北京房山采石场渣土基质对高羊茅生长的影响

针对工程渣土产生量与日俱增,随意堆放,破坏植被,加剧水土流失等现状,利用工程渣土进行人工土壤的重建,实现工程渣土的减量化、资源化利用.以渣土粒径(A)、羊粪用量(B)、秸秆用量(C)、木炭粉用量(D)作为试验因子,采用4因素3水平进行正交试验,研究不同配比的渣土基材对高羊茅出苗率、生长高度及生物量的影响.结果表明,4因素对高羊茅出苗率、生长高度及生物量的影响程度大小顺序为:羊粪用量(B)＞秸秆用量(C)＞渣土粒径(A)＜木炭粉用量(D).适宜高羊茅生长的较优基质配方为A1B2C2D2,即渣土粒径为0～10 mm,羊粪用量为9 g,秸秆用量为220 g,木炭粉用量为6 g.试验表明,渣土粒径范围的增大,抑制了高羊茅出苗及生长;当秸秆用量处于中等水平(220 g)或羊粪用量处理于中等水平(9.0)时,对出苗率、生长高度及生物量的影响最佳;木炭粉用量对于出苗率、生长高度及生物量的影响不显著.     

厌氧发酵固体剩余物建植高羊茅草皮的生态特征

为了考察沼渣在草皮无土栽培中的适宜性,该文通过大田试验,设计单因素区组试验,以沼渣为原料复合有机基质培植高羊茅草皮,研究了沼渣体积分数改变对复合有机基质理化特性、高羊茅幼苗生长以及高羊茅草皮成坪性状的影响,结果表明：1）T60基质（沼渣体积分数为60%）中全氮、全磷、全钾、速效氮、速效磷、速效钾、有机质含量最高,大于其他3种基质;随着沼渣体积分数提高,复合基质的pH值显著降低,干、湿容重显著降低,入渗率和总孔隙度显著增高,保水性增大;2）复合有机基质对高羊茅幼苗生长有明显促进作用,单位面积幼苗株数、幼苗株高、幼苗叶宽、草皮盖度、颜色等级、均一性和根层厚度均显著高于对照基质,从高羊茅幼苗生长来看,以60%和90%沼渣组成的复合有机基质适于建植高羊茅草皮;3）60%沼渣复合基质下,高羊茅草皮的总生物量、地上以及地下生物量显著大于其他基质,其草皮根冠比明显小于其他基质,该基质显著改变了高羊茅草皮的地上和地下生物量分配格局,促进生物量向地上部分转移,利于草皮生长,因此,该复合有机基质为高羊茅最佳建植基质。     

华北地区煤矸石绿化基质配比试验研究

以煤矸石山的生态恢复为目的,将煤矸石粉粒作为改良煤矸石山绿化基质的主要组成部分,同时添加土壤、保水剂、缓释肥和菌肥,作为基质组成的4个因素,各因素均设4个水平,选用L16（44）正交表安排每类基质中各组成部分的水平,在各基质中播种紫穗槐,通过分析紫穗槐的出苗率和壮苗指数,判定得到适合于煤矸石山绿化的基质为：煤矸石粉粒和土壤的体积比为2：1,每m3的煤矸石粉粒和土壤的混合物中添加保水剂和菌肥的质量分别为2kg和680g。采用这种基质配比方式,对于满足植物正常生长,降低煤矸石山改良的成本,具有一定的参考意义。     

