局部水分胁迫对玉米根系生长的影响

采用分根法进行玉米水培试验, 研究局部水分胁迫对玉米根系生长的影响。设4个水分胁迫水平: CK, 0.2 MPa, 0.4 MPa, 0.6 MPa, 在整个根系经受一定的水分胁迫之后对部分根系复水处理, 测定局部供应后 0 h、6 h、12 h、1 d、3 d、5 d、7 d、9 d等不同时期各部分根系的面积、长度及干重。结果表明, 各胁迫程度均表现为, 与对照相比, 复水侧根区的根系面积、根长与根干重出现了明显增长, 且始终显著大于持续胁迫侧根区, 且随处理时间延长更加明显。不同胁迫程度下复水侧玉米根系的增长幅度不同。水分胁迫预处理后, 0.2 MPa水平下, 复水侧根区根系的面积、长度与干重以及整个根区总根长、总面积均可以达到甚至高于对照水平, 其他处理均显著低于对照。轻度胁迫后复水的根区根系产生明显的补偿效应。适度胁迫后复水有利于作物根系总面积增长, 但对总根长、根干重无显著影响。根系补偿效应与胁迫强度及复水的时间有关。     

局部灌水方式对玉米不同根区土-根系统水分传导的影响

以管栽玉米进行分根实验，在均匀灌水、固定部分根区灌水和根系分区交替灌水3种方式下，分期测定两个1/2根区及整个根区的土-根系统总水分传导(简称水导)、单位根面积和单位根长水导，研究局部灌水方式对玉米不同根区土-根系统水分传导的影响。结果表明：各阶段处理5 d和10 d时，总水导、单位根面积和单位根长水导一致表现为固定灌水和交替灌水的灌水区较之均匀灌水1/2根区均显著增大，说明局部灌水可以显著增强灌水区土-根系统水分传输的补偿效应。固定灌水时，灌水区水导始终显著大于非灌水区；交替灌水时，两个根区呈交替变化趋势。与固定灌水相比，交替灌水非灌水区的水分传导明显增大。因此，交替灌水能更好利用各部分根系资源以满足作物需水要求。     

水分胁迫后复水冬小麦根系吸水的恢复

温室盆栽试验结果表明，水分胁迫使冬小麦根系吸水功能受到抑制，复水不能使之恢复到对照水平。水分胁迫后复水根系吸水功能的恢复与胁迫时期、胁迫持续时间及胁迫程度有关，在相同水分胁迫程度下早期比中后期水分胁迫后复水根系吸水功能恢复的程度低；水分胁迫持续时间的延长使根系吸水功能恢复程度进一步降低。水分胁迫程度的加重在不同水分胁迫时期对根系吸水的影响不同，起始于三叶期的重度水分胁迫后复水其根系吸水恢复程度可超过相应中度水分胁迫，说明早期水分胁迫程度的加重不会加剧对根系功能的不利影响。其他时期水分胁迫后复水，胁迫程度的加重对根系吸水恢复有负面影响。冬小麦最大根重与最大根系吸水强度的对比显示，中度水分胁迫下根系吸水功能的恢复主要依赖于复水对原有根系活性的激发，而重度水分胁迫下主要取决于新根的增加，胁迫后复水根系吸水功能的不可恢复是冬小麦产量降低的重要因素。     

局部根区水分胁迫下氮对玉米生长的影响

通过分根培养的方法,用聚乙二醇(PEG6000)模拟水分胁迫,研究3种氮形态(NO3- -N,NH4+-N,50% NO3- -N+50%NH4+ -N)及其供应部位对局部根区水分胁迫下玉米生长的影响.水分胁迫处理16d后,测定叶绿素荧光参数及茎、叶、根形态指标.结果发现,同一氮形态下,水氮同区处理(氮供应在非水分胁迫...     

