国内外粮食产品重金属污染监测对比与分析

粮食产品的重金属污染是我国重要的食品安全问题,对粮食重金属污染进行监测是开展风险评估、污染防控和保障食品安全的基础。本文介绍了发达国家在粮食产品重金属污染的监测计划、来源分析、监测过程质量管理与控制、数据库构建与应用等方面的先进经验,对比分析了我国存在的问题和差距,并为今后我国科学、合理地开展粮食产品重金属污染监测工作提供了相关对策与建议。     

区域耕地粮食生产保障能力及其风险评价方法

区域耕地粮食生产保障能力是区域耕地对综合食物安全所需粮食的保障程度,受区域耕地资源和社会经济等方面的影响。科学评价区域耕地的粮食生产保障能力及其存在风险,对于解决综合食物安全问题起着关键性的作用。该文以区域耕地的粮食供给能力和粮食生产安全量预测为基础,建立了区域耕地粮食生产保障风险的评价方法,并以洞庭湖区为例开展了以县(市、区)为基本单元的实证研究。结果表明:洞庭湖区耕地资源对全国综合食物安全的保障情况较好,但部分县(市、区)的风险等级较高,且临湖区域的风险较相对远离洞庭湖区域的风险高,需要提高粮食生产水平并控制耕地非农化。该文所提出的区域耕地粮食生产保障能力及其风险评价方法为研究和评估不同区域粮食安全状况与耕地资源之间的相互关系提供参考。     

中国重金属污染耕地土壤安全利用存在问题与建议

中国耕地土壤重金属污染情况不容乐观，如何安全利用重金属污染耕地仍是当今亟需解决的农业和环保问题。本文综合分析了近几年不同污染程度耕地土壤的安全利用措施，提出重金属低积累作物种植、重金属钝化技术、农艺调控及种植结构调整为当前污染耕地土壤安全利用的主要手段，并指出污染源防控力度不足、土壤污染与作物安全性关系不明、原位钝化技术风险及低积累作物利用效果的局限性仍然是中国污染耕地土壤安全、高效利用面临的主要问题，建议进一步完善污染土壤评价标准、健全污染土壤防控体系、优化污染土壤安全利用技术，以推动重金属污染耕地土壤的安全、高效和可持续利用。     

经济发达地区耕地景观格局对土壤重金属污染风险的影响分析

探讨耕地景观格局对土壤重金属污染风险的影响有利于丰富耕地可持续利用和保护路径,对维护国家粮食安全和景观生态安全具有重要意义。该研究以经济发达地区嵊州为研究对象,基于土地利用数据、耕地分等成果和93个样点采样数据,测算耕地重金属镉（Cd）、铅（Pb）和汞（Hg）污染水平和耕地景观格局指数,采用逐步回归模型和空间回归模型分析耕地景观格局与重金属污染的关系。结果表明：1）研究区各土壤重金属因子污染指数及内梅罗综合评价指数的均值范围为0.22～0.42,Cd、Pb和Hg污染风险依次降低,整体污染风险较低,单个重金属污染指数变异系数均大于0.5,污染风险较高地区呈现团状聚集空间分布特征。2）耕地重金属污染与景观格局在城乡和道路梯度上存在明显的空间关联关系。3）耕地不同类型重金属污染与耕地景观格局各类指数呈现显著相关关系,耕地景观斑块规模、破碎度以及斑块形状复杂度与耕地重金属污染呈显著负相关关系,耕地景观聚集度与耕地重金属污染污染呈显著正相关关系。该研究进一步深化耕地景观格局与土壤重金属污染的定量关系,可为从景观格局优化路径控制土壤重金属污染提供参考。     

