贵州典型山银花土壤机械组成与养分特性及其关系

采用比重计法测定土壤机械组成,分别采用电位测定法、凯氏定氮法、碱解扩散法、碳酸氢钠浸提钼蓝比色法、重铬酸钾外加热法、醋酸铵浸提-火焰光度法测定土壤pH、全氮、碱解氮、有效磷、有机质及速效钾,以非根区土壤为对照,对贵州典型山银花土壤机械组成与土壤肥力特性及它们之间的关系进行研究。结果表明:根区颗粒组成分为粗粉粒细砂粒粘粒细粉粒≈中粉粒≈粗砂粒;非根区颗粒组成顺序为粗粉粒粘粒细粉粒≈中粉粒细砂粒≈粗砂粒,表明非根区质地较根区粘重。根区粘粒、粉粒和物理性粘粒含量小于非根区,砂粒含量较高;根区与非根区各土壤类型大小顺序分别为黄壤紫色土≥石灰土;黄壤石灰土紫色土。贵州产区根区养分含量高于非根区,土壤养分水平均在Ⅱ级以上,非根区土壤养分含量均在Ⅲ级以上水平,根区砂粒含量与有机质、pH、速效钾、有效磷、全氮含量呈正相关;粉粒含量与pH、有机质、全氮、速效钾含量均呈负相关;粘粒含量与有机质、pH、全氮含量均呈负相关;物理性粘粒含量与有机质、pH、全氮、速效钾含量均呈负相关。非根区砂粒含量与有机质、碱解氮、全氮含量均呈负相关,与pH、有效磷含量均呈正相关;粉粒含量与pH、碱解氮含量均呈正相关,与速效钾含量呈负相关;粘粒含量与所有指标呈负相关;物理性粘粒含量与pH呈极显著负相关。得出山银花根系对改善土壤粘重质地有较好作用;质地粘重的土壤,机械组成含量对山银花生长的影响较大,且砂粒含量越高对山银花生长的促进作用越明显。     

河南三种土壤阳离子交换量相关性及预测模型研究

土壤阳离子交换量是一项重要的土壤理化性质,它是衡量土壤肥力和作物养分有效性的一个重要指标。通过对河南3种土壤1177个数据的相关性及回归分析来研究阳离子交换量与土壤有机质、pH值、粘粒含量、粉粒含量和砂粒含量的关系。结果表明:(1)对于阳离子交换量来说,砂姜黑土>水稻土>褐土;3种土壤的上层土>下层土;3种土壤的阳离子交换量比第二次土壤普查分别降低15.7%,12.7%,6.5%;(2)对与砂姜黑土和褐土来说,其阳离子交换量与pH值和0.02~2 mm砂粒含量成显著负相关,褐土与粘粒含量成显著正相关;对于水稻土来说,其阳离子交换量与有机质含量和粘粒含量成显著正相关,与砂粒含量成显著负相关;(3)利用这些数据做出的这三个土壤类型的6个回归模型是有科学依据的。总的来说,土壤有机质、pH值、粘粒含量与砂粒含量与CEC有着紧密联系,但还有其他因素影响着预测模型的准确性。     

江西省不同农田利用方式对土壤养分状况的影响

为了全面掌握江西省土壤养分的状况,基于江西省16 823个农田耕层(0—20cm)土壤样点数据,运用实地采样、数理统计与地统计学等分析方法,对研究区不同农田利用方式(水旱轮作、一季旱地、两季旱地、一季水田和两季水田)下土壤养分含量进行了研究。结果表明:通过半方差函数研究发现,江西省土壤养分的空间变异主要是由随机因素引起的,耕层(0—20cm)土壤全氮(TN)和碱解氮(AN)含量分别为1.25～1.61g/kg,149.27～169.90mg/kg,全磷和有效磷含量为0.49～0.54g/kg和17.94～21.30mg/kg,全钾(TK)和速效钾含量为11.55～12.19g/kg和72.67～106.41mg/kg,有机质含量和土壤pH值为27.09～31.52g/kg,5.12～5.52;不同土地利用方式下土壤化学性质差异达到极显著水平,其影响程度由大到小依次为土壤pH值全氮速效钾有机质有效磷碱解氮全磷全钾;Pearson相关性分析发现,土壤中有机质含量和与全氮、碱解氮、全钾、速效钾、有效磷含量以及pH值有显著(p0.05)或极显著的相关性(p0.01),相关系数分别为0.945,0.359,-0.014,0.033,0.028,0.061,-0.061,说明土壤有机质含量与其他养分含量关系密切,可以作为指示土壤肥力的敏感因子。研究结果对于江西省采取合理的土地利用方式、施肥方式以及提高土壤养分水平、土地生产力等方面具有极其重要的意义。     