湿地松种子萌发对模拟水分胁迫的响应

采用聚乙二醇(PEG-6000)高渗溶液人工模拟水分胁迫,研究湿地松(Pinus elliottii)种子对水分胁迫的生态响应。结果表明:随着水分胁迫的加重,湿地松种子的萌发率、相对萌发率、发芽势、发芽指数、幼苗高度、根长与生物量等指标均呈现不同程度的下降趋势;通过建立水分胁迫与种子萌发率的回归方程,求解得出湿地松种子萌发的耐旱临界值是-0.68MPa,耐旱极限值是-1.14MPa;水分胁迫对湿地松种子萌发初期影响较大,会延迟其萌发时间,分别为1～8d不等;幼苗的根系在轻中度水分胁迫下生长较为稳定,表现出对干旱的适应性;水势为-0.8MPa时湿地松种子进入浅度休眠状态来适应干旱环境,通过建立水势与生物量的回归方程预测在-1.07MPa下湿地松生物量降至为0。     

水分胁迫条件下绿洲农田冬小麦水分运移规律研究

以干旱区绿洲农田冬小麦水分胁迫试验为基础,研究了不同水分胁迫条件下的冬小麦生长发育、水分利用以及土壤水分运动特征,建立了含有根系吸水项的一维土壤水动力学模型,模拟了不同水分胁迫条件下冬小麦蒸腾、棵间蒸发、根系吸水、根系生长以及田间土壤水分运移过程。结果表明:在冬小麦生育前期、中期根系吸水主要在80cm以上,生育后期根系对下层土壤水分吸收量增加,但所占比例很小。根据实测根系生长资料分析水分胁迫下生育中期根系受到水分胁迫,在生育后期恢复灌水后根系早衰,生长缓慢;从胁迫程度上来说中度胁迫复水后的后效影响要大于重度胁迫处理。     

拔节期水分胁迫-复水对冬小麦干物质积累和水分利用效率的影响

选用华北地区冬小麦的代表品种——石家庄8号为供试品种,采用盆栽试验,按亏缺程度（轻度60%FC和重度40%FC）和胁迫历时（5d和10d）在冬小麦拔节期设置4个水分胁迫处理和1个对照（全生育期充分灌水）,研究拔节期水分胁迫-复水对冬小麦干物质积累、分配以及产量和水分利用效率的影响。结果表明,拔节期不同程度的水分胁迫均会造成根、茎、叶和整株干物质量的减少,而且胁迫程度越大、历时越长,影响越大;复水可对小麦不同器官干物质积累产生不同程度补偿效应,但程度有限,各处理最终的干物质量均低于对照;轻度历时5d的水分胁迫利于根系增长,根干物质分配指数和根冠比均高于对照,但任何程度和历时的水分胁迫均对叶干物质的积累和分配造成不利影响;所有胁迫-复水处理的产量均低于对照,但轻度历时5d的水分胁迫却可显著提高水分利用效率,相比对照水分利用效率提高了9.4%。总之,本试验研究表明在冬小麦拔节期适宜的轻度胁迫可以优化调控干物质的分配,有利于提高作物植株整体的抗旱能力,对冬小麦干物质积累和产量的影响很小,同时适度水分胁迫减少了冬小麦耗水量从而明显提高了水分利用效率。     

干湿条件下土壤容重对玉米根系导水率的影响

根系吸水是陆地高等植物赖以生存的基础 ,其吸水能力是决定蒸腾和植株水分状况平衡的关键 ,而其吸水能力的大小取决于导水率的大小 ,因此根系导水率 (Roothydraulicconductivity)成为研究水分在SPAC传输中的热点。关于环境因素对根系吸水的影响有不少报道 ,如干旱[1 ] 、温度[2     

不同灌水方式下番茄节水高产机理研究

本文研究了无压灌、滴灌与沟灌3种灌水方式对番茄光合生理指标、根系吸导水能力、产量与水分利用效率的影响.结果表明,"少量多次"的无压灌下植物根系导水率高于滴灌与沟灌灌水方式,无压灌能够通过调节作物根区土壤水分状况,提高作物根系吸水能力,使作物根区土壤水分保持在最适宜作物生长的范围内.无压灌和滴灌的番茄叶绿素总量比沟灌分别提高了16.2%和12.8%;相对沟灌,无压灌和滴灌减小了气孔导度和蒸腾失水,而未降低光合速率,单叶水分利用效率分别提高51.3%和17.2%.投入、产出和效率综合评判表明,无压灌的经济效益最好,滴灌次之,沟灌最差.     

