰富度R_1、R_2及均匀度J值的大致的顺序为群落3和4最高和次高,群落5最低;而群落3和4为自然恢复和半自然恢复的林地,其他3群落为人为干扰较多的群落,其中,群落1受到人为干扰明显强,群落5为较明显的人工林地。因此,对于究竟是人为干扰的群落还是自然恢复的林地群落植物多样性高的争论而言是一个很好的佐证和参考。科的多样性指数D_f值顺序表现为群落5和3的多样性最高,而群落2处在中间地位,群落4最低。属的多样性指数D_g值表现为群落5和3较高,群落1最低。同时表现出各群落里科的多样性较高,而属的多样性较低;在综合多样性系数D_c值方面,其大小顺序为:群落3群落4群落2群落5群落1。表明2个处在自然和半自然恢复的植物群落其科、属和种的多样性比受到不同程度人工干扰的3个群落的多样性高。在α-多样性方面,与深圳其他山地和部分公园的植物多样性相比,莲花山的植物种类多样性基本处于中等水平,但在各群落内的灌木层及草本植物方面显得比其他地区的明显高。与部分其他国家的山地植物群落的植物物种多样性相比,则基本处在偏高的水平,说明深圳莲花山的植物物种等级的多样性整体处于中等偏高的状态。而在各群落之间科、属的β-多样性系数方面,莲花山各群落之间的系数值都明显高于其他区域的山地自然群落,而比少部分人为干扰较多或者人工经济林的偏低。说明其整个区域的科及属的多样性还是处在偏低的水平。     

人为干扰对西天山野果林群落结构和物种多样性的影响

[目的]探究人为干扰对西天山野果林群落结构和物种多样性的影响,为后期野果林的恢复、保护提供理论依据。[方法]以西天山野果林为研究对象,采用典型样地法,选择32个20 m×20 m具代表性的样地布置样方。以乔木径级结构、高度级结构及各层次物种组成和物种多样性指数作为评价指标,对比研究轻度(距离核心景区2～3 km)、中度(距离核心景区1～2 km)、重度(距离核心景区0～1 km)3种人为干扰强度下群落结构和物种多样性的变化。[结果]①从群落结构来看,轻度和中度干扰条件下乔木个体多分布在中径级(20 cmDBH≤30 cm)和中高度级(5 m树高≤8 m);而重度干扰下乔木个体多分布在小径级(10 cmDBH≤15 cm)、中径级(20 cmDBH≤25 cm)和高高度级(8 m树高≤10 m),其群落结构与轻度和中度干扰下乔木层的群落结构明显不同。②在总面积为1.28 hm~2的32个样地中,共记录到93个植物物种,隶属于40科84属;物种数随着人为干扰强度增加呈递减趋势,轻度、中度和重度干扰下群落的物种数依次为93种、69种和51种。Shannon-Wiener指数H值、均匀度指数J值随人为干扰强度的增加而降低,优势度指数H’值随人为干扰强度的增加而增加。[结论]重度人为干扰会普遍降低野果林群落的物种多样性水平,造成群落结构不稳定,不利于植被恢复和物种多样性保护。     

人为干扰活动对沂蒙山区麻栎林群落结构和水文性能的影响

为了探讨人为干扰对林分结构和水文性能的影响,采用样地调查和试验观测方法,研究沂蒙山区麻栎林在封禁保育、放牧樵采和禁牧禁伐干扰下灌草植被多样性和水文性能.结果表明：1）放牧樵采干扰导致麻栎林群落灌草多样性和水文性能明显下降.与封禁保育群落相比,灌草植被盖度、多样性和均匀度指数降低了83.0％、88.7％和85.1％;土壤总孔隙度、稳渗速率和林地枯落物持水量减小了44.2％、76.7％和43.7％.2）实施禁牧禁伐保护能明显改善麻栎林群落的植物多样性和水文性能,与放牧樵采干扰群落相比,灌草植被盖度、多样性和均匀度指数提高了520％、613％和532％,土壤总孔隙度、稳渗速率和枯落物持水量高了30.3％、103.7％和28.0％.3）麻栎林群落的灌草植被盖度,与植物多样性测度及水文性能指标之间存在明显的正相关关系,其大小可作为综合表征群落多样性和水文功能退化或恢复程度的指标.     

