长期不同施肥下黄泥田土壤-水稻碳氮磷生态化学计量学特征

为阐明不同施肥模式下南方黄泥田土壤-水稻碳(C)、氮(N)、磷(P)生态化学计量特征,探讨C、N、P计量比对水稻N、P养分供应状况的指示意义,基于黄泥田长期施肥28年后的4个年份收获期数据,研究了不施肥(CK)、单施化肥(NPK)、化肥+牛粪(NPKM)与化肥+全部稻草还田(NPKS)处理收获物水稻植株和土壤有机C、全N、全P含量及其生态化学比值。结果表明:1)与CK相比,长期不同施肥土壤有机C、全N、全P含量分别增幅11.3%~39.1%、19.3%~43.1%、34.5%~69.0%,均以NPKM处理最高。土壤有机C、全N、全P相互间均呈显著正相关,且三者与籽粒、秸秆产量均呈显著正相关;土壤全N、全P也分别与对应的植株全N、全P呈极显著正相关,土壤有机C与植株有机C呈显著负相关;2)不同处理籽粒N:P变化范围为4.99~6.29、秸秆N:P变化范围为7.28~11.76。随着外源N、P的补充,各施肥均不同程度地降低了籽粒与秸秆C:N、N:P、C:P,与NPK处理相比,NPKM与NPKS处理籽粒、秸秆的上述比值呈进一步降低趋势,NPKM降幅尤为明显;3)不同施肥模式下水稻植株N:P及C:P与土壤P素、植株产量均呈显著负相关,显示黄泥田各施肥不同程度地受到P素限制而N素供应相对丰富,这与土壤养分化学诊断结果基本一致。上述说明,土壤有机C、全N、全P总量供应水平是影响黄泥田生产力的重要指标,NPKM处理对黄泥田定向培肥效果最为明显。植株N:P与产量关系对揭示该类稻田N、P限制有较好的指示作用,即较高的植株N:P而较低的产量暗示土壤P素供应相对N素缺乏。表征黄泥田水稻P素限制的植株N:P阈值范围可能较湿地生态系统(14~16)低。     

长期不同施肥对南方黄泥田水稻子粒与土壤锌、 硼、 铜、 铁、 锰含量的影响

在福建黄泥田长期定位施肥试验的第26年,研究了不同施肥模式对水稻子粒与土壤微量元素含量的影响。结果表明,与不施肥（CK）相比,化肥+牛粪（NPKM）、 化肥+秸秆还田（NPKS）及单施化肥（NPK）处理的水稻子粒Zn、 B、 Cu含量均有不同程度的提高,并尤以NPKM处理最为明显,三种微量元素含量分别提高14.3%、 25.1%、 465.2%,均达差异显著水平。NPKM与NPKS处理还不同程度地提高了子粒Mn含量,但各施肥处理的子粒Fe含量均显著降低。各施肥处理尤其是NPKM与NPKS均显著提高了子粒微量元素吸收量。NPK处理的土壤有效B、 Fe、 Zn、 Cu含量与CK相比均呈下降趋势,且有效Zn、 Mn含量较试验前土壤分别降低了36.4%与24.6%,而NPKM与NPKS处理缓解了下降趋势,且NPKM处理的土壤有效Zn、 B、 Mn含量分别较CK提高46.6%、 52.0%、 43.0%,均达差异显著水平。土壤有机质与子粒B、 Cu、 Zn含量呈显著正相关,子粒必需氨基酸、 粗蛋白与子粒Zn含量呈显著正相关。以上结果说明,长期化肥配施牛粪或秸秆还田有利于提高水稻子粒Zn、 B、 Cu等微量元素含量和产量,改善子粒营养品质,一定程度上又可缓解土壤有效微量元素含量的下降,是适合南方黄泥田的施肥模式。     