洞庭湖区莲藕重金属污染特征

洞庭湖区土壤重金属污染引发了关于湿地产品中重金属可能超标的广泛担忧。本研究以洞庭湖区的湿地产品——莲藕为研究对象,通过对主要种植区域莲藕中重金属含量的野外调查,结合国家食品污染物限量标准,采用综合污染指数法,阐明莲藕中重金属镉(Cd)、铅(Pb)、铜(Cu)、锌(Zn)、锰(Mn)的污染特征。结果表明,洞庭湖区的莲藕重金属污染严重,以Cd、Pb超标明显,单项污染指数分别为5.70和8.35。根据莲藕中重金属综合污染指数的高低,产于岳阳楼区和沅江市的莲藕属于中度污染,而产于君山区、华容县、南县、大通湖区的莲藕属于重度污染。对莲藕重金属含量和各种植区的主成分分析表明,洞庭湖莲藕中度和重度污染区域呈现出明显的集群分布。莲藕种植区域的水土重金属污染和藕池破碎化是导致莲藕中重金属超标的两个主要原因,建议地方政府开展莲藕种植区域生境恢复,降低水土重金属污染,促进莲藕产业的健康发展。     

中国耕地土壤重金属污染概况

依托收集的耕地土壤重金属污染案例资料,建立了我国138个典型区域的耕地土壤重金属污染数据库,并利用《土壤环境质量标准》(GB15618-1995)中的二级标准作为评价标准,测算了我国耕地的土壤重金属污染概况.研究表明:(1)我国耕地的土壤重金属污染概率为16.67％左右,据此推断我国耕地重金属污染的面积占耕地总量的1 /6左右;(2)耕地土壤重金属污染等别中,尚清洁、清洁、轻污染、中污染、重污染比重分别为68.12％,15.22％,14.49％,1.45％,0.72％;(3)8种土壤重金属元素中,Cd污染概率为25.20％,远超过其他几种土壤重金属元素;此外,也有一些区域发生Ni,Hg,As和Pb土壤污染,但是Zn、Cr和Cu元素发生污染的概率较小;(4)辽宁、河北、江苏、广东、山西、湖南、河南、贵州、陕西、云南、重庆、新疆、四川和广西14个省、市和自治区可能是我国耕地重金属污染的多发区域,特别是辽宁和山西的耕地土壤重金属污染可能尤其严重.     

宿州市矿区与耕地土壤重金属含量及其潜在生态风险评价

以调查宿州市矿区与耕地土壤的重金属污染状况数据为基础,按照有关标准和方法,对宿州市矿区与耕地土壤重金属潜在生态风险进行了评价,结果表明:宿州市矿区土壤重金属含量均值除Pb外,其它都大于耕地,且Hg、Cr含量远远超过耕地;从单因子污染指数看,矿区土壤重金属污染主要是Hg、Cr的污染,而耕地整体状况良好;从内梅罗综合污染指数的均值来看,矿区土壤全部被污染,耕地仅有6%中度污染,8%轻度污染;从潜在生态风险指数来看,矿区土壤属于中等风险等级,耕地属于低风险等级,各重金属元素对矿区土壤潜在生态风险贡献大小顺序为:矿区土壤Hg>Cd>As>Cr>Cu>Zn>Pb,Hg潜在生态风险最大。     

复垦村庄土壤重金属污染损失评价

以山西省泽州县西郜村的复垦村庄为研究区域,在分析该地区土壤重金属含量的基础上,选择污染损失模型对土壤重金属污染状况进行评价。确定区域优质耕地土壤重金属平均含量为背景值,并运用主成分分析法确定各重金属对损失的贡献率,初步估算复垦村庄土壤重金属对复垦后耕地的污染损失率(重金属对复垦后土壤的损害程度)和耕地利用时重金属造成的经济损失量。研究结果表明,复垦村庄范围内各重金属单项污染损失率在0.85%~1.37%之间,全区综合污染损失率平均为11.60%,污染等级均为Ⅱ级,土壤损失属于"良"水平;砷、铅和铬的污染损失率均大于1%,且与综合污染损失率有较高的正相关性,对于综合污染损失率贡献率较大,是主要的污染因子;通过污染损失模型估算出复垦村庄重金属的污染状况对于复垦后耕地每年造成的损失为4.37万元。污染损失模型对污染因子具有更强的分辨率,对于土壤污染的相对严重性判断更精确,评价结果有效地反映了复垦村庄整体的重金属污染损失状况,有助于复垦后耕地的重金属污染的控制与修复。     

