Effects of Nitrogen and Phosphorus Fertilizers and Intercropping on Uptake of Nitrogen and Phosphorus by Wheat,Maize, and Faba Bean

Abstract

One‐third of all the cultivated land area is used for multiple cropping and half of the total grain yield is produced with multiple cropping in China. There have been numerous studies on nutrient acquisition by crops in legume/non‐legume intercropping systems, but few on nutrient uptake in cereal/cereal intercropping. This paper describes a field experiment in which integrated wheat/maize and maize/faba bean systems were compared with sole wheat and sole faba bean cropping to assess the effects of intercropping on nutrient uptake by wheat, maize, and faba bean under various application rates of nitrogen (N) and phosphorous (P) fertilizers. Results show that both N and P fertilizers and intercropping enhanced N uptake by wheat, while only P fertilizer and intercropping increased P acquisition by wheat. The advantage of N uptake by border rows of wheat intercropped with maize declined with increasing N fertilizer application rate, but that of P acquisition was not affected by P fertilizer. The amounts of both N and P taken up by maize intercropped with faba bean were much higher than those by maize intercropped with wheat throughout the period of intercropping. Both fertilization and intercropping did not influence the N and P uptake by faba bean.     

Soil carbon dioxide and nitrous oxide emissions during the growing season from temperate maize‐soybean intercrops

The Argentine Pampa is one of the major global regions for the production of maize (Zea mays L.) and soybean (Glycine max L. [Merr.]), but intense management practices have led to soil degradation and amplified greenhouse‐gas (GHG) emissions. This paper presents preliminary data on the effect of maize‐soybean intercrops compared with maize and soybean sole crops on the short‐term emission rates of CO₂ and N₂O and its relationship to soil moisture or temperature over two field seasons. Soil organic carbon (SOC) concentrations were significantly greater (p < 0.05) in the maize sole crop and intercrops, whereas soil bulk density was significantly lower in the intercrops. Soil CO₂ emission rates were significantly greater in the maize sole crop but did not differ significantly for N₂O emissions. Over two field seasons, both trace gases showed a general trend of greater emission rates in the maize sole crop followed by the soybean sole crop and were lowest in the intercrops. Linear regression between soil GHG (CO₂ and N₂O) emission rates and soil temperature or volumetric soil moisture were not significant except in the 1:2 intercrop where a significant relationship was observed between N₂O emissions and soil temperature in the first field season and between N₂O and volumetric soil moisture in the second field season. Our results demonstrated that intercropping in the Argentine Pampa may be a more sustainable agroecosystem land‐management practice with respect to GHG emissions.     

辽西半干旱区玉米大豆间作对作物产量及水分利用的影响

为探明玉米大豆间作的作物增产、土地生产力提升和水分高效利用机理,优化辽西半干旱区适宜的玉米大豆间作模式,于2018−2019年在国家农业环境阜新观测实验站,采用田间定位试验方法,设置了玉米大豆间作2行﹕2行（M2S2）、4行﹕4行（M4S4）、6行﹕6行（M6S6）,玉米单作（M）和大豆单作（S）5种种植模式,研究玉米大豆间作对作物产量、土地生产力、土壤水分空间分布及水分利用效率的影响。结果表明,5种单、间作模式作物总产量表现为M＞M6S6＞M4S4＞M2S2＞S,间作模式中作物对总产量的贡献率表现为玉米＞大豆,玉米贡献率为79.0%～87.3%,大豆贡献率为12.7%～21.0%;M6S6和M4S4间作模式土地当量比（LER）分别为1.13～1.19和1.06～1.07,均具有间作产量优势,其中M6S6间作优势最强;M2S2间作模式土地当量比（LER）小于1,表现为间作劣势;土壤水分空间分布结果表明,0−50cm土层间作玉米与大豆存在水分竞争,60−100cm土层玉米和大豆存在水分互补;3种间作模式均提高了单位面积的玉米水分利用效率,除M6S6间作模式外,M4S4和M2S2间作模式均降低了大豆水分利用效率;M6S6和M4S4间作模式水分当量比（WER）分别为1.18～1.21和1.05～1.06,水分生产力提高5%～21%,均具有间作水分利用优势,其中M6S6间作优势最强,M2S2间作模式水分当量比（WER）为0.99～1.01,间作水分利用优势不显著。综合分析认为,玉米大豆间作模式中M6S6间作产量优势和水分利用优势最强,能够显著提高农田土地生产力和水分利用效率,在辽西半干旱区农业生产中具有更好的应用价值。     

