WEPP模型在东北黑土区的适用性评价--以坡度和水保措施为例

基于黑龙江省宾县试验站2008年气象观测数据和野外径流小区监测资料,利用WEPP模型估算东北黑土区次降雨径流量和土壤流失量,并通过与实测资料对比,评价WEPP模型的适用性.结果表明,在3°,5°,8°这3个坡度条件下,WEPP模型对次降雨径流量模拟的Nash-Sutcliffe有效性系数ME分别为0.47,0.03和-5.9,对次降雨土壤侵蚀量模拟的Nash-Sutcliffe有效性系数ME分别为0.58,0.72和0.60,说明WEPP模型对次降雨坡面径流量的模拟效果较差,而对次降雨坡面土壤侵蚀量模拟效果较好.WEPP模型对次降雨的径流量和土壤流失量的模拟显示,WEPP模型对坡度变化反应敏感.WEPP模型对大豆、稗草、苜蓿和苗期榆树次降雨径流量模拟有效性系数ME分别为0.81,0.71和0.83,0.94,对次降雨土壤流失量的模拟有效性系数ME分别为0.81,0.71和0.83,0.94,表明WEPP对大豆地和苜蓿地的模拟效果好于稗草和苗期榆树,且其好于不同坡度条件下裸地的模拟结果.WEPP模型可以模拟不同水保措施条件下的次降雨径流量和土壤侵蚀量,也可以模拟不同坡度条件下裸地的次降雨土壤侵蚀量,但是不适合模拟不同坡度条件下裸地的次降雨径流量.     

坡面版WEPP模型在川中丘陵区的应用研究

利用WEPP模型对川中丘陵区盐亭站5个径流小区土壤侵蚀量的预测和土壤侵蚀空间分布的模拟发现：WEPP模型对次降雨土壤侵蚀的预测，相对误差在30％以内的占总样本86％以上；对年降雨土壤侵蚀预测的误差较稳定，且相对误差均在15％以内。说明WEPP模型对长时间尺度的土壤侵蚀预测更准确。WEPP模型对土壤侵蚀空间分布的预测，通过坡面侵蚀曲线可以明显分出侵蚀发育区、加速侵蚀区和主要侵蚀区；降雨量和平均雨强越大，加速侵蚀区越短，侵蚀量越大；坡长越长，加速侵蚀区越长，侵蚀量越大，最大侵蚀量也越大。     

基于KINEROS2模型的降雨和坡长因子对土壤侵蚀过程影响的研究

以不同坡长(1,5,10,15,20m)径流小区在不同降雨强度(25,50,75mm/h)下人工模拟降雨试验为基础,通过KINEROS2模型对坡面侵蚀过程及侵蚀量进行模拟,对比分析不同坡长、降雨强度及其交互作用对坡面土壤侵蚀过程及侵蚀量的影响,并评价KINEROS2模型的模拟效果及适用性。结果表明:坡长与总径流量呈一元线性关系(R20.990),与总侵蚀量呈幂函数关系(R20.900);降雨强度与总径流量、总侵蚀量之间呈倍数关系增加,且总侵蚀量的增率是总径流量增率的2~3倍;坡长与降雨强度之间存在交互作用,坡长、降雨强度和降雨强度-坡长交互作用与径流量、侵蚀量呈显著相关关系,并在坡面径流和侵蚀过程中表现为正效应。坡面径流量主要受坡长、降雨强度和降雨强度-坡长交互作用三者综合影响。坡面侵蚀量主要受坡长和降雨强度-坡长交互作用的影响极显著,受降雨强度的影响较显著。KINEROS2模型对径流过程的模拟优于侵蚀过程,对总侵蚀量的模拟优于总径流量,说明KINEROS2模型更适于对径流过程及总侵蚀量的模拟。从总体来看,KINEROS2模型对径流小区坡面土壤侵蚀过程及侵蚀量模拟效果较好,说明KINEROS2模型在中国西北干旱半干旱地区小区尺度上有较好的适用性。     

地形因子对陕北坡耕枣树地产流产沙的影响及模拟研究

通过人工模拟降雨,研究不同地形(不同坡度和坡长)条件下枣树坡地产流产沙规律,并采用WEPP模型对径流和产沙进行模拟。结果表明,当降雨强度一定时,水流的含沙量随着坡长的增加而增大,随着坡度(16°,21°,26°)的增加,在21°时产流产沙过程始终保持最低,而产流时间则随着坡度的增加而提前;当降雨强度逐渐增大时,径流量与坡长呈线性关系,产流时间则随坡长的增加而推后,产沙量与坡长则呈指数关系。不同坡度条件下,降雨强度大于1.15mm/min时,产流和产沙量均明显增加。WEPP模型对产流量和产沙量模拟的有效性ME分别为0.796和0.585,说明模型模拟结果合理,且产流量的模拟精度要高于产沙量的模拟精度。     