山东省长期连作杨树人工林的土壤理化特性与综合肥力评价

土壤理化特性是土壤综合肥力的重要组成部分,对于诊断土壤质量优劣具有重要意义,可为人工林的合理经营提供参考。以山东省杨树主栽区20块长期(10～60年)连作人工林样地为研究对象,取样测定15个土壤指标,研究了林地土壤的物理和化学特性,并采用综合指数法对土壤综合肥力进行了评价。结果表明:山东省杨树人工林土壤全钾、碱解氮含量总体上处于“很低”水平,有机质、全氮、全磷含量和电导率(EC)处于“较低”水平,有效磷、速效钾含量和容重处于“适中”水平,而毛管孔隙度处于“较高”水平。80%样地为微碱性砂质壤土或壤质砂土,砂粒含量较高,而粉砂粒、粘粒含量较低。不同样地间的土壤综合肥力存在较大差异,以鲁北区杨树人工林土壤综合肥力指数最高,显著高于鲁南、鲁西和鲁西南这3个栽培区。相关分析表明,土壤有机质、全磷、全钾、有效磷、速效钾、容重、粉砂粒、粘粒8个理化指标均对土壤综合肥力指数具有显著影响,而全氮、碱解氮、pH、EC、毛管孔隙度、砂粒、粉粘比7个指标与其相关性均不显著。杨树连作时间、林龄、林分密度对林地土壤肥力没有明显影响。     

深圳城市绿地土壤肥力质量评价及管理对策

城市绿地是城市生态系统的重要组成部分,被称为城市的"肺"。城市绿地土壤通过其支持的植物、微生物和自身的功能,美化和净化城市环境,对城市的可持续发展具有重要意义。采集深圳市中心城区主要公园绿地、道路绿化带、住宅区绿地和单位附属绿地0～20cm,20～40cm土壤,研究了土壤质地、容重、孔隙度、阳离子交换量、pH、有机质、氮、磷、钾等物理化学性质。结果表明,深圳城市绿地土壤以砂壤和轻壤土为主,20～40cm土壤中松砂和紧砂土占有一定比例,土壤砾石含量高,重砾质土壤占91%以上;表层土壤(0～20cm)容重大,孔隙度小,阳离子交换量低;土壤pH较自然土壤明显增高,以中性和微酸性为主。土壤有机质处于较低的水平;全氮、碱解氮和全磷处于很低水平,有效磷处于中等水平;土壤全钾、速效钾处于中等或以上水平。0～20cm土壤中有机质、全氮、碱解氮显著高于20～40cm土壤。根据深圳城市绿地土壤质量状况,提出了加强深圳城市绿地土壤科学管理的措施和建议。     

蚯蚓密度与土壤化学肥力主要参数之间的定量关系

为研究蚯蚓密度与土壤化学肥力主要参数之间的定量关系,利用数据分析蚯蚓密度与pH值、电导率(EC)、有机质、全氮、碱解氮、全磷、有效磷、全钾、有效钾、有效钙、有效镁及阳离子交换量(CEC)之间的定量关系。结果显示,蚯蚓密度与pH值呈极显著的负相关关系(P<0.001),与有机质、全氮和全磷含量呈极显著的正相关关系(P<0.002),与其他指标的相关性比较弱。研究表明,根据这种关系可以将蚯蚓密度与土壤化学肥力主要指标的定量关系分为5个等级,可为准确地评价蚯蚓对土壤化学肥力的影响提供参考。     