中国耕地重金属污染现状及其人为污染源浅析

重金属污染物对食品安全及人身健康有很大的危胁,耕地土壤重金属污染问题已越来越受到关注。为有效防止耕地污染进一步恶化及改善食品质量安全,有必要整体分析我国耕地重金属污染现状及主要人为污染源。通过搜集全国(未含港澳台地区)有关耕地土壤重金属污染调查数据的文献(2008～2018年),采用地积累指数法分析了各地区Cd、Pb、Cr、Hg、As、Cu、Ni 7种重金属累积含量及可能存在的风险,综合评价了重金属在我国各地区耕地表层土壤30年来的积累情况和主要人为污染源。结果表明,陕西、甘肃、新疆、广东、海南、湖南、河南、浙江、北京、山西、吉林、四川12个省(市、区)是我国耕地污染较为严重的地区,其中陕西、甘肃、新疆、广东和湖南尤其严重;耕地土壤重金属污染元素主要是镉和汞,受到中度污染及以上的省(市、区)分别有9个和5个;造成耕地土壤重金属污染的主要人为因素有冶矿产业、工业企业、城市建设、车辆交通、垃圾处理及农业生产等,污染严重程度依次为冶矿产业电子垃圾拆解城市建设工业企业城郊活动车辆交通生活垃圾处理蔬菜(设施)生产畜禽养殖。建议应严格控制污染强度较高的工矿企业和城市建设等污染物的排放,同时农业土壤中的镉和汞作为优先控制和治理的元素。     

昭通市实行耕地轮作休耕的探讨

耕地是粮食生产的根本和载体,近年来,我国整体粮食产量逐年递增,但在耕地资源和环境上出现了很多新的挑战。基于此,根据以往工作经验,对云南省昭通市耕地环境和耕地质量情况进行分析,并从重金属污染区、城郊蔬菜和花卉种植区、大棚设施覆盖区和长期地膜覆盖区、大中城市郊区四方面,论述了轮作休耕的主要方法和措施。     

中国华北地区近40年物候春季变化

根据华北地区7个观测站物候资料,分析了华北地区1963-1996年及北京1963-2005年物候春季的变化特征及其与气温的关系。结果表明:华北地区的物候春季有明显提早来临的趋势,而造成这一变化的主要因素是本地区近40 a来冬春季气温的明显上升。其中1963-1996年间华北地区1-3月及4月的平均气温分别上升了2.3℃与1.7℃,物候春季起止日期分别提前了9d和4d,因而使得春季长度也延长了5d;北京1963-2003年间1-3月及4月的平均气温分别上升了3.5℃与2.6℃,物候春季的起止日期分别提前了11d和10d,但春季长度没有明显变化。     

天津半干旱地区不同种植年限菜田土壤微生物变化特征的研究

对天津周边半干旱地区不同种植年限的菜田土壤微生物状况调查研究表明 ,该地区土壤微生物以细菌为主 ,夏季微生物总量大大高于冬季 ;随着种菜年限的增加 ,耕层和亚耕层微生物总量都有增加趋势 ,其中细菌和放线菌增加明显 ,真菌有下降趋势 ;真菌类群分析表明 ,少数纤维素分解菌 ,如青霉 (Penicillium)、木霉 (Trichoderma)等为优势菌 ,而糖和木质素分解菌仅占少数。用尖孢镰刀霉 (Fusariumuoxysporum)、大肠杆菌 (Escherichia coli)接种不同种菜年限土壤 ,检测土壤拮抗菌状况发现 ,拮抗菌仅在种植年限长的老菜田的放线菌中发现。表明北方半干旱地区菜田土壤细菌为优势菌 ,主要存在于土壤微孔隙中 ;而适于生活在土壤疏松大孔隙中的真菌数量极少。应注意土壤结构的改良 ,为丰富土壤微生物提供良好的生态环境     

天津半干旱地区不同种植年限菜田土壤微生物变化特征的研究

对天津周边半干旱地区不同种植年限的菜田土壤微生物状况调查研究表明 ,该地区土壤微生物以细菌为主 ,夏季微生物总量大大高于冬季 ;随着种菜年限的增加 ,耕层和亚耕层微生物总量都有增加趋势 ,其中细菌和放线菌增加明显 ,真菌有下降趋势 ;真菌类群分析表明 ,少数纤维素分解菌 ,如青霉 (Penicillium)、木霉 (Trichoderma)等为优势菌 ,而糖和木质素分解菌仅占少数。用尖孢镰刀霉 (Fusariumuoxysporum)、大肠杆菌 (Escherichia coli)接种不同种菜年限土壤 ,检测土壤拮抗菌状况发现 ,拮抗菌仅在种植年限长的老菜田的放线菌中发现。表明北方半干旱地区菜田土壤细菌为优势菌 ,主要存在于土壤微孔隙中 ;而适于生活在土壤疏松大孔隙中的真菌数量极少。应注意土壤结构的改良 ,为丰富土壤微生物提供良好的生态环境     