玉米与不同豆科作物间作对氮素的竞争与恢复效应

  【目的】  竞争和恢复是间作群体优势的重要机理。本研究分析比较玉米与不同豆科作物间作共生期对氮的竞争,单独生长期氮吸收的恢复效应,以及氮竞争和恢复效应对间作模式氮吸收间作优势的影响。  【方法】  田间试验于2018—2019年在甘肃省农业科学院张掖试验站进行。共设置玉米/豌豆间作 (maize/pea,M/P)、玉米/蚕豆间作 (maize/faba bean,M/F)、玉米/大豆间作 (maize/soybean,M/S) 3个间作体系和单作豌豆 (sole pea,SP)、单作蚕豆 (sole faba bean, SF)、单作大豆 (sole soybean,SS)、单作玉米 (sole maize,SM) 4个单作体系。测定豆科作物和玉米收获期作物的干物质量和氮浓度,计算间作体系作物的偏氮吸收当量比 (partial nitrogen uptake equivalent ratio,pNER) 和间作体系的氮吸收当量比 (nitrogen uptake equivalent ratio,NER),玉米相对于豆科的氮竞争比率(competitive ratio of maize to legume,CR_ml),豆科作物收获后玉米的氮素吸收量和吸收速率。  【结果】  M/P、M/F和M/S的NER均大于1,两年平均分别为1.33、1.26和1.38。3个间作体系中,豆科作物的pNER_l无显著差异,M/S中玉米的pNER_m显著高于M/P和M/F。间作豆科作物的氮浓度与其单作相比无显著差异,但氮吸收量显著低于单作。M/P、M/F和M/S体系中玉米植株的氮浓度无显著差异,而玉米氮吸收量分别相当于单作玉米的62.2%、51.0%和79.9%,M/S体系玉米氮吸收量较M/P和M/F分别提高了33.4%和62.6%。M/S体系CR_ml大于1,M/P和M/F的CR_ml值均小于1。各间作体系玉米恢复效应2019年高于2018年,但值均小于1。CR_ml与NER和pNER_m呈显著正相关,与pNER_l呈显著负相关。  【结论】  两年的试验结果表明,河西走廊灌区玉米/豌豆、玉米/蚕豆和玉米/大豆间作体系的氮吸收当量比均大于1,相对单作具有氮吸收间作优势。玉米/豌豆、玉米/蚕豆和玉米/大豆体系共生期存在氮竞争,豌豆和蚕豆对氮的竞争强于玉米,大豆的氮竞争弱于玉米。豆科作物收获后,各体系玉米单独生长期无氮吸收恢复效应。     

Management Effects on Soil Organic Carbon Stock in Mediterranean Open Rangelands—Treeless Grasslands

Soil organic carbon (SOC) is subject to relatively rapid changes. In grasslands soils, the management system influences these changes. Therefore, these soils play a crucial role in climate change mitigation. Current research has developed strategies and methodologies to help us understand their role as a carbon sink. In this study, the SOC and total nitrogen contents and stocks (SOC‐S) and their variation with depth were evaluated in annual crop rotations (cereal–fallow). Fifty soil profiles were sampled in the Los Pedroches Valley (southern Spain). This area consists of Mediterranean open rangelands—treeless grasslands with cereal–fallow rotation, under two management systems: long‐term (20 years) organic farming (OF) and conventional tillage (CT). The studied soils were Cambisols (CM), Leptosols (LP) and Luvisols (LV). The objective of this research was to determine any management system effects (OF vs CT) on SOC and total nitrogen contents and stocks and their variation with profile depth. It was observed that SOC concentration decreased with depth (Ah–Ap > Bw > C). The SOC concentration was higher in the top soil for all studied soils in OF compared with CT. The highest totals of SOC‐S were found in LV‐OF (66·01 Mg ha⁻¹) and the lowest in LP‐CT (21·33 Mg ha⁻¹). Significant differences (p < 0·05) between soils types and management practices were found in carbon stocks, increasing the SOC‐S in OF compared with that in CT in all studied soils; this increase was 75·25%, 85·73% and 234·88% for CM, LV and LP, respectively. The results indicated that management practices significantly influence SOC‐S in the Los Pedroches Valley and, consequently, OF in annual crop rotations (cereal–fallow) is an excellent alternative to CT that increases the SOC content in Mediterranean open rangelands—treeless grasslands environments. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Effect of no-tillage with straw mulch and conventional tillage on soil organic carbon pools in Northern China