辽东山区天然次生栎林土壤有机碳含量及其与理化性质的关系

通过对设置在辽东山区本溪市草河口镇和庄河市仙人洞镇两个典型天然次生栎林(Quercus spp.)样地内的土样进行分层(0—10,10—20,20—30,30—40cm)采集和室内分析,研究了0—40cm土层土壤有机碳、全氮、全磷等含量的剖面分布特征,探讨了有机碳与理化性质间的关系。结果表明:土壤有机碳及全氮、全磷、全钾、碱解氮、速效磷、速效钾、阳离子交换量的含量均随土层加深而降低,而土壤容重随土层加深而增加,由t检验和方差分析得知,各指标含量在土层间差异均达到5%显著水平;土壤有机碳与粉粒、pH、全氮、全磷、全钾、碱解氮、速效磷、速效钾、阳离子交换量间均呈显著正相关(r=0.430 9~0.919 0,n=44,P0.01),与土壤容重、砂粒间均呈显著负相关(r=0.388 3~0.670 6,n=44,P0.01),而与黏粒间无显著相关性;由逐步回归分析得知土壤碱解氮、碳氮比、全钾、pH、全氮与有机碳间关系最为紧密。土壤有机碳与其他理化性质间关系密切,且以全氮、碱解氮、碳氮比、全钾和pH对其影响最大;同时,各指标均具有明显的剖面分布规律。     

高原耕地土壤养分空间分布与影响因子相关性研究

综合运用GIS地统计分析和空间分析技术,以保山市隆阳区为代表区域研究高原坝区耕地土壤主要养分的空间变异规律,及其与土类、地形因子间的关系。结果表明:研究区内土壤pH、有机质、碱解氮、速效钾表现出中等程度的空间相关性。有效磷变异系数最大,空间自相关性较强。各指标在不同土类间差异均达极显著水平:潴育型水稻土中pH值、有机质、碱解氮含量较高;黄壤中有效磷含量最低,速效钾最高;红壤中有机质含量最低。土壤养分受地形因子影响明显,pH、有机质、碱解氮和速效钾与海拔均呈显著的正相关;有效磷与海拔呈负相关;坡度与pH、有机质、碱解氮、有效磷均呈负相关,与速效钾正相关。坡向与各指标相关性均不显著。本研究可为科学耕地施肥,合理土地改良及利用提供依据,对高原稀缺耕地的可持续和高效利用具有重要意义。     

宁夏典型草原土壤理化性状对不同管理方式的响应

以宁夏典型草原为对象,研究封育、放牧和水平沟改良管理方式下草原土壤颗粒组成、土壤容重、有机质含量、全氮、水解氮、速效磷和速效钾的分布差异。结果表明,不同管理方式下0-40cm土壤以细沙粒和粗粉粒为主,占颗粒总量的58.46%～77.48%,管理方式对土壤质地无明显影响,但0-15cm土层粘粒和粉粒含量随封育年限的增加呈上升趋势;放牧能显著增加0-5cm土壤容重;管理方式对0-40cm土层有机质、全氮、水解氮、速效磷和速效钾含量影响显著,以封育15,20,25年和水平沟改良10年的草地土壤养分含量较高,放牧草地最低;各管理方式下土壤养分含量表现为随土层深度增加而下降;典型草原土壤理化性状间存在显著相关性。     

烤烟叶片茄酮含量与土壤化学性状的关系

通过分析河南许昌市5个烟区土壤与烟叶各45份成对样品的测试数据,运用偏相关分析、逐步回归分析和通径分析等方法,研究了土壤化学性状与烤烟叶片中茄酮含量的定量关系。结果表明:土壤有机质、全氮、全钾、有效氮、土壤阳离子交换量、全铝、全镁和全钠是影响河南许昌烤烟叶片茄酮含量的主要土壤化学性状指标,8项指标联合决定着烤烟叶片茄酮含量98.87%的变化。对烤烟叶片茄酮含量直接影响最大的是土壤有机质,其次为有效氮、土壤阳离子交换量、全氮、全铝、全钠、全镁和全钾。其中,土壤有机质对烤烟叶片茄酮含量产生明显的直接正面效应,而土壤有效氮、土壤阳离子交换量对烤烟叶片茄酮含量产生直接的负面效应。土壤有效氮是烤烟叶片茄酮含量最主要的决策因素,而土壤有机质是烤烟叶片茄酮含量最主要的限制因素。     

Effect of tillage treatments upon soil tests for soil acidity,soil phosphorus and soil potassium at three soil depths

Abstract

Soil samples were obtained at 0–3, 3–6, 6–9 and 0–9 inch depths from experimental plots receiving five tillage treatments. Each of two samplers composited approximately six one‐inch cores from each plot. Soil samples were analyzed for acidity, P and K using routine analysis procedures in the University of Illinois Soil Testing Laboratory.