人为干扰对生物多样性的影响

从景观破碎、保护历史、种群行为机制和种群大小4个方面讨论了人为干扰对生物多样性的影响，以期为生物多样性保护和生态环境恢复提供依据。一般人为轻度干扰会导致生物多样性提高，对比研究武夷山人为干扰甜槠林与郁闭稳定甜槠林结果表明，人为干扰甜槠林高等植物物种丰富相对于郁闭稳定林分提高了76．32％；但人为干扰甜槠林的群落优势度却远低于郁闭林，故在演替过程中群落物种多样性的增加是生态系统对外界轻度干扰的一种适应，是恢复生态系统稳定性的一种对策，一旦干扰超过其调节能力，将难以恢复为原来的群落类型。生物在各自进化和适应的过程中由于生态位泛化或特化，许多物种仅局限于非常小的生态位空间，这些物种一旦遭遇到观破碎则很可能从地球上消失，如黄连和短萼黄连对阴湿条件的适应与要求，导致其濒临灭绝；另一些种类由于在群落中零星分布，如斑叶兰、羽萼悬钩子、浙江红花油茶、多种粗叶木（Lasianthus spp.)和一些紫金牛（Ardisia spp.)等，当生境缩小或受到干扰时则濒临灭绝。地史上古老的地区或自然保护历史较长的地区可能拥有更多的物种。保护历史较长的福建省南靖县和溪南亚热带雨林在1200m^2面积内有128种高等植物，同一地带的鼎湖山及和溪周边地区的南亚热带雨林物种丰富均低于此。许多植物是动物传布植物，动物物种多样性的减少影响了这些植物的传布，生境的改变也影响着植物的传布，另一些物种传布到新区域而不能萌发或完成其生活史。地方种群小于一定数量时其灭绝的可能性也增加。     

人为干扰对常绿阔叶林主要种群分布格局的影响

通过对甜槠群落几个主要种群甜槠、深山含笑、木荷、赤楠分布格局的研究,探讨常绿阔叶林在受到人为干扰后的种群变化动态。结果表明,当群落受不同程度外界扰动后,各种群分布格局呈不同的变化趋势。人为干扰强度越大,甜槠、深山含笑的聚集性越强,而木荷、赤楠的聚集性则下降。在低立木级上,轻度干扰更有利于形成种群的集群分布特征;在中间立木级上,随立木级的增大,种子萌发和萌条能力强的树种分布格局趋势是以重度干扰群落中的聚集性更强;在高立木级上,各种群的分布格局均呈随机分布。     

北沟林场天然次生林植物群落结构及物种多样性研究

为了对森林群落结构及其物种多样性进行深入研究,掌握其发展变化规律,以便为有效开展生物多样性保护提供可靠依据,以河北省围场县北沟林场天然次生林为研究对象,从Raunkiaer生活型、多样性指数等方面对森林群落结构及物种多样性进行了研究.结果表明:(1)该区天然次生林物种丰富,共计117种植物,隶属58个科99个属;(2)高位芽植物在天然次生林植物群落中优势明显,其次为地下芽植物,其余生活型植物不占优势;(3)群落内部层片结构复杂,优势层片为大高位芽层片和中高位芽层片;(4)各群落的丰富度指数顺序为:草本层＞灌木层＞乔木层;多样性指数在各层之间呈现多样化趋势;而均匀度指数在各层物种之间差异显著,均匀度指数排序为:草本层＞灌木层＞乔木层.     

Oribatid mite community structure and tree species diversity: A link?

Differences in tree species may lead to contrasting soil environments via differences in litter chemical quality and physical environmental factors, such as soil type and soil moisture. However, separating the effects of litter quality and physical environment is difficult under field conditions. Both litter quality and soil environment affect the species composition of the soil animal community. A diversity gradient of canopy tree species (11–25 species) located on homogeneous soil substrate at Tomakomai Experimental Forest of Hokkaido University was used to analyse the relationship between tree species diversity and oribatid mite community structure. Soil samples were collected from three levels of tree species richness (high, intermediate and low) with three replicates each, in July 2000. Leaf area index (LAI) was positively correlated with tree species diversity suggesting higher litter input into the soils with increasing tree diversity. However, the tree species diversity gradient affected neither accumulation of litter on the forest floor nor abundance and species richness of oribatid mites. Canopy and understory plant species richness, LAI, total soil carbon and biomass of epigeic and endogeic earthworms did not significantly affect mite community structure as indicated by redundancy analysis (RDA). The results suggest that oribatid mite community structure is minimally affected by tree species diversity and associated changes in litter diversity.     