干旱胁迫及复水对耐旱枸杞水力学特性的影响

耐旱枸杞是西北干旱地区重要的经济作物,为进一步明确枸杞水分运输特性,提高农业生产潜力,在甘肃省古浪县农业示范基地(37.09°N,102.79°E)以2年生‘宁杞1号’、‘宁杞5号’和‘蒙杞1号’3个枸杞品种苗木为试验材料,设计3个处理[N:正常水分;M:中度干旱;S:重度干旱],研究干旱胁迫对光合速率、气孔导度、冠层和根系导水率的影响,以及干旱胁迫后复水对枝条导水率的影响。结果表明:随着干旱程度增加,枸杞冠层、枝条和根系导水率均下降,‘宁杞5号’在干旱胁迫后植株导水率的减小和根系导水阻力在整个植株中所占比例的增大最显著;通过拟合木质部脆弱性曲线发现,‘宁杞1号’导水率损失50%时木质部水势显著高于‘宁杞5号’和‘蒙杞1号’。枸杞叶片净光合速率和气孔导度与植株叶片导水速率具有显著相关性。干旱胁迫复水后植物生长主要取决于根系恢复吸水的能力,干旱胁迫复水4 d后苗木导水率呈现不同程度的恢复,‘蒙杞1号’导水率恢复速度最快,并出现显著补偿效应,恢复速度最慢的为‘宁杞5号’。综合分析表明,枸杞耐旱特性与导水能力有关,根系导水对干旱胁迫的敏感性可以反映植株持续抗旱能力,干旱胁迫复水后根系导水率恢复能力和补偿效应对植株在逆境条件下土壤水分利用具有显著影响,调控根系导水率对于提高土壤水分利用率具有重要意义。     

环境因素对植物导水率影响的研究综述

植物的导水率表示单位压力梯度植物传导水分的通量, 是根系吸收及传导水分能力大小的一个重要生理生态指标。植物导水率受内在和外在因素的影响而发生明显变化。本文重点概述了包括根区土壤水分、养分、盐分、温度和灌溉方式等外在因素对植物导水率影响的研究进展。深入阐明不同环境因素下的植物导水率, 不仅可充实SPAC 系统水分传输理论, 而且有助于明确植物对环境的适应机制和高效用水的潜力。     

玉米毛状根再生植株对水分胁迫的响应

为研究玉米根系对水分胁迫的响应,以玉米毛状根再生植株为材料,在水分胁迫下,测量其生育时期的植株生长和生理指标。结果表明,水分胁迫下玉米毛状根再生植株光合速率、蒸腾速率、细胞间隙CO2浓度、气孔导度均较高。水分胁迫下,毛状根再生植株的根系水导降幅最小,为13.2%,对照品种H99下降了84.7%。各营养器官含水率最高,叶渗透调节能力增强。这说明由于毛状根再生植株强大的根系,保证了植株生长发育过程中的水分供应和光合能力。     