不同施肥模式对南方黄泥田耕层有机碳固存及生产力的影响

【目的】探讨南方丘陵黄泥田不同施肥对耕层土壤有机碳固存及生产力的影响,促进区域农田固碳减排和作物高产。【方法】基于32年的长期定位试验,研究不施肥(CK)、单施化肥(NPK)、化肥+牛粪(NPKM)、化肥+全部稻草还田(NPKS)处理下,历年水稻产量、代表性年份耕层土壤有机碳含量及固碳速率的变化。【结果】NPK、NPKM、NPKS处理下水稻历年平均产量分别较CK高67.1%、88.1%和84.2%,差异显著,且NPKM、NPKS处理与NPK处理间亦具有显著差异。NPK、NPKM与NPKS处理耕层土壤有机碳历年平均含量比CK高8.9%~36.8%其中NPKM最高且亦显著高于NPKS与NPK处理。与初始土壤相比各处理有机碳含量增加1.84~5.26g/kg。以每10年为评价周期,NPKM、NPKS处理的固碳速率与CK及NPK差异均显著,其中双季稻年份NPKM与NPKS处理固碳速率分别是CK的2.38倍和1.98倍,是NPK处理的1.59倍与1.32倍但NPK处理与CK间差异不显著。稻田系统年均有机碳输入与有机碳固存间存在极显著幂函数关系,施肥土壤有机碳含量变化与籽粒产量变化间亦呈极显著正相关。【结论】南方黄泥田化肥配施有机肥或配合秸秆还田较单施化肥稳步提升水稻产量。长期不施肥土壤有机碳仍可维持低幅度增长,随着土壤有机碳含量升高,固碳效率逐步降低。化肥配施有机肥或配合秸秆还田较单施化肥明显提高了土壤的固碳速率二者均是提高黄泥田生产力与固碳能力的双赢措施。     

长期施肥对南方黄泥田冬春季杂草群落及其C、N、P 化学计量的影响

在福建黄泥田长期定位施肥试验的第27年,研究了不同施肥处理对冬春季稻田杂草群落及其C、N、P化学计量的影响。结果表明,与不施肥(CK)相比,化肥+牛粪(NPKM)、化肥+秸秆还田(NPKS)及单施化肥(NPK)处理的杂草Shannon均匀度指数(E)降低0.03~0.07个单位,NPKM与NPKS处理还同时降低了Margalef物种丰富度指数(DMG),而表征综合量度的Shannon多样性指数(H′)则降低0.02~0.16个单位。各施肥处理的杂草生物量较CK增加89.6%~214.7%。不同施肥处理还提高了杂草N、P、K养分含量,尤其是NPKM处理,各施肥处理养分积累顺序表现为:NPKM>NPKS>NPK。此外,各施肥处理降低了杂草C/N与C/P计量比值。植株C/N、C/P、N/P与土壤C/N、C/P、N/P及生物量间呈一定的显著相关。不同施肥处理影响杂草多样性及其养分吸收,施肥处理的杂草养分储量可观,培肥潜力大。杂草的C、N、P计量比一定程度上可反映土壤C、N、P计量特征。     

长期施肥对氨氧化古菌丰度及群落结构的影响

【目的】氨氧化古菌对土壤氮素转化有着重要的作用。本研究以长期定位施肥黄泥田土壤为研究对象探讨了长期不同施肥模式对土壤氨氧化古菌数量和多样性的影响,为制定合理的施肥制度提供理论基础。【方法】试验在福建省农科院试验站上进行,以30年长期定位施肥的红壤性水稻土为研究对象采用荧光定量PCR和克隆文库技术,研究了长期不同施肥模式对氨氧化古菌(ammonia-oxidizing archaea,AOA)丰度及群落结构的影响。试验设4个处理:1)不施肥(CK);2)单施氮磷钾肥(NPK);3)氮磷钾肥配施牛粪(NPKM);4)氮磷钾肥配施秸秆(NPKS)。小区面积为12 m~2每个处理设3个重复。土样采集时间为2012年10月份(水稻收获后),测定土壤养分和氨氧化古菌的数量及多样性。【结果】1)与CK相比,NPKM和NPKS处理显著增加了土壤有机质含量,NPKM和NPKS处理之间无显著差异。2)与CK相比施肥均能提高土壤全氮含量;NPKM和NPKS处理能够显著提高土壤全磷含量,NPKM处理全磷含量最高;仅NPKS处理能显著增加全钾含量。3)与CK相比,长期施肥均能提高土壤有效氮(AN)、速效磷(AP)和速效钾(AK)的含量,并且NPKM处理AN和AP含量最高,NPKS处理中AK含量最高。4)与CK相比,长期施肥均对土壤pH值无显著影响。5)与CK处理相比,NPKM和NPKS处理的amoA基因拷贝数显著增加增加幅度分别为168.4%和95.7%;单施化肥处理与CK无显著差异。土壤氨氧化古菌数量与土壤有机质含量呈显著正相关,与土壤全磷、有效氮、速效磷和速效钾含量呈极显著正相关。6)长期不同施肥处理影响土壤氨氧化古菌的种群结构,单施化肥增加了土壤AOA的多样性,而化肥配施有机肥则降低了AOA的多样性。7)本试验中得到的土壤氨氧化古菌amoA基因序列均为不可培养的古菌,包括泉古菌(Crenarchaeote)和奇古菌(Thaumarchaeote)。本试验所得氨氧化古菌绝大多数与来自土壤、沉积物的amoA基因克隆非常相似,少数与水体环境相似。【结论】不同培肥模式下,土壤中氨氧化古菌均为不可培养的古菌,包括泉古菌(Crenarchaeota)和奇古菌(Thaumarchaeota),然而水稻土壤养分和氨氧化古菌丰度及群落结构变化显著。单施化肥的作用不明显,有机无机肥配施有利于土壤有机质和养分的积累以及氨氧化古菌的生长增加了氨氧化古菌优势菌群的比例。     