沈阳市城市表土中微生物区系变化的初步研究

在沈阳市远郊-近郊-市区等不同城市化水平区内选取林地、草地和路边土几种不同利用方式下的表层土壤,对土壤中的微生物状况进行了初步分析。结果表明,随着城市化水平的提高,土壤中微生物的数量表现为明显的减少趋势。其中变化较大的是细菌,而真菌和放线菌的变化不明显。     

Sediment denitrification in waterways in a rice-paddy-dominated watershed in eastern China

Purpose

Rice-paddy-dominated watersheds in eastern China are intensively cultivated, and lands with two crops receive as much as 550–600 kg?ha^–1?year^–1 of nitrogen (N), mainly through the addition of N-based fertilizers. However, stream N concentrations have been found to be relatively low. Waterways in the watersheds are assumed to be effective “sinks” for N, minimizing its downstream movement. We directly measured net sediment denitrification rates in three types of waterways (ponds, streams/rivers, and a reservoir) and determined the key factors that control net sediment denitrification. Such information is essential for evaluating the impact of the agricultural N cycle on the quality of surface water.

Materials and methods

The pond–stream–reservoir continuum was sampled every 2 months at nine sites in an agricultural watershed between November 2010 and December 2011. Net sediment N₂ fluxes/net sediment denitrification rates were determined by membrane inlet mass spectrometry and the N₂/Ar technique. A suite of parameters known to influence denitrification were also measured.

Results and discussion

Net denitrification rates ranged between 28.2?±?18.2 and 674.3?±?314.5 μmol N₂–N?m^–2?h^–1 for the streams, 23.7?±?23.9 and 121.2?±?38.7 μmol N₂–N?m^–2?h^–1 for the ponds, and 41.8?±?17.7 and 239.3?±?49.8 μmol N₂–N?m^–2?h^–1 for the reservoir. The mean net denitrification rate of the stream sites (173.2?±?248.4 μmol N₂–N?m^–2?h^–1) was significantly higher (p?<?0.001) than that of the pond sites (48.3?±?44.5 μmol N₂–N?m^–2?h^–1), and the three types of waterways all had significantly higher (p?<?0.01) mean net denitrification rates in summer than in other seasons. Linear regression and linear mixed effect model analysis showed that nitrate (NO₃ ^?–N) concentration in surface water was the primary controlling factor for net sediment denitrification, followed by water temperature. Using monitoring data on NO₃ ^?–N concentrations and temperature of the surface water of waterways and an established linear mixed effect model, total N removed through net sediment denitrification in the pond–stream–reservoir continuum was estimated at 46.8?±?24.0 t?year^–1 from July 2007 to June 2009, which was comparable with earlier estimates based on the mass balance method (34.3?±?12.7 t?year^–1), and accounted for 83.4 % of the total aquatic N. However, the total aquatic N was only 4.4 % of the total N input to the watershed, and thus most of the surplus N in the watershed was likely to be either denitrified or stored in soil.

Conclusions

High doses of N in a rice-paddy-dominated watershed did not lead to high stream N concentrations due to limited input of N into waterways and the high efficiency of waterways in removing N through denitrification.     

Trends in soil science in Switzerland

Phytoremediation is an emerging technology based on the use of green plants to remove, contain, inactivate or destroy harmful environmental pollutants. Recent developments in Europe and the USA show that the approach is somewhat different on both sides of the Atlantic. In Europe, phytoremediation has more basically been research driven and, based on the outcomes, applications have been envisaged. By contrast, the approach in the USA is more application and experience driven. In spite of a growing track record of commercial success, more demonstration projects are needed to prove that phytoremediation is effective in order to rigorously measure its underlying economics, and to expand its applications. More fundamental research is also required to better understand the complex interactions between pollutants, soil, plant roots and micro-organisms at the rhizosphere level, to increase the bioavailability of pollutants, to fully exploit the metabolic diversity of plants and, thus, to successfully implement this new green technology.     