The dynamics of soil organic carbon (SOC) is imperative for maintaining soil quality. Our objective was to investigate the effects of tillage practices on SOC and its fractions at the depth (0–60 cm) of Chromic Cambisol profile in northern China. The experiment including no-tillage with straw mulch (NTSM) and conventional tillage (CT). Our results indicated that differences in SOC concentration and stock were primarily evident in the 0–10 cm layer. The particulate organic matter carbon (POM-C), dissolved organic carbon (DOC), and microbial biomass carbon (MBC) levels in the top layers (0–10 cm) under the NTSM treatment were 28.5, 26.1 and 51.0% higher than CT. A positive correlation was observed between these labile C fractions and the SOC, and POM-C was the much more sensitive indicator of SOC quality than MBC and DOC. NTSM was unable to sustain the greater yields, and from 2006 to 2011, the mean maize yield for NTSM was significantly lower than that for CT (P < 0.05). NTSM resulted in higher SOC content and stocks in dryland farming systems but lower crop yields is a concern which needs to be addressed in order to make these systems acceptable to the farming community.     

Effect of phosphorus fertilizer application on the performance of maize/soybean intercrop in the southern Guinea savanna of Nigeria

Field experiments were conducted at the Teaching and Research Farm, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Ogbomoso, Nigeria in 2007 and 2008 to determine the effects of phosphorus fertilizer application on performance of intercropped maize and soybean. The experiments, arranged as a split plot in a randomized complete block design, replicated four times. A cropping system with sole maize, sole soybean and maize/soybean intercrop formed the main plot treatments while P rates with 0, 15 and 30 kg P₂O₅ ha^?1 were the subplot treatments. For both years, neither P fertilizer application nor cropping systems had a significant effect on maize grain yield. However, soybean grain yield was significantly higher (92.3% in 2007 and 44.5% in 2008) under sole cropping than under maize/soybean intercropping. On average, N fixed by soybean increased with the increase in P rate (from 51.8% without P to 60.5% with 30 P), but there was no significant difference in N fixed by sole soybean and soybean/maize intercrop. However, the interaction effect on N fixed between cropping systems and P rates was significant (P ≤ 0.05). N, P and K contents in maize grain were significantly higher (>100%) in intercropped maize than in sole maize. The cropping systems had no significant effect on post-harvest soil chemical characteristics. The land equivalent ratio was 1.52 in 2007 and 1.78 in 2008. The result shows that in utilizing legumes for N enrichment, the alleviation of P deficiency can enhance N₂-fixation by legumes. Furthermore, P replenishment in a maize/soybean intercrop may improve maize grain quality even though yield is not increased.     

Soil carbon and nitrogen dynamics using stable isotopes in 19- and 10-year-old tropical agroforestry systems