长期不同施肥下南方黄泥田有效磷对磷盈亏的响应特征

【目的】黄泥田为南方主要中低产田类型之一。通过研究长期施肥条件下南方黄泥田土壤磷素累积盈亏与有效磷的关系,为黄泥田科学施用磷肥提供理论依据。【方法】基于连续33年水稻长期定位试验,研究了不施肥 (CK)、单施化肥 (NPK)、化肥配施牛粪 (NPKM)、化肥配施秸秆 (NPKS) 四个处理土壤有效磷的变化规律及土壤磷累积盈亏状况,计算有效磷–磷盈亏响应系数。【结果】各施肥处理双季稻年份 (1983～2004年) 土壤有效磷与全磷含量呈年际上升趋势,以NPKM增幅最为明显,改为单季稻后 (2005～2015年) 则呈下降趋势,也以NPKM降幅最为明显。试验至2015年,NPK、NPKS处理有效磷含量分别为9.7 mg/kg、8.7 mg/kg,较试验初期分别下降8.3 mg/kg、9.3 mg/kg,NPKM处理与试验初期持平。CK、NPK、NPKM、NPKS处理的磷素活化系数 (PAC) 总体呈年际下降趋势,其多年平均磷素活化系数值 (PAC) 分别为2.9%、3.5%、4.7%、4.1%,其中NPKM与NPKS处理显著高于NPK与CK处理。除双季稻NPKS处理外,不同施肥模式下双季稻与单季稻年份的土壤有效磷增减与土壤累积磷盈亏均呈显著正相关,其中双季稻年份土壤磷素 (P) 每盈余100 kg/hm2,NPK、NPKM处理有效磷分别增加4.5 mg/kg与11.2 mg/kg,而单季稻年份土壤磷素每亏缺100 kg/hm2,NPK、NPKM、NPKS处理有效磷分别减少14.6 mg/kg、23.9 mg/kg、25.9 mg/kg。双季稻磷肥年施用量 (P) 为26.2 kg/hm2时,土壤磷素呈盈亏持平状态。【结论】有机无机肥配施比单施化肥能够显著提高黄泥田土壤有效磷、全磷含量和磷素活化系数,有效磷含量与磷素累积盈亏密切相关,等磷素盈亏量下,有机无机肥配施的有效磷响应系数要高于单施化肥,而磷累积亏缺下,有效磷降幅响应比磷累积盈余下有效磷增幅响应大。     