Wood-inhabiting macrofungi in Danish beech-forests - conflicting diversity patterns and their implications in a conservation perspective

Macrofungal diversity was investigated on 281 decaying beech trees distributed across 14 forests in Denmark, based on sporocarp inventories. Two aspects of diversity were considered, i.e., species richness per fallen tree and the incidence of red-listed species occurrence per tree. For both diversity measures the effects of both tree and site variables were tested. In total, 319 fungal species were identified, including 28 red-listed. Decay stage and wood volume were identified as key variables influencing species richness as well as red-listed species incidence. Red-listed species, however, showed a preference for more decayed trees than non red-listed species. Further, red-listed species incidence was found to be significantly higher on broken trees, compared to fallen trees with a distinct root-plate, indicating tree death cause to be important for some red-listed species. The relations between diversity measures and site variables were conflicting. Species richness per tree decreased with increasing maximum tree age and dead wood continuity, possibly a consequence of competitive exclusion of unspecialised opportunistic species in old-grown stands. For red-listed species the opposite trend was evident, and it is concluded that forest history may have fundamental effects on the community structure of wood-inhabiting fungi. Accordingly, simple species richness may be a misleading conservation measure if the aim is to conserve the most threatened aspects of forest biodiversity.     

Effects of forestry practices on vegetation structure and bird community of Kibale National Park, Uganda

I examined the lingering effects of past timber management practices on the vegetation structure and bird community of Kibale National Park, Uganda. I compared four forest treatments: unlogged native forest (UL), two that were selectively logged at low (LL) and high (HL) intensities in the 1960s, and a conifer plantation (PL). Forest-dependent birds were best represented at UL. LL was similar to UL in both vegetation structure and bird community composition, although some forest-dependent bird species were missing from the former. HL had significantly less canopy closure and lower tree density than other plots as a result of the combination of extensive secondary damage and natural disturbance patterns that prevented the reclosure of the forest canopy. Thirty-one percent of the forest-dependent bird species observed during the study were not detected at HL. At PL, bird species richness and bird abundance were about a third of those observed in other plots. There were significant correlations between heterogeneity of tree distribution (horizontal heterogeneity) and abundance and species richness of birds across plots. Abundance and species richness of all, forest-dependent, and forest generalist birds were highest in plots with intermediate measures of horizontal heterogeneity, which were mostly unlogged or lightly logged. If reduced-impact logging practices are not implemented during selective logging operations in tropical forests, consequent long-term changes in vegetation structure may result in significant declines in the populations of some forest-dependent species, as was observed in Kibale National Park.     

Tree identity surpasses tree diversity in affecting the community structure of oribatid mites (Oribatida) of deciduous temperate forests

The role of tree diversity and identity as determinants of soil animal community structure is little understood. In a mature deciduous forest dominated by beech we identified clusters of one, two and three tree species of beech, ash and lime allowing to investigate the role of tree species diversity and identity on the density and community structure of oribatid mites. To relate oribatid mite community structure to environmental factors we measured leaf litter input, fine root biomass, mass of organic layers, topsoil pH and C and N content. We expected oribatid mite density to increase with increasing tree diversity, but we expected the effects of tree species identity to override effects of tree diversity. Further, we hypothesized the density of oribatid mites to be reduced by the presence of beech but increased by the presence of lime and ash. As expected tree diversity little affected oribatid mite communities, whereas tree species identity strongly altered density and community structure of oribatid mites. However, in contrast to our expectations the density of oribatid mites was highest in presence of beech indicating that many oribatid mite species benefit from the presence of recalcitrant litter forming thick organic layers. Especially Oppioidea benefited from the presence of beech presumably due to an increased availability of food resources such as fungi and nematodes. Lower density of oribatid mites in monospecific clusters of lime and ash suggests that oribatid mites did not benefit from high quality litter of these species. Notably, large and strongly sclerotized oribatid mite species, such as Steganacarus magnus and Chamobates voigtsi, benefited from the presence of ash and lime. Presumably, these large species better resist harsh microclimatic conditions in shallow organic layers.     

金沙江干热河谷人工赤桉林群落结构

 为干热河谷地区的生态林建设提供理论依据,从反映群落稳定性的群落结构、物种多样性以及生长量和生物量等常用指标分析,金沙江干热河谷地区人工赤桉(Eucalyptuscamaldulensis)林密度普遍偏高,结构比较简单,群落稳定性较差。3种密度的赤桉林群落,随着林分密度的增大,林下植被层的群落分异性越大,林分中主要分布优势种(乔木为赤桉,林下植物为扭黄茅),其他种群的数量极少,林下植被层的结构比较简单,随着林分密度的增大,物种的丰富度、ShannonWiener指数、物种均匀度和生态优势度等4个指标不断减小,群落物种多样性在不断降低,结构合理性越差;群落生长量和生物量的变化,基本随赤桉林的密度增加而减小,密度最小的林分F1的生物量是其他2种高密度林分生物量的2倍以上。各林分林木生长缓慢,即使密度最小的林分F1的年平均胸径和树高生长量,分别只有0.72cm和0.78m。为了增加干热河谷地区人工乔木林群落的稳定性,使其逐步实现正向演替,发挥其应有的生态防护功能,应该考虑降低乔木层群落密度。     