Conversion of forests to agricultural land in the American tropics, through traditional agricultural practices such as shifting cultivation, has not been able to maintain stocks of soil organic carbon (SOC), and increasing population pressure has led to shortened fallow periods, causing further losses of soil fertility. However, land management practices such as agroforestry can provide a sustainable alternative to single cropping because of its ability to maintain or increase the SOC pool. This study quantified SOC and nitrogen (N) pools, gross SOC turnover, residue stabilization efficiency (RSE_AC) in the alley crop, soil δ¹³C partitioning, C₃-C abundance and δ¹⁵N dynamics in 19- and 10-year Gliricidia sepium and Erythrina poeppigiana alley cropping system. Each system was studied at two fertilizer levels (tree prunings only [−N or −A], and tree prunings plus chicken manure [+N], or Arachis pintoi as a groundcover [+A]), and was compared to a sole crop system. The SOC and N pools were significantly higher (p < 0.05) in the 19-year-old alley crop compared to the sole crop, but not significantly different (p < 0.05) in the 10-year-old system. Soil C and N (%) showed a similar trend as that of the SOC and N pools in both 19- and 10-year-old systems. Gross SOC turnover, to a 20 cm depth, ranged from 12 to 21 years in the 19-year-old alley crop compared to 50 years in the sole crop, and from 20 to 32 years in the 10-year-old alley crop compared to 106 years in the sole crop. The RSE_AC ranged from 10% to 58% in the 19-year-old system, and from 3% to 43% in the 10-year-old system. The δ¹³C signature of the soil shifted significantly (p < 0.05) towards that of C₃ vegetation in the alley crop due to the greater input of organic residues from tree prunings compared to the sole crop. The proportion of input from tree prunings only in the 19-year-old alley crop ranged from 14% to 20%, and from 9% to 11% in the 10-year-old system to a soil depth of 20 cm. The δ¹⁵N signature of the soil showed two patterns: that of the 19-year-old system being enriched in δ¹⁵N, and that of the 10-year-old system being depleted in δ¹⁵N compared to the sole crop. The addition of manure in the 19-year-old system has enriched the soil δ¹⁵N and in the 10-year-old system the soil was depleted due to the N₂-fixing groundcover A. pintoi.     

Intercropping and Crop Residue Incorporation: Effects on Soil Nutrient Status

ABSTRACT

A maize-melon mixture relayed into a cassava-soybean intercrop was established at Ibadan, Nigeria, between 1995 and 1997 in order to study the changes in soil-nutrient status, that occurred due to soybean intercropping and residue incorporation. The experiment was conducted on a Kanhaplic Haplustalf soil. Soybean was planted in drills between cassava rows after harvesting maize and melon. Soybean stover was recycled into half of the soybean plots. Cassava yield was reduced by about 16% with soybean intercropping without the residue incorporation and by about 11% with incorporation of the crop residue. Soil pH was significantly reduced from an initial 6.0 to 5.7 with soybean intercropping. Organic matter was drastically reduced from an initial 31.0 g kg^?1 to 5.3 g kg^?1 with sole cassava cropping, and to 10.1 g kg^?1 with soybean intercropping and incorporation of crop residue. Total nitrogen (N) was also significantly reduced to about 0.4 g kg^?1from an initial content of 1.8 g kg^?1, while the available phosphorus (P) was increased from 1.8 to an average of 4.0 mg kg^?1. The exchangeable potassium (K) and effective cation-exchange capacity (ECEC) were not significantly affected.     

Maize–sorghum intercropping systems for purple nutsedge management

Intercropping is a viable option for weed management. Six maize–sorghum intercropping systems were compared in a two-year field study for the management of purple nutsedge. The intercropping systems included maize planting in 70-cm spaced rows intercropped with one row of dwarf or tall sorghum and maize in 105-cm spaced double-row strips intercropped with one or two rows of dwarf or tall sorghum; sole maize planted in 70-cm spaced single rows was used as a control. Two intercropping systems as maize in 70-cm spaced rows + one row of tall sorghum and maize in 105-cm spaced double-row strips + two rows of tall sorghum controlled purple nutsedge by 48 and 52% compared with the sole crop of maize, respectively. However, all the maize–sorghum intercropping systems decreased the maize grain yield compared with control. Maize planted in 105-cm spaced double-row strips + one row of dwarf sorghum was the best option because it reduced the maize yield by only 6%. However, the decrease in maize yield was compensated for by sorghum yield. Intercropping maize in 105-cm spaced double-row strips + one row of dwarf sorghum may be used for management of purple nutsedge in maize.     