不同施肥措施提高南方黄泥田供钾能力及钾素平衡的作用

【目的】基于连续 30 年南方低产黄泥田培肥定位试验,研究土壤全钾、速效钾、缓效钾含量与钾素盈亏特性,明确钾肥投入量与产量的关系,以期为黄泥田钾素肥力定向培育及水稻钾肥施用提供科学依据。 【方法】定位监测不施肥 (CK)、单施化肥 (NPK)、化肥 + 牛粪 (NPKM)、化肥 + 全部稻草还田 (NPKS) 四种施肥处理代表性年份耕层土壤钾素含量动态变化,分析各形态钾素间及与有机碳含量的关系,并于相邻集中年份 2010、2011、2013、2014 年采集植株样品以评价土壤钾素水平、土壤钾素盈亏、植株养分对钾肥投入量的响应。 【结果】30 年施肥处理下,土壤全钾含量平均较 CK 增加 2.2%～5.0%,且双季稻年份不同处理差异较单季稻年份大,速效钾含量历年平均较 CK 增加 43.9%～102.4%,以 NPKS 增加最为明显,而不同处理的土壤缓效钾含量无明显差异。土壤速效钾含量与全钾呈显著正相关,土壤全钾、速效钾含量与有机碳均呈极显著正相关。各施肥处理提高了收获期植株钾含量与累积量。NPKS 处理每年盈余钾素 (K₂O) 101.1 kg/hm2,其余处理每年亏缺幅度为 –89.4～–18.6 kg/hm2。钾肥用量、速效钾含量、土壤钾素盈亏量相互间呈极显著正相关,可推算出外源钾肥 (K₂O) 每年投入量达到 161.8 kg/hm2 时,土壤钾素处于持平状态,其对应的土壤速效钾含量为 95.3 mg/kg。钾肥用量、速效钾含量、土壤钾素盈亏量及籽粒钾含量均与植株产量呈显著正相关。 【结论】水稻增产效果与土壤钾肥投入量、速效钾含量及钾素盈亏量有关。黄泥田土壤速效钾较缓效钾、全钾更直接反映生产力水平。长期施肥提高了黄泥田土壤全钾与速效钾含量,NPK 化肥加秸秆还田对增加土壤钾素盈余与提升速效钾效果要明显优于单施 NPK 化肥或 NPK 肥配合粪肥。     

江西进贤水田长期施肥模式对水稻养分吸收利用的影响

利用江西进贤26年的长期定位试验,研究了不同施肥模式下水稻不同器官养分分配及其与土壤养分的关系。结果表明：长期施用化肥对土壤有机C含量没有显著影响,但显著提高了土壤中有效养分含量;有机无机肥配施显著提高土壤有机C和有效养分含量。水稻各器官对N、P、K的吸收存在明显差异,籽实中N、P的吸收量占总吸收量的比例分别为56% ~ 73%和65% ~ 85%,K的吸收则主要集中在秸秆（49% ~ 60%）。籽实产量与N、P施肥量显著相关,施肥对根茬生物量的影响比对籽实、秸秆的影响更明显;土壤养分状况显著影响水稻籽实、秸秆与根茬的生物量。N、P、K化肥的均衡施用及有机-无机配施提高了水稻籽实产量,其中NPK+OM处理籽实产量最高,较对照增产73.4%,2NPK与NPK处理分别增产59.5% 和35.2%;配合施肥可以提高肥料表观利用率。水稻籽实、秸秆与根茬产量受土壤性质的影响显著,全P、速效P及碱解N与水稻总生物量极显著相关（相关系数分别为0.89,0.98和0.95）。     

化肥有机替代对黑土土壤肥力的影响——基于30 年长期定位试验

有机粪肥施入与秸秆还田已经成为改良黑土性状的重要途径。以30 年长期定位试验为研究平台，探讨了长期有机物料投入对土壤理化性质的影响。研究共包含4 个处理:(1)不施肥(CK)；(2)单施化肥(NPK)；(3)有机粪肥部分替代化肥(NPKM)；(4)秸秆部分替代化肥(NPKS)。研究结果指出，与NPK 处理相比，NPKM 与NPKS 处理分别提高58.7% 和10.7% 的土壤有机碳含量、66.4% 和18.5% 的全氮含量、27.6% 和25% 的全钾含量(P<0.05)；在土壤全磷含量方面，NPKM 处理提高了56.6% 的全磷含量(P<0.05)，而NPKS 处理对土壤全磷含量无显著影响。NPK 处理中土壤pH 最低，为5.97，NPKM 与NPKS 处理土壤pH 分别为7.26 和7.99，显著高于NPK 处理(P<0.05)。与NPK 处理相比，NPKM 和NPKS 处理分别降低了17.9% 和13.8% 的土壤容重(P<0.05)。在作物产量方面，与NPK 处理相比，NPKM 处理显著提高了9.6% 的玉米产量(P<0.05)，而NPKS 处理对作物产量无显著影响。综上所述，长期有机粪肥与秸秆施入可以有效提高黑土有机质及养分含量，抑制土壤酸化、板结，改善土壤理化性质，提高土壤质量。     

