博斯腾湖湿地边缘带农田土壤重金属的污染风险评价

对新疆博斯腾湖湿地边缘带农田土壤中8种重金属元素(As、Cd、Cr、Cu、Mn、Ni、Pb和Zn)地球化学特征进行分析。采用污染负荷指数(PLI)、潜在生态风险指数(RI)和生态风险预警指数(IER)对农田土壤重金属污染与环境风险进行评价。结果表明:(1)湿地边缘带农田土壤Pb和Zn呈现重度污染,As、Cd、Cr和Ni轻度污染,Cu轻微污染,Mn无污染。土壤As、Cd、Cr、Cu、Ni、Pb和Zn平均含量处于轻微风险水平。Cd是污染程度与生态风险等级最高的重金属元素;(2)湿地边缘带农田土壤PLI平均值为1.43,呈现轻度污染,RI平均值为20.62,呈现轻微生态风险状态,IER的平均值为–4.53,呈现无警态势。湿地边缘带PLI、RI与IER空间分布格局基本一致;(3)湿地边缘带农田土壤Pb与Zn来源主要受到人类活动的影响,Cr、Cu、Mn与Ni来源主要受到土壤地球化学作用的控制,As与Cd受自然因素和人为因素共同影响。     

松嫩平原产油区农田土壤重金属含量及污染风险评价

  目的  为探明松嫩平原石油开采及石化工业活动区周边农田土壤重金属污染分布及风险状况。  方法  在大庆市让胡路区选择代表性农田采集96份土壤样品,测定重金属（Cd、Hg、Ni、Pb、Cu、Zn、Cr、As）含量;在利用地统计学克里金插值法分析重金属含量空间分布特征的基础上,采用地积累指数法和潜在生态危害指数法对该地区农田土壤重金属污染状况及其生态风险进行评价。  结果  该区土壤中Cd和Ni的含量分别为土壤背景值的1.39倍和1.27倍。在对各样点Pb、Zn、Cu和Cr 4种元素含量分析中,均出现不同程度的高于土壤背景值的样点。重金属Cd的地积累指数平均值为0.11,达到轻度~中度污染水平。研究区土壤重金属潜在生态危害风险指数（RI）平均值为84.84,从大到小为Cd > Hg > Ni > As > Pb > Cu > Zn > Cr,其中Cd的RI值最大为190.23,达到中等生态危害范围。研究区农田土壤重金属含量在空间分布上表现为:Cd、Zn和Pb含量高值区出现在中部地区,其它重金属元素含量高值区分布比较零散。  结论  研究区域内,8种重金属含量的平均值均低于风险筛选值,Cd和Ni两种重金属平均含量超出了背景值,从地积累指数来看,Cd污染等级为1级,其它7种元素均处于无污染水平。从潜在生态风险分析可知,该区域污染程度属于轻度生态危害范围。     

喀纳斯景区土壤重金属污染及其潜在生态风险评价

[目的]对喀纳斯景区土壤重金属污染及其潜在生态风险进行评价,为景区资源科学管理和保护提供参考依据。[方法]以喀纳斯景区为研究区,测定土壤样品As,Pb,Hg,Cd,Zn,Cr,和Cu含量,通过污染负荷指数对喀纳斯景区重金属污染情况进行全面评价,采用潜在生态风险指数法对土壤重金属进行潜在生态风险评价,并运用相关分析与主成分分析法对土壤重金属来源与污染程度进行深入分析。[结果](1)研究区表层土壤As,Pb,Hg,Cd,Zn,Cr和Cu平均含量分别为6.48,16.60,0.10,0.08,84.71,2.47,32.23mg/kg,其中As,Pb,Hg和Cd高于新疆土壤背景值,Zn,Cr和Cu低于新疆土壤背景值。(2)人类活动扰动强由强至弱4个样地,7种重金属含量不同,且同一重金属在4个样地间具有一定差异性。(3)人类活动扰动强样地、人类活动扰动较强样地和人类活动扰动轻微样地3个样地中Hg为重度污染(PLI值分别为5.70,4.36,4.64),Zn,Cr,Cu为轻度污染。全部金属RI均小于150,研究区仅存在轻微生态危害,但研究区Hg污染需关注。(4)7种重金属间大多存在关系,Pb与Hg,Cd和Zn呈显著相关(p≤0.01)。Cd和Hg来源相同可能性较大,As,Zn和Cu来源可能一致。[结论]喀纳斯景区受旅游活动干扰土壤中重金属有不同程度的积累,土壤重金属污染愈加严重。     