15N studies on the transfer of legume-fixed nitrogen to associated cereals in intercropping systems

Summary An attempt has been made to estimate quantitatively the amount of N fixed by legume and transferred to the cereal in association in intercropping systems of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) — gram (Cicer arietinum L.) and maize (Zea mays L.) —cowpea (Vigna unguiculate L.) by labelling soil and fertilizer nitrogen with ¹⁵N. The intercropped legumes have been found to fix significantly higher amounts of N as compared with legumes in sole cropping if the intercropped cereal-legume received the same dose of fertilizer N as the sole cereal crop. But when half of the dose of the fertilizer N applied to sole cereal crop was received by intercropped plants, the amount of N fixed by legumes in association with cereals was significantly less than that fixed by sole legumes. Under field conditions 28% of the total N uptake by maize (21.2 kg N ha^–1) was of atmospheric origin and was obtained by transfer of fixed N by cowpea grown in association with maize. Under greenhouse conditions gram and summer and monsoon season cowpea have been found to contribute 14%–20%, 16% and 32% of the total N uptake by associated wheat and summer and monsoon maize crops, respectively. Inoculation of cowpea seeds with Rhizobium increased both the amount of N fixed by cowpea and transferred to maize in intercropping system.     

Long‐term no‐tillage effects on particulate and mineral‐associated soil organic matter under rainfed Mediterranean conditions

Soil organic carbon (SOC) plays an essential role in the sustainability of natural and agricultural systems. The identification of sensitive SOC fractions can be crucial for an understanding of SOC dynamics and stabilization. The objective of this study was to assess the effect of long‐term no‐tillage (NT) on SOC content and its distribution between particulate organic matter (POM) and mineral‐associated organic matter (Min) fractions in five different cereal production areas of Aragon (north‐east Spain). The study was conducted under on‐farm conditions where pairs of adjacent fields under NT and conventional tillage (CT) were compared. An undisturbed soil nearby under native vegetation (NAT) was included. The results indicate that SOC was significantly affected by tillage in the first 5 cm with the greatest concentrations found in NT (1.5–43% more than in CT). Below 40 cm, SOC under NT decreased (20–40%) to values similar or less than those under CT. However, the stratification ratio (SR) never reached the threshold value of 2. The POM‐C fraction, disproportionate to its small contribution to total SOC (10–30%), was greatly affected by soil management. The pronounced stratification in this fraction (SR>2 in NT) and its usefulness for differentiating the study sites in terms of response to NT make POM‐C a good indicator of changes in soil management under the study conditions. Results from this on‐farm study indicate that NT can be recommended as an alternative strategy to increase organic carbon at the soil surface in the cereal production areas of Aragon and in other analogous areas.     

Biochar application to soil for climate change mitigation by soil organic carbon sequestration

Pyrogenic carbon (C) is produced by incomplete combustion of fuels including organic matter (OM). Certain ranges in the combustion continuum are termed ‘black carbon' (BC). Because of its assumed persistence, surface soils in large parts of the world contain BC with up to 80% of surface soil organic C (SOC) stocks and up to 32% of subsoil SOC in agricultural soils consisting of BC. High SOC stocks and high levels of soil fertility in some ancient soils containing charcoal (e.g., terra preta de Índio) have recently been used as strategies for soil applications of biochar, an engineered BC material similar to charcoal but with the purposeful use as a soil conditioner (1) to mitigate increases in atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO₂) by SOC sequestration and (2) to enhance soil fertility. However, effects of biochar on soils and crop productivity cannot be generalized as they are biochar‐, plant‐ and site‐specific. For example, the largest potential increases in crop yields were reported in areas with highly weathered soils, such as those characterizing much of the humid tropics. Soils of high inherent fertility, characterizing much of the world's important agricultural areas, appear to be less likely to benefit from biochar. It has been hypothesized that both liming and aggregating/moistening effects of biochar improved crop productivity. Meta‐analyses of biochar effects on SOC sequestration have not yet been reported. To effectively mitigate climate change by SOC sequestration, a net removal of C and storage in soil relative to atmospheric CO₂ must occur and persist for several hundred years to a few millennia. At deeper soil depths, SOC is characterized by long turnover times, enhanced stabilization, and less vulnerability to loss by decomposition and erosion. In fact, some studies have reported preferential long‐term accumulation of BC at deeper depths. Thus, it is hypothesized that surface applied biochar‐C (1) must be translocated to subsoil layers and (2) result in deepening of SOC distribution for a notable contribution to climate change mitigation. Detailed studies are needed to understand how surface‐applied biochar can move to deeper soil depths, and how its application affects organic C input to deeper soil depths. Based on this knowledge, biochar systems for climate change mitigation through SOC sequestration can be designed. It is critically important to identify mechanisms underlying the sometimes observed negative effects of biochar application on biomass, yield and SOC as biochar may persist in soils for long periods of time as well as the impacts on downstream environments and the net climate impact when biochar particles become airborne.     