煤矸石生态基质的制备配方及其肥力特征研究

煤矸石是煤炭开采过程中产生的废弃物,而制备生态基质是消纳煤矸石储量的重要途径。以煤矸石为原料,搭配不同有机原料,经过混合堆制后得到不同理化性质的生态基质。采用 3 因素 4 水平正交试验,研究煤矸石粉碎粒径(A)、煤矸石含量(B)及添加堆肥种类(C)对生态基质产品的肥力影响,并采用高羊茅盆栽试验进行验证。通过测定生态基质理化性质及植物生长的 12 个肥力相关特征指标,并对其进行极差分析与方差分析,检验各配方间的差异显著性。主要研究结果如下:(1)基质营养组成方面,煤矸石粒径、煤矸石含量以及堆肥种类均显著影响(P<0.05)其养分含量。综合考虑有机质、总氮、总磷指标以及经济原则,认为 C4A2B2(40% 污泥堆肥搭配 60% 大粒径煤矸石)方案,在3项指标上都达到了较优水平。煤矸石粒径越小,越利于养分释放;煤矸石含量越高,养分含量就越少;污泥堆肥营养物质丰富,加入基质中,能提高基质养分含量,但是添加污泥同时会增大基质中重金属总量。(2)基质粒径组成中,粘粒含量受煤矸石粒径、堆肥种类显著影响(P<0.01);砂粒和粉粒含量则只受堆肥种类显著影响(P<0.05)。粘粒含量最高的最优选方案为 C4A3B4(20% 污泥堆肥搭配 80%中粒径煤矸石),而砂粒含量最高的最优选配方为 C1A3B4(20% 植物堆肥搭配 80% 中粒径煤矸石)。煤矸石粒径越小,基质粘粒含量越高;污泥堆肥能显著提高基质粘粒百分比,有利于保水保肥;植物堆肥则能提高砂粒占比,有利于透水透气。(3)植物生长方面,高羊茅发芽率及地上生物量积累随基质中煤矸石占比的增加而下降,或与煤矸石重金属含量高但营养元素少有关。然而,地上、地下生物量都受添加堆肥种类显著影响(P<0.01)。根据各组生态基质栽培的高羊茅生长表现,认为使用配方 B1C1A1(50% 植物堆肥搭配 50% 极大粒径煤矸石)能达到最大的发芽率,而使用配方 B2C1A1(40% 植物堆肥搭配 60% 极大粒径堆肥)则在总生物量积累上能达到最优。添加植物堆肥的基质对高羊茅的总生物量积累最有利。     

盐渍化地区土地整理过程中的土壤改良

针对盐渍化地区土地整理实践中土壤盐分含量高,养分含量少的特点,考虑隔盐材料(A)、隔盐层深度(B)和改良剂(C)三个因素,设计3因素3水平正交方案,对土壤进行改良试验,以便筛选出较好的改良方案。研究结果表明,经过改良后土壤容重、pH值和含盐量下降明显,有效氮、有效磷、有机质的含量均呈上升趋势,有效钾含量略有下降;与对照组相比,土壤理化性质、主要养分含量明显改善,作物生物量和产量显著提高,且各指标均差异显著。经过综合平衡,确定A2B2C1为最佳改良方案,其中隔盐材料选取炉渣和玉米秸秆,隔盐层深度为60cm,改良剂为有机肥。     

生物质炭醋糟复配物代替草炭对辣椒幼苗生长的影响

生物质炭的农业利用日益受到关注。针对草炭资源日益耗竭的问题,以药渣炭、木屑炭和猪粪炭为试验对象,配比一定量的醋糟,分析了不同配比生物质炭复合基质对辣椒幼苗生长的影响,探讨了生物质炭复合基质代替草炭基质的可能性。试验结果表明:生物质炭在与醋糟按4∶2、3∶3、2∶4等不同配比混合后,基质的pH大多数在6.0~7.5,基质的通气孔隙有所提高。综合整个幼苗生育期,含20%生物质炭的各复合基质处理的辣椒幼苗株高、茎粗、叶面积、地上部生物量均显著优于对照草炭基质;含20%、40%药渣炭的基质处理的幼苗根表面积、根体积表现较好,在前期与草炭基质无显著差异,后期显著高于草炭基质。药渣炭和木屑炭与醋糟混配基质的壮苗指数优于草炭处理,其中B1A2(药渣炭∶醋糟∶蛭石∶珍珠岩=4∶2∶3∶1)、B1A4(药渣炭∶醋糟∶蛭石∶珍珠岩=2∶4∶3∶1)、B2A4(木屑炭∶醋糟∶蛭石∶珍珠岩=2∶4∶3∶1)处理的壮苗指数均显著高于其他处理。综合评价各生长指标,B1A2和B1A4处理基质的表现最好,可代替草炭基质在辣椒育苗上应用。     