长期不同施肥对南方黄泥田水稻子粒品质性状与土壤肥力因子的影响

在福建黄泥田长期定位施肥试验的第26年,研究了不同施肥处理对水稻子粒品质性状与土壤肥力因子的影响。结果表明,化肥+牛粪（NPKM）、化肥+秸秆还田（NPKS）及单施化肥（NPK）处理的水稻子粒必需氨基酸含量分别较不施肥（CK）处理提高256%、161%、131%,差异显著; 粗蛋白与淀粉含量则分别提高111141与2339个百分点,均以NPKM处理增效最为突出。各施肥处理显著提高了子粒氮、磷含量,升幅最高的NPKM处理分别比CK提高261%、311%,且提高了子粒钙、镁、硫中量元素含量。子粒氮、磷、镁、硫含量与氨基酸呈显著正相关,子粒氮、钙、硫含量与淀粉呈显著正相关。3个施肥处理均提高了土壤有机质及有效养分含量,并以速效钾的增加最为明显。此外,土壤有机质、碱解氮、速效磷等肥力因子与子粒氨基酸、淀粉品质性状均呈显著正相关; 土壤碱解氮和子粒氮含量与土壤速效磷及子粒磷含量均呈显著正相关。综合考虑施肥对水稻产量、品质性状与稻田土壤肥力的影响,以NPKM处理最优。     

Accumulation of copper in soils and leaves of tomato plants in greenhouses in Turkey

Copper (Cu)‐containing fertilizers, fungicides, and bactericides has been used extensively in the greenhouses in the Antalya province in recent decades with the use of such materials tending to increase year by year. The level of DTPA‐extractable Cu was determined in 210 soils (0–20 and 20–40 cm depth) and 105 leaf samples obtained from 105 tomato greenhouses. The DTPA‐extractable Cu contents of the soils taken from the 0–20 depth ranged between 0.76 and 88.03 mg kg^‐1 (mean 7.79 mg kg^‐1). The percentage of soils containing DTPA‐extractable Cu greater than the critical toxicity level (20 mg kg^‐1) was 8.1. The Cu content of tomato leaf samples ranged between 2.4 and 1,490 mg kg^‐1 (mean 166.5 mg kg^‐1). The Cu concentration in leaf samples was very high due to the intensive use of foliar applied Cu‐containing chemicals. As a consequence, 24.8% of the leaf tomato samples analyzed contained over 200 mg Cu kg^‐1, the maximum accepted tolerance level. Therefore, it may be necessary to reduce the use of Cu‐containing pesticides and fertilizers, or at least reduce the amount of Cu‐containing fertilizers being used in those greenhouses where Cu‐containing pesticides have been or are being used.     

Role of selenium in mitigation of cadmium toxicity in pepper grown in hydroponic condition

Selenium (Se) is an essential element for humans but is not considered as essential for plants. However, its beneficial role in improving plant growth and stress tolerances is well established. In order to study the role of Se in cadmium (Cd) toxicity in pepper (Capsicum frutescens cv. Suryankhi Cluster), this experiment was carried out in greenhouse conditions. Treatments comprised Cd [0, 0.25, and 0.5 mM cadmium chloride (CdCl₂)] and Se [0, 3, and 7 µM sodium selenite (Na₂SeO₃)] with three replications. The result showed that Cd decreased chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and carotenoids, whereas Se supplementation diminished Cd toxicity on photosynthetic pigment. Selenium at 7 µM significantly increased the leaf area in the plants grown at 0.25 mM Cd. The application of Se at 3 µM with 0.25 mM Cd and Se at 3 µM and Se at 7 µM with 0.5 mM Cd increased the activity of catalase (CAT). Selenium at 7 µM decreased the proline content of pepper leaves exposed to Cd at 0.5 mM (30%). Selenium significantly enhanced the antioxidant activity of leaves, which was diminished by Cd toxicity. In general, Se has a beneficial effect on plant growth and is an antioxidant enzyme of pepper cv. Suryankhi Cluster under Cd stress and non-stress conditions.     