贵州万山汞矿区某农田土壤重金属污染特征及来源解析

研究采集万山汞矿区典型农田土壤样品,分析测试其Hg、As、Cd、Cr、Pb、Cu、Zn、Ni含量,利用综合污染指数法、地累积指数法和潜在生态危害指数法评估农田土壤的污染状况及生态风险,结合相关分析和主成分分析解析农田土壤中重金属的来源。结果表明,该农田土壤Hg、As、Cd、Cr、Pb、Cu、Zn、Ni的平均含量分别为4.29、117.6、0.43、59.06、48.99、43.77、29.13、18.80 mg kg~(-1)。土壤重金属综合污染指数为7.16,表明该农田土壤重金属重度污染,其中100%的位点Hg、As重度污染,66.7%的位点Pb轻度污染,25%的位点Cd轻度污染。土壤重金属的综合潜在生态危害指数为469.0,生态风险强,Hg对综合潜在生态危害指数的贡献率为78.30%,是该农田土壤生态风险的主要来源。该农田中重金属的来源包括:交通运输源、矿业污染源、农业污染源和自然活动源,主要污染物Hg来源于矿业活动,As来源于交通运输和矿业活动,Cd来源于农业活动,Pb来源于交通运输。     

宝鸡市街尘重金属元素含量及其环境风险分析

分析了宝鸡市街尘中重金属元素的含量,结果表明:宝鸡市街尘中Cu、Pb、Zn、Cr、Cd、As和Hg的平均含量分别为123.2、408.4、715.1、126.7、5.5、19.8和1.1μg g-1。在工业区、交通区及商业区,除Cr和As略微高于陕西省土壤元素背景值(1.6~2.2倍),其他重金属元素均远远高于陕西省土壤元素背景值(5~64倍)。不同功能分区街尘中重金属元素含量存在显著差异,Hg在交通区含量最高,其他重金属元素均在工业区最高。地累积污染指数法的评价结果表明,宝鸡市街尘中除Cr和As的污染较轻外,其他重金属元素的污染均比较严重,尤其是Cu和Pb在工业区尤为突出。潜在生态风险指数法的评价结果表明,宝鸡市街尘中重金属元素的污染水平和生态危害达到了严重程度,其中,Cr和As属于中等污染,其他重金属元素达到了重度以上污染,Cu、Zn、Cr、As和Pb属于中等潜在生态危害,Hg和Cd达到严重潜在生态危害。     

宁夏贺兰县土壤重金属分布特征及其生态风险评价

为研究西北地区农田土壤重金属分布特征及其生态风险,以宁夏贺兰县为研究区,采集农田表层土壤样品140个,分析测试了Cr、Ni、Cu、Zn、As、Cd和Pb含量,并采用内梅罗综合污染指数和H?kanson潜在生态风险指数法进行了重金属生态风险评价。结果表明:宁夏贺兰县农田表层土壤Cr、Ni、Cu、Zn、As和Pb元素均低于国家土壤环境二级标准,仅有1.42%样点的Cd元素出现超标;与宁夏土壤背景值相比,各元素都有不同程度的累积,其中Cd和Ni元素超出背景值的点位率分别达到100%和85%;土壤各重金属元素的分布特征较为一致,各元素含量分布比较均匀,高值区集中在中部和东部地区,主要受人类活动的影响。单因子污染指数分析结果表明,Cd元素有0.71%的点位为中度污染水平,Ni和As分别有7.14%和5%的点位处于尚清洁水平,Cr、Cu、Zn、Pb全部清洁,尚未造成污染。重金属的单项生态风险指数(E_r~i)表明,Cd元素的平均潜在生态风险指数为97.68,达强烈风险水平,是最主要的生态风险元素。宁夏贺兰县农田土壤环境质量整体良好,Cd和Ni累积严重,值得关注。     