玉米/大豆、玉米/花生间作对作物氮素吸收及结瘤固氮的影响

禾本科与豆科作物间作具有显著的增氮作用。为探明玉米/大豆、玉米/花生间作模式的氮素吸收、氮营养竞争能力及豆科结瘤特性的变化,解释玉米与豆科间作体系的增氮效应,通过田间试验,设置玉米单作（MM）、大豆单作（SS）、玉米/大豆间作（MS）、花生单作（PP）、玉米/花生间作（MP）等5种种植模式,研究不同种植模式对作物氮素积累、氮营养竞争强弱及豆科结瘤固氮特性的调控作用。结果表明,与单作相比,间作显著降低玉米和大豆的氮素积累量,对花生的氮素积累量影响不显著。5种模式系统氮素积累总量表现为MS > SS > MP,PP和MM处理最低且差异不显著,MS处理比MP处理显著高21.8%。与MM处理相比,MS和MP处理的玉米氮素积累量分别降低20.5%和11.7%,其中MP处理籽粒、叶片和茎秆氮素积累量比MS处理高8.9%、21.2%和14.3%。与SS处理相比,MS处理的大豆氮素积累量降低28.5%,其中,中行、边行分别降低10.1%、15.4%。玉米相对大豆氮营养竞争比率表现为强（CR_ms>1）,相对花生则表现为弱（CR_mp<1）。与SS处理相比,五叶期MS处理的大豆根瘤数量显著增加,根瘤鲜重无显著差异,盛花期后根瘤数量和鲜重均显著降低;MS处理的大豆根瘤固氮酶活性均降低,且中行降低幅度更大。与PP处理相比,开花期MP处理的花生根瘤数量和鲜重均显著增加,下针期后均显著降低;MP处理的花生根瘤固氮酶活性均降低,且边行降低幅度更大。各间作模式作物的氮素积累量虽然降低,但间作模式的系统氮素积累量却显著高于各单作模式,两种间作模式中MS处理的氮素积累总量最高。     

禾豆间距对间作豌豆“氮阻遏”减缓效应的影响

针对禾豆间作协同利用化学氮肥和豆科固氮潜力调控依据薄弱问题,以河西走廊区主导间作模式玉米/豌豆间作系统为研究对象,研究了禾豆间作间距为15 cm、30 cm和45 cm空间结构对间作豌豆氮阻遏减缓效应的影响,以期为禾豆间作种植模式优化空间结构、减缓氮阻遏、提高氮素利用效率提供理论依据。2013和2014两年研究结果表明,与单作相比,间作豌豆有效根瘤个数和根瘤重均有显著提高,根瘤数提高幅度达0~500%,其中间距为30 cm时,豌豆的根瘤数和瘤重达最大。以根瘤数和根瘤重计算的氮阻遏消减效应(Ca)均为正值,施氮条件下,玉米与豌豆间距为30 cm处理的氮阻遏消减效应显著高于15 cm和45 cm间距处理,2013年和2014年以根瘤数计算的Ca值分别达78.70%和161.21%,说明间作相对于单作都具有减缓氮阻遏的作用。而在此期豌豆的营养竞争比率(CRpm)大于1,豌豆相对于玉米具有较强的种间竞争能力。禾豆间作可显著提高氮素利用效率,以间距为30 cm的间作处理最高,2013年和2014年两年平均较间距为15 cm和45 cm空间结构的间作模式分别提高21.90%和21.88%。说明优化空间结构可有效增加间作豌豆的结瘤数和瘤重,增强氮阻遏减缓效应,调控禾豆间作系统氮素吸收利用,提高氮素利用效率。     