降雨类型对北方土石山区坡面土壤侵蚀的影响

该文基于北京市房山区蒲洼径流小区2013-2015年观测的105场自然降雨,采用实测水文数据与WEPP模型模拟降雨侵蚀过程相结合的方法,对比了北方土石山区不同雨型下的坡面土壤侵蚀差异。结果表明:1)自然降雨中,单场降雨的侵蚀能力表现为B型雨(低频率、短历时、中雨量、大雨强)A型雨(中频率、长历时、大雨量、中雨强)C型雨(高频率、中历时、小雨量、小雨强),其中,侵蚀性降雨中A型雨降雨频率最高、对研究区土壤侵蚀的累计贡献率最大;而C型雨几乎不会引发土壤侵蚀。2)诱发北方土石山区棕壤坡面土壤侵蚀的临界雨量为8 mm、临界雨强为9.5 mm/h。3)利用WEPP模型通过设置最大30 min雨强I30出现的不同时间将3类雨型进一步划分为4个子雨型,结果表明同一雨强出现的降雨时序差异会影响土壤侵蚀的发生程度,且子雨型下土壤侵蚀量整体表现为递增型峰值型递减型均值型,其中A型雨4个子雨型下侵蚀量差异最显著。研究结果可为北方土石山区棕壤坡面土壤侵蚀预报模型的建立及土壤侵蚀防治提供参考依据。     

基于WEPP模型的多级梯田暴雨侵蚀模拟初步研究

针对2013年6—9月份安塞县马家沟多级梯田遭受暴雨侵蚀严重等问题,运用新一代水蚀预报模型WEPP模型对马家沟多级梯田在暴雨条件下的侵蚀情况进行模拟,并将WEPP模型模拟的结果与实测资料进行了对比。结果表明:WEPP 模型能够较好地模拟黄土丘陵区多级梯田在暴雨条件下的径流量以及土壤侵蚀量,随着梯田级数的增加,WEPP模型对径流量与侵蚀量的模拟精度逐渐降低。由于受该区地下水的影响,模拟径流量总体小于采用径流系数法算得的径流量,由于梯田田埂的防蚀作用,模拟土壤侵蚀量总体大于实测侵蚀量。研究为黄土丘陵区梯田防蚀以及梯田修筑提供科学依据及有效方法,为黄土丘陵区多级梯田的暴雨侵蚀预测提供了合理化建议。     

黑土区宽垄和窄垄耕作的顺坡坡面土壤侵蚀对比

宽垄耕作具有明显的增产效应,但顺坡宽垄耕作的坡面土壤侵蚀研究鲜见报道。该文基于野外大型坡面径流场观测和室内模拟降雨试验,对比分析了中国黑土区顺坡宽垄和窄垄耕作的坡面土壤侵蚀差异。结果表明,野外观测和室内模拟条件下顺坡宽垄坡面侵蚀量较之于顺坡窄垄坡面分别减少64.4%～90.4%和33.2%～57.9%,同时2种垄作方式下坡面侵蚀量与径流量均呈现出良好的线性关系(R2≥0.81),但顺坡宽垄处理下的坡面侵蚀量随径流量的增加幅度小于顺坡窄垄处理。野外观测结果还表明,2种垄作方式的坡面侵蚀量皆与降雨侵蚀力PI30和径流量呈显著正相关关系,顺坡宽垄较之于顺坡窄垄减少的坡面侵蚀量随着PI30的增大而呈降低趋势,当PI30为430～605时,顺坡宽垄较顺坡窄垄的坡面土壤侵蚀量减少74.8%～90.4%,当PI30为1520～1708时,顺坡宽垄较顺坡窄垄的坡面土壤侵蚀量减少64.4%和66.5%。无论是野外观测还是室内模拟试验均表明,与传统的顺坡窄垄相比,顺坡宽垄具有较好防治坡面土壤侵蚀效果。因此,在东北黑土区推广宽垄耕作对保护黑土资源有重要意义。     