Few significant differences were attributed to sampler and it was concluded that samplers using similar sampling techniques were obtaining soil samples from the same population.

No significant differences in soil acidity at different depths were observed. The different tillage methods did significantly affect soil P at the 0–3 inch depth, but had no significant effect on soil P at deeper depths. Different tillage methods also significantly affected soil K values at different depths.     

Usability of soil survey soil texture data for soil health indicator scoring

Soil textural information is an important component underlying other soil health indicators. Soil texture analysis is a common procedure, but it can be labor intensive and expensive. Soil texture data typically are available from the Soil Survey Geographic (SSURGO) database, which may be an option for determining soil health texture groups (SHTG). The SSURGO database provides soil texture information in the soil map unit (SMU) name, taxonomic class category (family), and detailed values (≤ 2 mm soil fraction) of percent sand, silt and clay by soil horizon. The objective of this study was to examine the possibility of using SSURGO data for SHTG at the 147-ha Cornell University Willsboro Research Farm in New York state as an alternative for soil texture data determined manually on collected soil core samples. Comparative results revealed that representative values for soil texture from the SSURGO database generally matched measured mean values for all SMUs.     

土壤含水率与土壤碱度对土壤抗剪强度的影响

土壤含水率和土壤碱度是表征土壤物理化学性质的两个重要参数。通过室内三轴不固结不排水试验，研究了土壤含水率和土壤碱度对土壤抗剪强度的影响。试验处理采用5种土壤碱度(土壤可交换钠百分比ESP=0、5、10、20、40)和4种土壤质量含水率(0.05、0.10、0.20以及饱和含水率0.34)水平。试验结果显示，土壤黏聚力随着土壤含水率的增加基本上呈先增大后减小之趋势；当土壤含水率在0.10附近时黏聚力达到其最大值。土壤内摩擦角随着土壤含水率的增加而线性减小。土壤碱度对土壤黏聚力的影响机理较为复杂，其影响效果随土壤含水率的增加而减小；但土壤碱度对土壤内摩擦角的影响较小。土壤碱度对土壤抗剪强度的影响程度明显地小于土壤含水率对其的影响程度。     

A soil core for routine soil sampling

Abstract

The design, materials and dimensions for constructing a coring device for sampling soil fauna and flora at different depths is described.     

Relationships between soil respiration and soil moisture

The interaction of soil microbes with their physical environment affects their abilities to respire, grow and divide. One of these environmental factors is the amount of moisture in the soil. The work we published almost 25 years ago showed that microbial respiration was linearly related to soil-water content and log-linearly related to water potential. The paper arose out of collaboration between two young researchers from different areas of soil science, physics and microbiology. The project was driven by not only our curiosity but also the freedom to operate without the constraints common to the current system of science management. The citation history shows three peaks, 1989, 1999 and from 2002 to the present day. Interestingly, the annual citation rate is as high as it has ever been. The initial peak is due to the application of the work to studies on microbial processes. The second peak is associated with the rise of simulation modelling and the third with the relevance of the findings to climate change research. In this article, our paper is re-evaluated in the light of subsequent studies that allow the principle of separation of variables to be tested. This re-evaluation lends further credence to the linear relationship proposed between soil respiration and water content. A scaled relationship for respiration and water content is presented. Lastly, further research is suggested and more recent work on the physics of gas transport discussed briefly.     