玉米播期对大豆/玉米间作产量及种间竞争力的影响

在间作系统中,间作作物间合理的共生期可有效提高间作系统作物对时空资源的高效利用。而间作作物播期直接影响间作作物间共生期的长短,由此导致的时空生态位分离会直接影响到作物生产力和种间相互作用。为明确大豆/玉米间作系统中玉米播期对间作作物产量、系统生产力及间作作物间资源竞争力的影响,本研究设置3个玉米播期处理——M1(4月24日与大豆同时播种,与大豆共生期165 d)、M2(5月4日播种,与大豆共生期150 d)、M3(5月14日播种,与大豆共生期140 d),通过对单间作条件下作物产量、干物质累积的测定,研究了玉米不同播期下大豆/玉米间作系统作物产量、系统生产力、共生期内种间竞争力变化。结果表明:3个播期处理不影响间作产量优势,土地当量比(land equivalent ratio,LER)均大于1;但随播期延迟,LER变小,M1处理LER最大,达1.37。玉米播期变化对间作大豆产量无显著影响;随玉米播期延迟,间作玉米产量下降,间作系统生产力随之下降。玉米播期对间作大豆产量构成无显著影响;随玉米播期延迟,间作玉米的百粒重随之减小,M3的百粒重(26.1 g)仅为M1(36.6 g)的71%。玉米播期延迟抑制了大豆玉米共生后期玉米资源竞争力的恢复,在大豆和玉米共生前期,大豆的资源竞争力强于玉米,而共生后期(9月至收获),玉米的资源竞争力显著提升;M3处理大豆相对于玉米的资源竞争力(aggressivity,A_(sm))始终高于M1和M2,玉米相对拥挤指数随播期延迟而降低,表现为M1M2M3,而竞争比率为M3M2M1。因此,就本研究而言,甘肃河西灌区大豆/玉米间作系统中4月24日大豆和玉米同时播种是此系统间作作物的适宜播期,两作物同时播种可有效稳定间作作物产量及系统生产力,间作玉米播种延迟会导致间作系统生产力下降。     

Modelling the Effect of Land Management Changes on Soil Organic Carbon Stocks in a Mediterranean Cultivated Field

Land management in agricultural lands has important effects on soil organic carbon (SOC) dynamics. These effects are particularly relevant in the Mediterranean region, where soils are fragile and prone to erosion. Increasing interest of modelling to simulate SOC dynamics and the significance of soil erosion on SOC redistribution have been linked to the development of some recent models. In this study, the SPEROS‐C model was implemented in a 1.6‐ha cereal field for a 150‐year period covering 100 years of minimum tillage by animal traction, 35 years of conventional tillage followed by 15 years of reduced tillage by chisel to evaluate the effects of changes in land management on SOC stocks and lateral carbon fluxes in a Mediterranean agroecosystem. The spatial patterns of measured and simulated SOC stocks were in good agreement, and their spatial variability appeared to be closely linked to soil redistribution. Changes in the magnitude of lateral SOC fluxes differed between land management showing that during the conventional tillage period the carbon losses is slightly higher (0.06 g C m⁻² yr⁻¹) compared to the period of reduced till using chisel (0.04 g C m⁻² yr⁻¹). Although the results showed that the SPEROS‐C model is a potential tool to evaluate erosion induced carbon fluxes and assess the relative contribution of different land management on SOC stocks in Mediterranean agroecosystems, the model was not able to fully represent the observed SOC stocks. Further research (e.g. input parameters) and model development will be needed to achieve more accurate results. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

施氮量和蚕豆/玉米间作对土壤无机氮时空分布的影响

在田间条件下于2006—2007年研究了不同氮水平下（N 0、75、150、225、300 kg/hm2）蚕豆/玉米间作体系与其相应单作体系土壤无机氮的时空分布规律,旨在为河西走廊灌区蚕豆/玉米间作体系的氮素管理提供理论依据。用土钻法采集土壤剖面样品,CaCl2浸提,流动分析仪测定土壤无机氮的方法研究了施氮量和蚕豆/玉米种间相互作用对土壤无机氮时间和空间变化特点。结果表明:灌漠土无机氮以NO3--N为主。蚕豆和玉米无机氮含量在蚕豆收获前种植方式间均无显著性差异,蚕豆收获后至玉米收获,间作显著降低了两种作物各层无机氮含量;无机氮含量随着施氮量增加而显著增加。蚕豆收获后间作体系0—100 cm土层无机氮累积量略高于单作体系,且0—100 cm 土层无机氮累积量高于100—160 cm土层;玉米收获后,间作蚕豆和玉米土壤无机氮累积量在0—100 cm土层分别平均降低了51.7%和16.6%,在100—160 cm土层平均降低了42.1%和6.1%;与不施氮相比,施氮蚕豆和玉米无机氮累积量在0—100 cm土层分别平均增加了40.1%和81.5%,在100—160 cm土层分别增加了69.6%和40.6%;与单作体系相比,间作体系0—100 和100—160 cm土层土壤无机氮分别降低43.4%和34.1%。因此,施氮肥显著增加土壤无机氮的累积,而豆科/禾本科间作减少了土壤无机氮的残留。     