坡长对侵蚀产沙过程影响的模拟研究

通过室内模拟降雨试验探讨了坡长对侵蚀产沙过程的影响规律。实验结果表明 ,坡长是影响径流、侵蚀产沙的重要因素 ,径流量与坡长呈线性关系 ,侵蚀量与坡长基本呈指数关系。累积径流量与累积侵蚀产沙量均与降雨历时呈明显的直线关系 ,其斜率随坡长的增加而增大。坡长对侵蚀形态的演化也有重要作用 ,在试验条件下 ,0 .72 mm/ min雨强下 2 .5 ,5 ,7.5 ,10 m坡长小区均未发生细沟侵蚀 ;雨强增至 1.14mm / min时 ,10 m小区发生了细沟侵蚀 ;雨强大于 1.14mm / min时 ,7.5 m以上的小区均有细沟侵蚀发生。细沟发育时 ,坡面径流、侵蚀产沙量猛增 ,水流含沙量也出现了跳跃性增加     

基于WEPP的砒砂岩坡面复合侵蚀治理生态水文效应评价

基于2014—2016年二老虎沟小流域坡面径流小区的7场野外降雨下径流泥沙监测数据,在砒砂岩区表土(0—20cm)条件下,通过累积误差法率定模型土壤参数;同时采用模型有效性系数(ME)和决定系数(R2)对模型有效性进行验证,并利用WEPP模型对不同侵蚀治理措施坡面径流泥沙情况进行了模拟预测,对其减流减沙生态水文效应进行了比较分析。结果表明:(1)当模型有效水力传导系数为4.73mm/h、临界剪切力为1Pa和细沟土壤可蚀性为0.01s/m时,模型模拟效果最佳。(2)WEPP模型模拟无措施(裸地)小区径流量和侵蚀量的R2分别为0.7223和0.7025,ME分别为0.6160和0.6167,WEPP模型模拟措施(草地)小区径流量和侵蚀量的R2分别为0.7116和0.8447,ME分别为0.6741和0.6903;措施小区的模型效果比无措施小区的模拟效果好。(3)不同降雨类型下,情景a(阳坡低盖度草本)、情景b(阳坡低盖度灌丛)、情景c(阳坡中盖度灌丛)、情景d(阴坡灌木林)、情景e(阴坡高盖度灌丛)、情景f(阴坡低盖度灌丛)的植物措施减流效应为13.04%~91.28%,减沙效应为44.46%~99.98%。总体来看,不同情景的减流减沙效应为情景d>情景e>情景c>情景f>情景b>情景a。     

土石山区径流小区坡长对径流量和侵蚀量影响的研究

以土石山区径流小区所产生的径流量和侵蚀量为研究对象,对在山东省临朐县辛庄试验站径流小区坡长为10m,20m和40m多年的观测资料,分析了坡长与径流和侵蚀的关系.研究表明:不同坡长条件下降雨量与径流量和侵蚀量呈线性关系,同一坡长条件下,径流量和侵蚀量随降雨量的增加而增加,不同坡长条件下,随坡长的增加,径流量逐渐增加,在P<10mm时20m坡长的侵蚀量大于40m坡长的侵蚀量,在P>10mm时呈相反变化.不同坡长条件下I₃₀与径流量和侵蚀量呈幂函数关系,同一坡长条件下,径流量和侵蚀量随I₃₀的增加而增加,不同坡长条件下,随坡长的增加,侵蚀量逐渐增加,在I₃₀<20mm时20m坡长的径流量大于40m坡长的径流量,在I₃₀>20mm时呈相反变化.     

Evaluating the applicability of the water erosion prediction project (WEPP) model to runoff and soil loss of sandstone reliefs in the Loess Plateau,China

Soil erosion is one of the most serious environmental issues, especially in vulnerable areas such as the Pisha sandstone regions located in the Loess Plateau (China). In these types of reliefs, long-term studies monitoring runoff and soil loss are scarce, and even more considering the efficiency of different soil management techniques applied to reduce land degradation. In this study, seven years (2014–2020) of in-situ measurements of surface runoff and soil loss for different land uses (forestland, shrubland, grassland, farmland, and bare land) in a Pisha Sandstone environment at the Loess Plateau were conducted. We applied the Water Erosion Prediction Project (WEPP) model combining the large database with the precipitation regimes. Our results showed that runoff volume coming from observed and simulated data exhibited significant differences among them depending on the different vegetation types. Runoff and soil loss were different among diverse land use types as follows: farmland > grassland > shrubland > forestland. After conducting a calibration, we found satisfactorily simulated surface runoff and sediment yield based on precipitation regimes and land uses at sandstone reliefs. Simulation performance of surface runoff was better than sediment yield. The range of standard error of the model simulation for event and annual values of runoff were 4.71 mm and 12.19 mm, respectively. The standard error for event and annual values of soil loss were 4.19 t/hm² and 21.86 t/hm². In the calibration group, R² of runoff and soil loss were 0.92 and 0.86 respectively, while Nash-Sutcliffe coefficient (E) reached 0.90 and 0.85, respectively. In the validation group, the R² for both runoff and soil loss were 0.82 and 0.56, respectively. Nash-Sutcliffe coefficient (E) were 0.77 and 0.54 for the runoff and sediment yield. We concluded that using a detailed monitoring dataset, the WEPP model could accurately simulate and predict water erosion in the hillslopes of Pisha sandstone area.     