龙游硫铁矿区农田土壤重金属污染的空间 变异及在水稻中的积累

为了解浙江龙游硫铁矿区农田重金属污染状况,采集矿区265件农田土壤样品,分析8种重金属Cu、As、Hg、Zn、Cd、Ni、Pb、Cr元素全量,利用地统计学软件GS+9.0对研究区土壤各元素指标进行半变异函数拟合,并利用普通克里格法进行插值并绘制空间分布图。采集30件水稻籽粒样品,分析重金属在研究区中水稻籽粒的累积特征,并进行了健康风险评价。结果表明:矿区土壤中8种重金属元素的变异系数从0.72到1.76,离散程度较高。8种重金属的土壤空间半变异函数Cu、As、Hg元素符合指数模型,Zn、Cd、Ni、Pb符合球状模型,Cr符合高斯模型。元素Cu、Pb、Zn、Cr、Ni的块金值与基台值的比值C0/C0+C都小于0.25,说明空间变化主要受地质背景等因素影响;元素Cd、Hg和As的块金值与基台值的比值C0/C0+C在0.25~0.75之间,说明除了地质背景因素,人为活动等随机因素也有影响。矿区水稻籽粒中重金属Ni和Cd的变异系数最高,分别为0.95和0.87,说明Ni和Cd元素可能存在异常积累。矿区水稻籽粒对重金属的富集能力由大到小依次为Cd、Zn、Cu、Ni、As、Hg、Cr、Pb。健康风险评价结果表明矿区农田水稻籽粒中元素As、Cd的风险商大于1,存在潜在健康风险;而其他6种重金属Cu、Hg、Zn、Ni、Pb和Cr基本属于安全范围。     

金乡县大蒜产区土壤重金属特征及潜在生态风险评价

应用地积累指数、潜在生态风险指数、健康风险指数法和因子分析法对金乡县典型大蒜产区土壤重金属（As、Cd、Cr、Cu、Hg、Ni、Pb和Zn）特征、污染源头及其潜在生态风险进行了评价分析。结果表明:该县大蒜产区土壤重金属As、Cd、Cr、Cu、Hg、Ni、Pb和Zn的平均含量分别为16.27、0.18、63.05、32.79、0.15、32.05、20.71和80.47 mg kg?1,未超过《食用农产品产地环境质量评价标准》（HJ 332—2006）规定的上限值,即多数点位土壤重金属含量处于清洁水平。土壤重金属潜在生态风险低,且没有显著的人体健康风险。土壤中的Cd、Cr、Cu、Pb和Zn可能主要来自施肥、施药和灌溉等农业生产活动,As和Hg可能来自当地煤炭生产等工业活动产生的大气沉降。总体而言,从重金属含量角度评价,该地区土壤质量处于清洁水平,建议今后继续加强大蒜产地投入品的监管和当地煤炭生产及相关工业活动的脱尘处理,以保障大蒜产区土壤具有绿色可持续的生产能力。     

三峡库区典型农业区土壤重金属污染特征及风险评价

为了解三峡库区农业区土壤重金属污染现状及环境风险水平,该文以重庆市8个典型农业区县(铜梁、云阳、万州、丰都、城口、垫江、南川和江津)土壤为研究对象,共采集表层(0~20 cm)土壤样品160个,依照《土壤环境监测技术规范(HJ/T 166-2004)》和《土壤环境质量标准GB 15618-1995》分析了土壤样品中8种重金属(As、Cd、Cr、Cu、Hg、Ni、Pb和Zn)的含量,比较了不同区县8种重金属污染现状及差异,应用地积累指数法和潜在生态风险指数法探讨了研究区土壤重金属的累积特征及潜在生态风险等级。结果表明:该研究区农业土壤8种重金属含量平均值均未超过《土壤环境质量标准GB 15618-1995》二级标准,与土壤背景值相比,Cd、Cr、Cu、Hg和Zn均具有极显著差异(P0.01),As、Ni和Pb差异不显著,8个区县Cr均表现出极显著差异(P0.01),城口区多种重金属均表现出极显著差异(P0.01),8种重金属地累积指数平均值均小于0,研究区土壤受重金属污染水平为未污染等级,单个重金属潜在生态风险顺序为HgCdAsHgCuNiCrZn,Hg元素潜在生态风险指数平均值为43.840,属中等生态风险等级,其余元素生态风险指数值均小于40,属于低生态风险等级,8种重金属综合潜在生态风险指数平均值为108135,为低生态风险等级。综合研究结果表明:三峡库区典型农业区土壤Cd、Cr、Cu、Hg和Zn具有一定程度的累积,且表现为多种重金属复合累积现象,Cr累积具有普遍性,Hg是影响三峡库区农业土壤综合潜在生态风险的主要元素,但研究区土壤重金属总体处于低生态风险水平。     