根系吸水模型模拟覆膜旱作水稻气孔导度

为构建覆膜旱作水稻根系吸水模型,进一步改进气孔导度模型,该文在湖北十堰开展包含3个水分处理(淹水、覆膜湿润和覆膜旱作栽培)的田间试验,分析覆膜旱作水稻蒸腾(根系吸水)与根长之间的关系,在此基础上建立覆膜旱作水稻根系吸水模型,并将其代替彭曼(Penman-Monteith,PM)方程来估算蒸腾强度,进而与脱落酸(abscisic acid,ABA)参与调控的气孔导度模型耦合,模拟覆膜旱作条件下水稻气孔导度的日变化过程。结果表明,水稻蒸腾与根长呈线性正比关系(R~2=0.96,P0.05),据此建立的根系吸水模型可以较好地模拟覆膜旱作水稻的蒸腾(根系吸水)规律,使蒸腾强度模拟值和实测值间的相对误差基本控制在15%以内;经改进后的Tardieu-Davies气孔导度模型(TD模型)可有效描述不同土层根系吸水流中的ABA浓度及不同根系层ABA的合成对木质部蒸腾流中总ABA含量的贡献,可较好地模拟气孔导度的日变化过程。改进TD模型大大提高了模拟精度,使相对误差不超过7.0%。该研究可为覆膜旱作水稻生理节水机理和水分利用效率评估提供一定的理论依据。     

Effect of drought stress on total protein,essential oil content,and physiological traits of Levisticum officinale Koch

Levisticum officinale Koch is one of the most important plants producing essential oil. An experiment was conducted to determine the effect of drought stress on growth, total protein and essential oil content of L. officinale. The experiment was conducted in a greenhouse, in a completely randomized design using five replications. Aridity levels of field capacity irrigation (as control), ?0.6 and ?1.0 MPa were applied. There was a significant effect of aridity on the leaf area in L. officinale. The highest leaf area values were found in the lowest aridity (FC) level. The root weight and root length in the ?0.6 MPa aridity level were more than that of the control aridity level, but shoot height and shoot weight were highest in the control treatment. The total soluble protein content under ?0.6 MPa drought stress was numerically lower than that in the control treatment, but statistically there was no significant difference between protein contents in the ?0.6 MPa and the control treatment. Compared to the control treatment, the total soluble protein content of L. officinale significantly decreased in the ?1.0 MPa drought treatment. The essential oil content of L. officinale was significantly increased in the ?0.6 MPa drought treatment compared to the control. Compared to control treatment, a significant reduction was found in essential oil content of L. officinale in the ?1.0 MPa aridity treatment. The results suggest that in the drought levels between ?0.6 and ?1.0 MPa, L. officinale could be used for arid and semi-arid lands economical use.     

土石山区护坡草本植物根系抗拉力学特性

为了解山西省土石山区护坡植物的根系抗拉力学特性,对比选择最适宜的水土保持物种.对其边坡上黑麦草(Lolium perenne L.)、香根草(Vetiveria zizanioides L.)、百喜草(Paspalum notatum Flugge)3种护坡植物的根系开展抗拉力学试验,研究3种植物根系最大抗拉力、极限抗拉强度以及弹性模量随直径及根长大小变化的规律.研究结果显示:根长一定时,3种植物的最大抗拉力随直径的增加而增加,单根极限抗拉强度随根系直径的增大而减小;而直径一定时,根系最大抗拉力和极限抗拉强度随根系长度的增大而减小;弹性模量值随着根径和根长增大呈下降的趋势.3种植物根系平均最大抗拉力关系为:香根草(16.258 N)＞黑麦草(11.734N)＞百喜草(4.891 N);平均极限抗拉强度关系为:百喜草(116.226 MPa)＞黑麦草(50.839 MPa)＞香根草(49.650MPa);平均弹性模量分别为:百喜草(20.392 MPa/mm)＞香根草(3.257 MPa/mm)＞黑麦草(3.245 MPa/mm).结果表明这3种植物中百喜草根系的固土能力最好,在选择最为适宜的水土保持物种时可优先考虑.研究结果可为土石山区水土保持研究提供一定的科学依据.     