三峡库区传统耕作措施水土保持机理研究

通过大量野外勘查、测量数据,说明了传统耕作措施的规律性及其坡长与坡度特征参数,同时将物理过程侵蚀模型(WEPP)模拟结果与实测数据进行对比分析,主要从坡长因子的角度阐明了传统耕作措施的水土保持作用机理。研究结果表明,实测的5°~10°、10°~15°、15°~20°、20°~25°、25°~30°坡面对应的坡长分别为7~10 m、5~7 m、4~6m、3~5 m、3~4 m,与同一坡度条件下WEPP模拟的坡面侵蚀发生的突增拐点值比较接近;传统耕作措施通过缩短坡长来分散坡面径流,阻止细股流的形成,从而有效防止了坡耕地中主要的侵蚀类型——细沟侵蚀。     

Prediction of surface runoff and soil loss in southeastern Norway using the WEPP Hillslope model

Yearly and daily surface runoff and soil loss simulated by the WEPP Hillslope model v. 2002.7 were compared with measurements from two different soil erosion plot sites in southeastern Norway. The soil at Bjørnebekk (Bj) was a levelled silty clay loam (2% organic matter) and the soil at Syverud (Sy) was a loam (5% organic matter). The plots at Bj were 21 m long and 8 m wide, while the plots at Sy were 30 m long and 7 m wide. Slope at both sites was 13%. Four management systems for grain production were used: autumn ploughing (AP), winter crop rotation (WCR), autumn harrowing (AH) and spring ploughing (SP). Hydraulic conductivity and soil erosion parameters were determined using WEPP-recommended equations based on measured soil parameters. In general, the WEPP Hillslope model simulated fewer runoff events than measured for all management systems during 1990–1998. Runoff events in winter were seldom predicted and small events (<5 mm) were mostly missed. To use the WEPP Hillslope model on Norwegian soils, where major soil loss events from arable land occur during late autumn, winter and early spring, improvements in winter hydrology calculations are needed. In particular calculations of soil frost development and infiltration into frozen soil need to be improved. The WEPP-recommended soil erosion parameter equations were unsuitable for these two Norwegian soils, especially for levelled soil.     

Evaluation of the EUROSEM model with single event data on Steeplands in the Three Gorges Reservoir Areas,China

Because of the construction of the Three Gorges Dam in China, many farmers in reservoir areas will resettle in surrounding mountain areas and cultivate steeply sloping lands. Hence, a tool is needed to assess the risk of soil erosion, predict runoff and erosion rates, and design and evaluate soil protection strategies in this area. The European Soil Erosion Model (EUROSEM), a process-based model simulating erosion on an event basis for fields and small catchments, was tested using data from rainfall simulation experiments on steeplands (slopes≥47%) in the Three Gorges Reservoir areas. Simulations were carried out on plots representing four management treatments: uncultivated land, contoured-cultivated land, contoured-cultivated land with hedgerows and contoured-cultivated land with hedgerows + fertilizer. Results showed that, in most cases, EUROSEM predicted runoff reasonably well. Simulation of the timing and rate of soil loss was unsatisfactorily, mainly because of poor estimation of sediment concentration in runoff, but total soil loss during a rainfall event was adequately predicted in most cases. Differences between measured and simulated values in total runoff and total soil loss were less than 3 mm and less than 120 kg ha⁻¹, respectively, except for a single validation test on the contoured-cultivated treatment. This model is capable of differentiating impacts of land use changes and soil protection measures on steeplands in this area.     