Relationship between soil respiration and soil moisture

Microbial activity is affected by changes in the availability of soil moisture. We examined the relationship between microbial activity and water potential in a silt loam soil during four successive drying and rewetting cycles. Microbial activity was inferred from the rate of CO₂ accumulating in a sealed flask containing the soil sample and the CO₂ respired was measured using gas chromatography. Thermocouple hygrometry was used to monitor the water potential by burying a thermocouple in the soil sample in the flask. Initial treatment by drying on pressure plates brought samples of the test soil to six different water potentials in the range -0.005 to -1.5MPa. Water potential and soil respiration were simultaneously measured while these six soil samples slowly dried by evaporation and were remoistened four times. The results were consistent with a log-linear relationship between water potential and microbial activity as long as activity was not limited by substrate availability. This relationship appeared to hold for the range of water potentials from ?0.01 to ?8.5 MPa. Even at ?0.01 MPa (wet soil) a decrease in water potential from ?0.01 to ?0.02 MPa caused a 10% decrease in microbial activity. Rewetting the soil caused a large and rapid increase in the respiration rate. There was up to a 40-fold increase in microbial activity for a short period when the change in water potential following rewetting was greater than 5 MPa. Differences in microbial activity between the wetter and drier soil treatments following rewetting to the original water potentials are discussed in terms of the availability of energy substrate.     

Volumetric soil measures for routine soil testing

Abstract

The design, dimensiors and materials for constructing volumetric soil measures for routine soil testing use are presented. Scoop calibration techniques are also described. Reproducibility of results obtained under routine laboratory, conditions are shown. The measures include volumes of 1.0‐, 2.5‐, 5.0‐ and 10‐ cm³ respectively.     

Why soil erosion models over-predict small soil losses and under-predict large soil losses

Evaluation of various soil erosion models with large data sets have consistently shown that these models tend to over-predict soil erosion for small measured values, and under-predict soil erosion for larger measured values. This trend appears to be consistent regardless of whether the soil erosion value of interest is for individual storms, annual totals, or average annual soil losses, and regardless of whether the model is empirical or physically based. The hypothesis presented herein is that this phenomenon is not necessarily associated with bias in model predictions as a function of treatment, but rather with limitations in representing the random component of the measured data within treatments (i.e., between replicates) with a deterministic model. A simple example is presented, showing how even a `perfect' deterministic soil erosion model exhibits bias relative to small and large measured erosion rates. The concept is further tested and verified on a set of 3007 measured soil erosion data pairs from storms on natural rainfall and run-off plots using the best possible, unbiased, real-world model, i.e., the physical model represented by replicated plots. The results of this study indicate that the commonly observed bias, in erosion prediction models relative to over-prediction of small and under-prediction of large measured erosion rates on individual data points, is normal and expected if the model is accurately predicting erosion rates as a function of environmental conditions, i.e., treatments.     

Assessment the effect of homogenized soil on soil hydraulic properties and soil water transport

Soil hydraulic properties play a crucial role in simulating water flow and contaminant transport. Soil hydraulic properties are commonly measured using homogenized soil samples. However, soil structure has a significant effect on the soil ability to retain and to conduct water, particularly in aggregated soils. In order to determine the effect of soil homogenization on soil hydraulic properties and soil water transport, undisturbed soil samples were carefully collected. Five different soil structures were identified: Angular-blocky, Crumble, Angular-blocky (different soil texture), Granular, and subangular-blocky. The soil hydraulic properties were determined for undisturbed and homogenized soil samples for each soil structure. The soil hydraulic properties were used to model soil water transport using HYDRUS-1D.The homogenized soil samples showed a significant increase in wide pores (wCP) and a decrease in narrow pores (nCP). The wCP increased by 95.6, 141.2, 391.6, 3.9, 261.3%, and nCP decreased by 69.5, 10.5, 33.8, 72.7, and 39.3% for homogenized soil samples compared to undisturbed soil samples. The soil water retention curves exhibited a significant decrease in water holding capacity for homogenized soil samples compared with the undisturbed soil samples. The homogenized soil samples showed also a decrease in soil hydraulic conductivity. The simulated results showed that water movement and distribution were affected by soil homogenizing. Moreover, soil homogenizing affected soil hydraulic properties and soil water transport. However, field studies are being needed to find the effect of these differences on water, chemical, and pollutant transport under several scenarios.