Occurrence of Sexual Hormones in Sediments of Mangrove in Brazil

The presence of sexual hormones (female estrogens) was assessed in sediments of a mangrove located in the urban region of southern Brazil. The estrogens are involved in human sexual reproduction. They act as the chemical messengers, and they are classified as natural and synthetic. The estrogens inputs in the environment are from treated and untreated sewage. The presence of estrogens in sewage is excretion from the female due to natural production and use of contraceptives (synthetic estrogens). With the indiscriminate release of sewage into the environment, estrogens can be found in rivers, lakes, and even in oceans. In this work, the presence of estrone (E1), 17-??-estradiol (E2), and 17-??-ethynilestradiol (EE2) in eight sedimentary stations in Itacorubi mangrove located on Santa Catarina Island, south Brazil, was investigated. Historically, the Itacorubi mangrove has been impacted by anthropogenic activities because the mangrove is inserted in the urban area of the Florianopolis. The estrogen EE2, used as contraceptive, had the highest concentration in mangrove sediment, 129.75?±?3.89 ng/g. E2 was also found, with its concentration ranging from 0.90?±?0.03 to 39.77?±?1.19 ng/g. Following the mechanism, under aerobic or anaerobic conditions, E2 will first be oxidized to E1, which is further oxidized to unknown metabolites and finally to CO₂ and water (mineralized). EE2 is oxidized to unknown metabolites and also finally mineralized. Theoretically, under anaerobic conditions, EE2 can be reduced to E1 even in environments such as mangrove which is essentially anaerobic.     

红壤区不同肥力水稻土根际硝化作用特征

通过根际培养箱(三室)——速冻切片技术研究了红壤地区高、低两种肥力下水稻苗期根表、根际和土体土壤矿质态氮含量和硝化强度,以及水稻生长、氮素积累的差异。结果表明,肥力水平对水稻根表和根际土壤铵态氮(NH4+-N)含量无显著影响,但高肥力显著提高土体土壤NH4+-N含量,以及根表、根际和土体土壤硝态氮(NO3--N)含量及硝化强度。两种肥力水稻土硝化强度最大值均出现在距根表2 mm处,分别为0.20和0.31μmol kg-1 h-1。土体土壤硝化强度随距根表距离增加而降低,低肥力土壤在距根表10～40mm处时硝化强度接近本底值,而高肥力土壤在距根表20～40 mm处时接近本底值。与不种水稻的CK相比,种植水稻显著提高根际土壤硝化强度。高肥力能显著改善水稻生长,增加植株氮素积累量,尤其显著促进根系生长及通气组织发育。由于红壤稻田肥力水平的差异造成水稻根际硝化强度以及水稻吸收NO3-的差异,导致高肥条件下水稻显示出更强的生长势和氮素吸收利用能力。因此,合理提高红壤稻田肥力水平对改善红壤区水稻根际土壤硝化作用及水稻氮素营养具有重要意义。     

自由基在鸡肾病发生中的作用研究

肾病即急性肾小管坏死.鸡肾病在养鸡生产中极为常见,尤其近年来,鸡肾病的发生日益增多,由于其发生机制不清楚,临床治疗鸡肾病的依据不足,致使治疗效果不佳,为此,提出本研究以探讨鸡肾病的发生机制,为本病防治提供理论依据.     