“十三五”期间滇池外海底泥重金属污染特征分析及生态风险评价

基于"十三五"期间(2016—2020年)滇池外海晖湾中、罗家营、观音山东、观音山中、观音山西、白鱼口、海口西和滇池南等8个采样点位底泥中7种重金属监测值,利用地质累计指数法及潜在生态危害指数法等评价方法,对重金属进行污染特征分析及生态风险评价。结果表明,As、Hg、Cr、Pb、Cd、Cu和Zn平均含量对比云南省土壤背景值分别超标0.46,4.70,0.47,0.73,3.47,1.17,1.13倍,且时空分布存在差异性。时间变化上,As、Cd、Cu、Zn含量总体呈下降趋势。空间分布上,As、Hg、Cr和Pb含量高值集中在滇池外海南部水域,Cd和Cu在东部水域较高,Zn含量则呈现北高南低的趋势。地质累计指数法和潜在生态危害指数法评价表明,8个点位中滇池南、晖湾中和观音山西重金属污染程度较高,潜在生态风险也较高,引起污染累积以及潜在生态风险的指标主要为Hg、Cd和Cu。重金属来源分析结果显示,As、Hg、Cr、Pb具有相似的污染来源,初步推断为工业污染源;Cu和Cd主要来自农业污染源。     

Role of selenium in mitigation of cadmium toxicity in pepper grown in hydroponic condition

Selenium (Se) is an essential element for humans but is not considered as essential for plants. However, its beneficial role in improving plant growth and stress tolerances is well established. In order to study the role of Se in cadmium (Cd) toxicity in pepper (Capsicum frutescens cv. Suryankhi Cluster), this experiment was carried out in greenhouse conditions. Treatments comprised Cd [0, 0.25, and 0.5 mM cadmium chloride (CdCl₂)] and Se [0, 3, and 7 µM sodium selenite (Na₂SeO₃)] with three replications. The result showed that Cd decreased chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and carotenoids, whereas Se supplementation diminished Cd toxicity on photosynthetic pigment. Selenium at 7 µM significantly increased the leaf area in the plants grown at 0.25 mM Cd. The application of Se at 3 µM with 0.25 mM Cd and Se at 3 µM and Se at 7 µM with 0.5 mM Cd increased the activity of catalase (CAT). Selenium at 7 µM decreased the proline content of pepper leaves exposed to Cd at 0.5 mM (30%). Selenium significantly enhanced the antioxidant activity of leaves, which was diminished by Cd toxicity. In general, Se has a beneficial effect on plant growth and is an antioxidant enzyme of pepper cv. Suryankhi Cluster under Cd stress and non-stress conditions.     