Trace metals in precipitation in Sweden

Trace metals (Cd, Cu, Fe, Mn, Pb, and Zn) concentrations in atmospheric precipitation have been routinely monitored in Sweden since the autumn of 1983. Concentrations are highest in southern Sweden and decrease northward. It is postulated that the long range transport of anthropogenic pollutants from the rest of Europe is the major source of Cd, Pb, and Zn in precipitation. Evidence for this hypothesis is that enrichment factors indicate anthropogenic origin, and Swedish atmospheric emissions of Zn and Cd are 2 to 3 times smaller than deposition fluxes. Also, Cd, Pb, and Zn concentrations are correlated in both space and time and are also well correlated with exSO₄ ⁺, a substance known to be of anthropogenic origin transported long distances.     

Patterns in trace elements in lichens

Water, Air, & Soil Pollution - Epiphytic lichens were sampled in a Dutch national monitoring survey, which was carried out twice within 5 yr. The samples were analyzed by neutron activation...     

不同种植模式下菜地土壤腐殖质组分特性的动态变化

通过在南京普朗克有机农场开展的9年长期定位监测,研究了有机(露地和大棚)和常规种植模式下蔬菜地耕层土壤有机碳和土壤腐殖质组分特性的动态变化。结果表明,有机露地、有机大棚和常规露地种植土壤有机碳含量分别从11.41、9.29、9.00 g k g-1提高至15.35、20.90、10.00 g kg-1;胡敏酸碳(CHA)分别从1.79、1.23、1.14 g kg-1提高至2.11、3.11、1.31 g kg-1;富里酸碳(CFA)分别从2.19、1.88、1.73 g kg-1提高至2.44、2.68、1.91 g kg-1。两种有机种植模式的土壤有机碳及腐殖质组分含量增加达到显著水平,而常规种植模式下的变化不显著。两种有机种植模式下表征土壤腐殖质品质的胡/富比(CHA/CFA)、胡敏酸占总腐殖物质的比例(PQ值)均高于常规种植模式,土壤富里酸的E4/E6值、色调系数(ΔlogK)值随着种植时间增加的幅度较常规种植模式更大,土壤胡敏酸芳化度呈现先降低后增高的趋势,但在常规种植下变化不明显。说明土壤在长期有机种植模式下不仅更有利于土壤有机碳的积累,而且能促进土壤腐殖化进程。     

Variation in ozone concentration in relation to local climate in south-west Sweden

Ozone (O₃) concentration and air temperature/relative humidity were monitored using diffusive samplers (weekly, 3 m above ground) and Tinytag loggers (10 min sampling, 1 m above ground, self-ventilating radiation shields), respectively, in the forested landscape of south-west Sweden, 40 km north-east of Gothenburg. Two forest sites were included, one at a hilltop (175 m a.s.l.), and one in a nearby (～1 km) valley (110 m a.s.l.). In addition, a valley site (～3 km from the forest sites, 60 m a.s.l.) in an agricultural landscape was included, where ozone was measured using both a UV-based monitor and diffusive sampling. At the agricultural site measurements of temperature and relative humidity were made using a radiation shield with forced ventilation and with Tinytags, as on the forest sites, in addition to observations of wind speed and the vertical temperature gradient. Furthermore, comparison with O₃ concentrations at urban and coastal sites in the region was made. The temperature dependent, systematic error of using a self-ventilating radiation shield was estimated and corrected for. It was found that the elevated forested site experienced higher O₃ concentrations and lower evening cooling rates in calm situations as compared to the forest site in the valley and in particular as compared to the agricultural site. This can be explained by a stronger coupling with the planetary boundary layer at the elevated site and more pronounced night-inversions at the valley sites. The difference in weekly O₃ concentration between the two forested sites was correlated with the difference in average minimum night-time temperature. The coastal site had the highest ozone concentrations, related largely, but not fully, to higher night-time O₃ concentrations. The urban site showed a depression in O₃ concentration associated with the combination of large NO emissions and slow air mixing during the morning traffic rush hours.