Meta-analysis in the Selection of Groups in Varieties of Citrus

Brazil is the largest producer of oranges (Citrus sinensis) in the world. The nutrient management of tree orchards is designed from experiments with a limited number of varieties. This knowledge is transferred to other varieties by diagnosing tissue nutrient composition and tree demand. Compositional data analysis has been first applied to tissue analysis of agricultural crops using centered log ratios with compositional nutrient diagnosis (CND-clr). The isometric log ratio (ilr) transformation is a new approach based on binary nutrient ratios and the principle of orthogonality (CND-ilr). We analyzed eleven nutrients: nitrogen (N), sulfur (S), phosphorus (P), potassium (K), calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), boron (B), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), manganese (Mn), and iron (Fe) in leaf tissue samples across 108 commercial plots (thirty-one grow Valencia, twenty-two Hamlim, twenty Pera, and thirty-five Natal). Nutrients were partitioned between macro- and micronutrients as well as anionic and cationic species. The effect size of varieties over Valencia was quantified by the mean and standard deviation of ilr values across ilr coordinates. Specific varietal nutrient profiles and ilr norms were defined. The nutrient profile of orange varieties could be classified into homogeneous groups to take advantage of fertilizer trials conducted on varieties of the same group. The Aitchison distance and a perturbation vector could be instrumental for diagnostic purposes and nutrient management.     

旱地果园水肥管理模式研究进展

分析了旱地果园水肥管理模式的研究进展和存在问题,指出水肥胁迫尤其是水钾已成为旱区果树高产稳产优质化的主要限制因子。在系统探讨旱地果园水分管理、养分管理、综合管理以及果树叶营养综合诊断施肥标准的基础上,提出了旱地果园的高效水肥管理模式。     

Effect of iron-quercetin complex on reduction of nitrite in in vitro and in vivo systems

This study investigated whether reducing agents such as quercetin and iron(II) facilitate formation of nitric oxide (NO) gas from orally ingested nitrite in an vivo study. When 3 mg/kg Na (15)NO2 was orally administered to rats with or without iron(II) or quercetin, Hb (15)NO, which is indicative of systemic (15)NO, was detected in the blood, with the maximum blood concentration of Hb (15)NO at 15 min after nitrite or nitrite plus quercetin treatment, whereas after administration of nitrite plus iron(II) or nitrite plus iron(II) and quercetin, the time was shortened to 10 min. Interestingly, iron(II), quercetin, or iron(II) plus quercetin did not affect the total amount of Hb (15)NO generated from orally administered Na (15)NO2. However, the systemic nitrite concentration was significantly decreased in the presence of iron(II) or iron(II) plus quercetin. These results may indicate that iron(II) is critical to the generation of NO gas from nitrite, whereas quercetin contributed little under the in vivo experimental conditions.     

Role of aldehyde oxidase in the hepatic in vitro metabolism of 3-methylindole in pigs

The metabolism of 3-hydroxy-3-methylindolenine (HMI), a recently discovered metabolite of 3-methylindole (3MI, skatole) produced by porcine liver microsomes, was investigated in vitro using porcine liver cytosol. HMI was rapidly metabolized to a single product, 3-hydroxy-3-methyloxindole (HMOI), by porcine cytosol. By the use of the selective inhibitors menadione and quinacrine, it was shown that the enzyme responsible for the oxidation of HMI into HMOI was aldehyde oxidase (AO; aldehyde:oxygen oxidoreductase, EC 1.2.3.1). The activity of AO in the conversion of HMI to HMOI was measured in a population of pigs (n = 30) with a wide range of 3MI levels in back fat (0.07-0.30 mg/kg). AO activity was found to be negatively correlated (r = -0.70; P < 0.001) with the level of 3MI in fat. The results of the present study suggest that AO plays an important role in the metabolism of 3MI in the pig and that its catalytic activity is related to an adequate 3MI clearance.     

Role of hydrocolloids in the creaming of oil in water emulsions

The influence of guar gum and xanthan gum on the creaming of 10% oil in water emulsions has been investigated. The presence of very low concentrations of the polysaccharides (typically < approximately 0.075%) was found to induce depletion flocculation of the emulsion droplets and increased the rate of creaming. However, at higher polysaccharide concentrations (typically > approximately 0.1%) the creaming rate was reduced due to the increased viscosity of the aqueous phase. For most systems a delay period was noted before creaming started, which was found to be dependent on the zero shear viscosity of the continuous phase and independent of polysaccharide type. The delay period increased significantly at zero shear viscosities approaching 1 Pa s. A mathematical model has been used to fit the creaming rate profiles and a simple exponential relationship obtained between delay time and polysaccharide concentration.