Carbon and nitrogen mineralization after maize harvest between and within maize rows: a microcosm study using 13C natural abundance

The sequestration of carbon in soil is not completely understood, and quantitative information about the rates of soil organic carbon (SOC) turnover could improve understanding. We analyzed the effects of the uneven distribution of crop residues after harvest of silage maize on C and N losses (CO₂‐C, dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and nitrogen (DON), and NO₃^–) from a Haplic Phaeozem and on the occurrence of priming effects induced by the decomposition of accumulated maize residues. Soil columns were taken from a continuous maize (since 1961) field after harvest i) between maize stalk rows (M_bare), ii) within the maize rows including a standing maize stalk (M_stalk), and iii) from a continuous rye (since 1878) field after tillage (rye stalk and roots were mixed into the Ap horizon). The soil columns were incubated for 230 days at 8 °C with an irrigation rate of 2 mm 10^–2 M CaCl₂ per day. Natural ¹³C abundance was used to distinguish between maize‐derived C (in SOC and maize residues) and older C originating from former C₃ vegetation. The uneven distribution of maize residues resulted in a considerably increased heterotrophic activity within the maize rows as compared with soil between seed rows. Cumulative CO₂ production was 53.1 g CO₂‐C m^–2 for M_stalk and 23.3 g CO₂‐C m^–2 for M_bare. The contribution of maize‐derived C to the total CO₂ emission was 83 % (M_stalk) and 67 % (M_bare). Calculated as difference between CO₂‐C release from M_stalk and M_bare, 19 % of the maize residues (roots and stalk) in M_stalk were mineralized during the incubation period. There was no or only a marginal effect of the accumulation of maize residues in M_stalk on leaching of DOC, DON, and NO₃^–. Total DOC and DON leaching amounted to 2.5 g C m^–2 and 0.16 g N m^–2 for M_stalk and to 2.1 g C m^–2 and 0.12 g N m^–2 for M_bare. The contribution of maize‐derived C to DOC leaching was about 25 % for M_stalk and M_bare. Nitrate leaching amounted to 3.9 g NO₃^–‐N m^–2 for M_stalk and to 3.5 g NO₃^–‐N m^–2 for M_bare. There was no priming effect induced by the decomposition of fresh maize residues with respect to CO₂ or DOC production from indigenous soil organic carbon derived from C₃ vegetation.     

耕作、残茬及施肥管理对土壤有机质动态变化影响的情景分析

Based on data from 10-year field experiments on residue/fertilizer management in the dryland farming region of northern China, Century model was used to simulate the site-specific ecosystem dynamics through adjustment of the model＇s parameters, and the applicability of the model to propose soil organic carbon （SOC） management temporally and spatially, in cases such as of tillage/residue/fertilization management options, was identified v/a scenario analysis.Results between simulations and actual measurements were in close agreement when appropriate applications of stover,manure and inorganic fertilizer were combined. Simulations of extreme C/N ratios with added organic materials tended to underestimate the measured effects. Scenarios of changed tillage methods, residue practices and fertilization options showed potential to maintain and enhance SOC in the long run, while increasing inorganic N slowed down the SOC turnover rate but did not create a net C sink without any organic C input. The Century model simulation showed a good relationship between annual C inputs to the soil and the rate of C sequestration in the top 20 cm layer and provided quantitative estimations of changes in parameters crucial for sustainable land use and management. Conservation tillage practices for sustainable land use should be integrated with residue management and appreciable organic and inorganic fertilizer application, adapted according to the local residue resource, soil fertility and production conditions. At least 50% residue return into the soil was needed annually for maintenance of SOC balance, and manure amendment was important for enhancement of SOC in small crop-livestock systems in which crop residue land application was limited.