红壤区不同肥力水稻土根际硝化作用特征

通过根际培养箱(三室)——速冻切片技术研究了红壤地区高、低两种肥力下水稻苗期根表、根际和土体土壤矿质态氮含量和硝化强度,以及水稻生长、氮素积累的差异。结果表明,肥力水平对水稻根表和根际土壤铵态氮(NH4+-N)含量无显著影响,但高肥力显著提高土体土壤NH4+-N含量,以及根表、根际和土体土壤硝态氮(NO3--N)含量及硝化强度。两种肥力水稻土硝化强度最大值均出现在距根表2 mm处,分别为0.20和0.31μmol kg-1 h-1。土体土壤硝化强度随距根表距离增加而降低,低肥力土壤在距根表10～40mm处时硝化强度接近本底值,而高肥力土壤在距根表20～40 mm处时接近本底值。与不种水稻的CK相比,种植水稻显著提高根际土壤硝化强度。高肥力能显著改善水稻生长,增加植株氮素积累量,尤其显著促进根系生长及通气组织发育。由于红壤稻田肥力水平的差异造成水稻根际硝化强度以及水稻吸收NO3-的差异,导致高肥条件下水稻显示出更强的生长势和氮素吸收利用能力。因此,合理提高红壤稻田肥力水平对改善红壤区水稻根际土壤硝化作用及水稻氮素营养具有重要意义。     

Accumulation of copper in soils and leaves of tomato plants in greenhouses in Turkey

Copper (Cu)‐containing fertilizers, fungicides, and bactericides has been used extensively in the greenhouses in the Antalya province in recent decades with the use of such materials tending to increase year by year. The level of DTPA‐extractable Cu was determined in 210 soils (0–20 and 20–40 cm depth) and 105 leaf samples obtained from 105 tomato greenhouses. The DTPA‐extractable Cu contents of the soils taken from the 0–20 depth ranged between 0.76 and 88.03 mg kg^‐1 (mean 7.79 mg kg^‐1). The percentage of soils containing DTPA‐extractable Cu greater than the critical toxicity level (20 mg kg^‐1) was 8.1. The Cu content of tomato leaf samples ranged between 2.4 and 1,490 mg kg^‐1 (mean 166.5 mg kg^‐1). The Cu concentration in leaf samples was very high due to the intensive use of foliar applied Cu‐containing chemicals. As a consequence, 24.8% of the leaf tomato samples analyzed contained over 200 mg Cu kg^‐1, the maximum accepted tolerance level. Therefore, it may be necessary to reduce the use of Cu‐containing pesticides and fertilizers, or at least reduce the amount of Cu‐containing fertilizers being used in those greenhouses where Cu‐containing pesticides have been or are being used.     

自由基在鸡肾病发生中的作用研究

肾病即急性肾小管坏死.鸡肾病在养鸡生产中极为常见,尤其近年来,鸡肾病的发生日益增多,由于其发生机制不清楚,临床治疗鸡肾病的依据不足,致使治疗效果不佳,为此,提出本研究以探讨鸡肾病的发生机制,为本病防治提供理论依据.     

Occurrence of Sexual Hormones in Sediments of Mangrove in Brazil

The presence of sexual hormones (female estrogens) was assessed in sediments of a mangrove located in the urban region of southern Brazil. The estrogens are involved in human sexual reproduction. They act as the chemical messengers, and they are classified as natural and synthetic. The estrogens inputs in the environment are from treated and untreated sewage. The presence of estrogens in sewage is excretion from the female due to natural production and use of contraceptives (synthetic estrogens). With the indiscriminate release of sewage into the environment, estrogens can be found in rivers, lakes, and even in oceans. In this work, the presence of estrone (E1), 17-??-estradiol (E2), and 17-??-ethynilestradiol (EE2) in eight sedimentary stations in Itacorubi mangrove located on Santa Catarina Island, south Brazil, was investigated. Historically, the Itacorubi mangrove has been impacted by anthropogenic activities because the mangrove is inserted in the urban area of the Florianopolis. The estrogen EE2, used as contraceptive, had the highest concentration in mangrove sediment, 129.75?±?3.89 ng/g. E2 was also found, with its concentration ranging from 0.90?±?0.03 to 39.77?±?1.19 ng/g. Following the mechanism, under aerobic or anaerobic conditions, E2 will first be oxidized to E1, which is further oxidized to unknown metabolites and finally to CO₂ and water (mineralized). EE2 is oxidized to unknown metabolites and also finally mineralized. Theoretically, under anaerobic conditions, EE2 can be reduced to E1 even in environments such as mangrove which is essentially anaerobic.     