基于WEPP模型的工程建设中施工便道边坡水土流失特征——以林芝市巴宜区为例

工程建设中施工便道导致的水土流失与传统土壤侵蚀不同，施工便道改变原自然坡面形态及水文过程，致使植被破坏、地表裸露，并形成路面、挖填边坡等多个侵蚀产沙部位，结构松散的路堑及边坡对降雨的响应更强、速度更快，土质低等级道路所引起的土壤侵蚀问题占比很大，因此研究可为工程扰动中施工便道的水土流失防治提供基础依据。以林芝市巴宜区为研究对象，采用WEPP模型对工程扰动下不同降雨条件、不同坡度坡长情况下施工便道边坡径流量、土壤流失量进行模拟分析，揭示施工便道边坡水土流失特征规律和关键影响因素。结果表明：(1)开始产生径流的60 min最大雨强(I₆₀)为11.16 mm/h,降雨量为12.40 mm;I₆₀处于10～17 mm/h范围内径流量低于0.50 mm,土壤流失量低于0.010 kg/m²,当I₆₀超过17 mm/h后，I₆₀与径流量、土壤流失量具有线性关系。(2)径流量随坡度增加呈“快速增加—增速减慢—逐渐减小”3个阶段，坡度在5°以下时产生最低径流量56.98～58.00 mm,坡...     

坡长对贵州喀斯特区黄壤坡耕地土壤侵蚀的影响

为揭示坡长对喀斯特坡耕地土壤侵蚀的影响作用,根据贵州省毕节石桥小流域水土保持监测点监测资料,研究了坡长为5,10,15,20,25 m的径流小区在次降雨条件下土壤侵蚀随坡长的变化规律。结果表明:喀斯特坡耕地坡面年内径流深随坡长增加表现为先减小后增大再减小;次降雨量小于30 mm时,径流深随着坡长的增加先增大后减小;次降雨量大于30 mm时,径流深随坡长增加表现为先减小后增大再减小。年内平均土壤侵蚀模数随着坡长的变化呈现一次函数关系的增长,拟合度R²=0.9217;次降雨量小于30 mm时,土壤侵蚀模数随着坡长的变化呈现先急剧增加后减小的趋势,峰值出现在10 m;次降雨量大于30 mm时,土壤侵蚀模数随着坡长的变化亦呈现一次函数的增长关系,拟合度R²=0.9146。在最大30 min雨强为25 mm/h和41.4 mm/h条件下,随着坡长的增加,径流深均表现为先减小后增大再减小,土壤侵蚀模数均表现为先增大后减小。     

Analysis and modeling of soil conservation measures in the Three Gorges Reservoir Area in China

Experimental plots were constructed in the Zhangjiachong Watershed of the Three Gorges Reservoir Area to evaluate soil erosion of traditional slope land farming and effects of soil conservation measures. Surface runoff and sediment from the watershed and each plot were collected and measured during 2004–2007. Field investigations indicated that hedgerows were the best for soil erosion control, followed by stone dike terraces and soil dike terraces. The Water Erosion Prediction Project (WEPP) model was used to simulate erosion of annual and rainfall events both at the watershed and plot levels. The low deviation, high coefficient of determination and model efficiency values for the simulations indicated that the WEPP model was a suitable model. The soil erosion rate distribution was modeled to determine where serious erosion would occur during rainfall events in the Zhangjiachong Watershed and so control measures can be taken.     

雨强和坡度对红壤坡耕地地表径流及壤中流的影响

地表径流和壤中流是坡面重要水文过程,雨强和坡度是影响坡面地表径流和壤中流产流主要因素。为研究降雨强度和地表坡度对坡耕地地表径流和壤中流的影响,该文采用人工模拟降雨试验法,在长3.0 m、宽1.5 m、深0.5 m土槽,设计4个不同坡度(5°、10°、15°、20°)和3个不同雨强(30、60、90 mm/h)对红壤坡耕地地表径流及壤中流产流过程进行模拟试验。结果表明:1)壤中流开始产流时间滞后于地表径流,降雨强度从30到90 mm/h,地表径流、壤中流产流开始时间均随雨强增大而减小,壤中流比地表产流开始滞后时间随着雨强增大先增大后趋于稳定;2)地表径流强度随雨强增大而增大,壤中流初始径流强度随雨强增大而增大,不同雨强下壤中流径流峰值相近;3)地表径流和壤中流产流过程曲线有明显差异,地表径流产流过程线先增大后趋于稳定,壤中流产流过程线呈抛物线型即先增大后减小;4)从5°到20°,地表产流开始时间随坡度增大而减小,壤中流产流开始时间随坡度增大先减小后增大;5)从5°到20°,地表径流强度先增大后减小,10°为转折坡度,壤中流产流峰值随坡度增大而减小,并且随着坡度增大达到壤中流峰值时间不断减小。