Recovery of woody plant diversity in tropical rain forests in southern China after logging and shifting cultivation

Logging and intense shifting cultivation have caused major degradation of tropical forests and loss of biodiversity. Understanding the direct and indirect effects of those land uses on plant biodiversity is essential to the restoration of tropical forests. We compared the species diversity, community composition and basal area of all stems ?1 cm dbh among 18 1-ha tropical lowland and montane rain forest plots with a well-recorded long-term history of shifting cultivation and logging on Hainan Island, south China. We also explored the relative importance of disturbance and environmental factors in determining forest recovery. We found that the species density and diversity in old growth forests were higher than in shifting cultivation fallows (55 years old) but lower than in logged forests (35–40 years since logging). The species composition of shifting cultivation fallows was distinct from other forest types but logged forests were similar to old growth forests, especially in lowland forests. Disturbance intensity was the most frequently important factor in determining species composition, species density, diversity, and basal area accumulation. Soil nutrient availability explained some of the variation in species composition and diversity. Stem density was related to multiple factors including disturbance history, soil nutrients, and distance to old-growth forest. In general, we found that disturbance intensity was a better predictor of forest structure and diversity than edaphic environmental variables, highlighting the importance of human impacts in shaping tropical forest successional pathways.     

择伐作业对常绿阔叶林乔木层树种结构及物种多样性的影响

研究4种不同强度择伐作业(弱度13.0%、中度29.1%、强度45.8%和极强度67.1%)对常绿阔叶林林分结构及乔木层物种多样性的影响结果表明,轻度与中度择伐对林分结构的影响较小,原林分乔木层优势树种的地位仍保持甚至略有提高;而强度择伐和极强度择伐则引起林分结构一定的变化,一些优势树种的地位削弱,而另一些树种的优势地位上升。但采伐作业不利于常绿阔叶林物种多样性的发展,尤其是林冠强度破坏对物种多样性的影响最大,而轻度与中度择伐作业有利于原有物种保持与恢复,这可能与不同强度择伐作业引起林地光照条件、温度和湿度等环境因子的不同变化有关。     

Values of village fengshui forest patches in biodiversity conservation in the Pearl River Delta, China

Chinese village fengshui forests (VFF) are small remnant forest patches that coexist with natural villages. The indigenous residents protect the forest patches under traditional Chinese geomancy beliefs (namely fengshui). However, the VFF community features and conservation values and relationships with the indigenous people remain poorly understood. In this study, we evaluated tree species diversity conservation of regional VFF patches by sampling a 1200 m² transect within each patch. We also tested our hypothesis that patch size did not significantly impact interior forest community features of well-protected VFF patches. Thirty-two well-protected VFF patches in the Pearl River Delta, China were investigated. The average coefficient of similarity between transects (CS) was employed to evaluate community heterogeneity. Five forest community parameters (tree species richness per 1200 m², tree stem density, tree basal area density, Shannon–Wiener diversity index (SWI), and Simpson diversity index (SI)) were measured and compared with regional well-developed evergreen broadleaved, coniferous and coniferous-broadleaved mixed forests. The relationships between the five parameters versus patch size and elevation were analyzed. A total of 266 tree species comprised of 57 families were recorded in 32 transects, of which 258 (97%) species were indigenous and eight (3%) were exotic. Ten tree species were endangered, rare or nationally protected by the Chinese government, and 57 species were endemic to China. The average CS was 0.38; and the average five forest community parameter values were as follows: 46.8 for tree species richness; 3403 plants/ha for stem density, 49.1 m²/ha for basal area, 4.04 for SWI and 0.90 for SI. These values were consistent with well-developed evergreen broadleaved forests and greater than coniferous and coniferous-broadleaved forests. No significant correlation was detected between the five community parameters and patch area or elevation. We conclude that VFF patches preserve abundant tree species and heterogeneous habitats, which are important for maintaining regional biodiversity. The interior community features of VFF patches were not significantly affected by patch size. We recommend protection of both large and small VFF patches, which can be substantially enhanced by the preservation of associated traditional relic village cultures.