Fertilizer location modifies root zone salinity,root morphology,and water‐stress resistance of tree seedlings according to the watering regime in a dryland reforestation

There is a direct relationship between soil nutrient concentration in localized zones and root proliferation and elongation under well‐watered conditions. However, in field studies under semiarid conditions this relationship can change due to higher salt accumulation and soil dryness that affect root growth, water stress resistance, and seedling survival. We assessed the effect of different locations of fertilizer placement in the soil profile and water availability on root zone salinity, root development and ecophysiological responses of Quillaja saponaria Mol. after outplanting. A single dose (6 g L^?1) of controlled‐release nitrogen fertilizer (CRF_N) was placed at 0 cm (top layer), 15 cm (middle layer), or 30 cm (bottom layer) depth in the containers in a greenhouse, in addition to an unfertilized treatment (control). After 6 months, seedlings were transplanted to the field and subjected to weekly watering regimes (2 L plant^?1 and unwatered). Morphological and ecophysiological parameters were periodically measured on seedlings, as well as soil electrical conductivity (EC). After 1 year, the shoot : root ratio of unwatered seedlings decreased as a function of CRF_N placement depth, which was attributed to lower shoot growth and not to greater root growth. The root morphology of the bottom layer treatment was negatively affected by high EC in unwatered seedlings. Greater total root length and root volume of the middle layer treatment was found only when well‐watered; however, this did not contribute to improve physiological responses against water stress. The lowest EC and the highest photochemical efficiency, net photosynthesis, and stomatal conductance were shown by unfertilized seedlings, independent of water availability. Our findings suggest that varying depth of CRF_N placement does not contribute significantly to improve root growth under water restriction. Water supplements, independently of the CRF_N location in the substrate, contribute to decrease root zone salinity, and consequently, improve root volume growth.     

Neutron radiography and tomography of water distribution in the root zone

Water uptake by roots and resulting water redistribution along the soil profile depend on soil hydraulic properties and root distribution, as well as on the physical, chemical, and biological soil–plant interactions that occur in the root zone. The hydraulic properties of the soil in the root zone are difficult to investigate in situ at the needed high spatial resolution, and they still present important open questions. For instance, is there more or less water at the root–soil interface compared to the bulk soil? Neutron radiography (2‐D) and tomography (3‐D) are efficient methods to answer such questions, providing the possibility to image simultaneously water distributions and root structure in situ at high spatial resolution. We planted a lupin and a maize in rectangular boxes filled with sandy soils. The plants were grown for 3 weeks at controlled conditions. Infiltrated water and subsequent water redistribution were imaged for 5 d at regular intervals by means of neutron radiography and tomography. Soil water‐content distributions were quantified from the radiographs after correcting for neutron scattering. The radiographs showed that the water content in the root zone was higher than in the bulk soil both during and after infiltration. Similarly, the tomograms showed localized regions of high water content around some locations of the roots, in particular near the tips of the lupin. Local regions of water depletion, which are expected as a consequence of water uptake, were visible along the main root where laterals branched. These results reflect the complexity of soil–plant–water relations, showing the different properties of bulk soil and root zone, as well as the varying moisture gradients along the root system.     

土壤水分胁迫对红砂幼苗细根形态和功能特征的影响

通过盆栽人工模拟干旱试验,研究了土壤水分胁迫对红砂幼苗细根形态及功能的影响。结果表明:(1)随胁迫程度的加剧红砂幼苗细根直径和体积呈减小趋势,而根长、比根长、表面积、比表面积均呈增大趋势,表明在胁迫条件下,红砂幼苗细根可通过根长、比根长、表面积、比表面积的增加与直径和体积的减小来适应逆境胁迫。随根序的升高红砂幼苗细根直径呈增大趋势,而根长和比根长表现出减小趋势,比表面积呈先升高后降低的趋势。(2)随胁迫程度的加剧红砂幼苗细根全C含量呈降低趋势,而全N含量先呈明显的降低趋势,后呈升高趋势,表明在中度胁迫下红砂幼苗细根呼吸作用明显降低。随根序的升高红砂幼苗细根全C含量呈增加趋势,而全N含量呈下降趋势,表明红砂幼苗较低级根序具有较强的呼吸作用与代谢活性。(3)红砂幼苗细根根长与全C含量之间呈极显著正相关关系;直径与全C含量之间呈显著正相关关系;比根长与C含量呈显著负相关关系。