Meta-analysis in the Selection of Groups in Varieties of Citrus

Brazil is the largest producer of oranges (Citrus sinensis) in the world. The nutrient management of tree orchards is designed from experiments with a limited number of varieties. This knowledge is transferred to other varieties by diagnosing tissue nutrient composition and tree demand. Compositional data analysis has been first applied to tissue analysis of agricultural crops using centered log ratios with compositional nutrient diagnosis (CND-clr). The isometric log ratio (ilr) transformation is a new approach based on binary nutrient ratios and the principle of orthogonality (CND-ilr). We analyzed eleven nutrients: nitrogen (N), sulfur (S), phosphorus (P), potassium (K), calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), boron (B), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), manganese (Mn), and iron (Fe) in leaf tissue samples across 108 commercial plots (thirty-one grow Valencia, twenty-two Hamlim, twenty Pera, and thirty-five Natal). Nutrients were partitioned between macro- and micronutrients as well as anionic and cationic species. The effect size of varieties over Valencia was quantified by the mean and standard deviation of ilr values across ilr coordinates. Specific varietal nutrient profiles and ilr norms were defined. The nutrient profile of orange varieties could be classified into homogeneous groups to take advantage of fertilizer trials conducted on varieties of the same group. The Aitchison distance and a perturbation vector could be instrumental for diagnostic purposes and nutrient management.     

Effect of iron-quercetin complex on reduction of nitrite in in vitro and in vivo systems

This study investigated whether reducing agents such as quercetin and iron(II) facilitate formation of nitric oxide (NO) gas from orally ingested nitrite in an vivo study. When 3 mg/kg Na (15)NO2 was orally administered to rats with or without iron(II) or quercetin, Hb (15)NO, which is indicative of systemic (15)NO, was detected in the blood, with the maximum blood concentration of Hb (15)NO at 15 min after nitrite or nitrite plus quercetin treatment, whereas after administration of nitrite plus iron(II) or nitrite plus iron(II) and quercetin, the time was shortened to 10 min. Interestingly, iron(II), quercetin, or iron(II) plus quercetin did not affect the total amount of Hb (15)NO generated from orally administered Na (15)NO2. However, the systemic nitrite concentration was significantly decreased in the presence of iron(II) or iron(II) plus quercetin. These results may indicate that iron(II) is critical to the generation of NO gas from nitrite, whereas quercetin contributed little under the in vivo experimental conditions.     

旱地果园水肥管理模式研究进展

分析了旱地果园水肥管理模式的研究进展和存在问题,指出水肥胁迫尤其是水钾已成为旱区果树高产稳产优质化的主要限制因子。在系统探讨旱地果园水分管理、养分管理、综合管理以及果树叶营养综合诊断施肥标准的基础上,提出了旱地果园的高效水肥管理模式。     

Role of aldehyde oxidase in the hepatic in vitro metabolism of 3-methylindole in pigs

The metabolism of 3-hydroxy-3-methylindolenine (HMI), a recently discovered metabolite of 3-methylindole (3MI, skatole) produced by porcine liver microsomes, was investigated in vitro using porcine liver cytosol. HMI was rapidly metabolized to a single product, 3-hydroxy-3-methyloxindole (HMOI), by porcine cytosol. By the use of the selective inhibitors menadione and quinacrine, it was shown that the enzyme responsible for the oxidation of HMI into HMOI was aldehyde oxidase (AO; aldehyde:oxygen oxidoreductase, EC 1.2.3.1). The activity of AO in the conversion of HMI to HMOI was measured in a population of pigs (n = 30) with a wide range of 3MI levels in back fat (0.07-0.30 mg/kg). AO activity was found to be negatively correlated (r = -0.70; P < 0.001) with the level of 3MI in fat. The results of the present study suggest that AO plays an important role in the metabolism of 3MI in the pig and that its catalytic activity is related to an adequate 3MI clearance.     

植物CBL基因家族的研究进展

细胞中游离的Ca2+是植物细胞中普遍存在的第二信使,类钙调神经素B亚基蛋白CBL作为一种特殊的钙感受器在植物生长发育和逆境胁迫响应过程中发挥重要作用.本文主要对植物CBL家族的起源与进化、蛋白结构、亚细胞定位以及CBL的功能进行综述,并对今后钙感受器CBL家族的研究重点和发展方向进行了展望.