炭化秸秆对水体中氨氮和磷的吸附性能及其与粉煤灰和炉渣的对比

采用恒温振荡吸附试验方法,研究了炭化秸秆对水体中氨氮和磷的吸附,并与粉煤灰和炉渣两种物料的吸附性能进行了对比。结果表明,炭化秸秆对氨氮和磷的吸附容量和吸附率小于粉煤灰、但大于炉渣,且3种物料对氨氮和磷的吸附容量,都随着吸附剂投加量的增加而减小;炭化秸秆和粉煤灰的吸附率随着吸附剂投加量的增加而增大,炉渣则减小;炭化秸秆和炉渣对氨氮和磷的吸附率随着pH值的增大而呈现不规则的增大趋势。3种物料对氨氮和磷的吸附容量受pH的影响很小,粉煤灰对氨氮的吸附容量在pH为6时最高,但在pH为4时炭化秸秆对氨氮的吸附容量最低。     

不同营养液无土盆栽龟背竹对比试验

采用3种不同的营养液配方（A、B、C）,设5个重复,对龟背竹进行了无土栽培研究。结果表明：龟背竹无土栽培用草炭、蛭石、珍珠岩、粗沙按照2∶1∶1∶2比例混合做试验栽培基质为佳。3种营养液对龟背竹生长的影响为：A液〉B液〉C液,其中营养液A培养龟背竹的株高、茎粗、叶面积均显著高于B、C营养液。     

工程渣土配制喷播基质的配方筛选研究

工程渣土与日俱增,利用工程渣土配制喷播基质运用于坡面绿化,可以实现工程渣土的资源化利用。用工程渣土改良的绿化用土作为试验材料,以坡面岩性(A)、粘结剂用量(B)、保水剂用量(C)作为试验因子,采用3因素2水平进行正交试验,通过研究不同坡面性质、不同粘结剂及保水剂用量对基质保水性及抗剪强度的影响,筛选出最优基质配方。结果表明,保水剂及粘结剂的添加提升了基质的持水能力,提高了基质的抗剪强度;3因素对基质保水性的影响程度大小顺序为:保水剂(C)坡面岩性(A)粘合剂(B),最优水平为A1B2C2;3因素对基质抗剪切能力的影响程度大小顺序为:粘合剂(B)保水剂(C)坡面岩性(A),最优水平为A2B2C2。通过综合分析保水性及抗剪强度得出最优的基质组合为A2B2C2,即坡面岩性为岩质坡面,粘合剂用量为60 gm-2,保水剂用量为50 gm-2。     

基于废弃物的潞安煤矿废弃地改良土壤基质配比研究

为解决潞安矿区煤矸石山、塌陷地生态修复缺土少肥问题,本研究将粉煤灰、污泥与垃圾堆肥以5%、10%、20%体积比例正交混合配制改良土壤基质进行盆栽试验,观测不同配比土壤的理化性质、养分及重金属含量、高羊茅与紫叶小檗生长状况,并用主成分–聚类分析法筛选最优配比。结果表明:添加垃圾堆肥可以提高土壤有效养分与有机质含量,对土壤理化性质改良有明显效果;添加污泥仅提升土壤有效磷含量;添加粉煤灰在降低土壤容重、增大总孔隙度与非毛管孔隙度上效果明显,但对土壤p H、阳离子交换量(CEC)与碱解氮的改良具有显著负效应。各废弃物改良基质的碱解氮、有效磷、速效钾、有机质等含量均较高,土壤重金属含量也处在安全范围,而土壤容重、非毛管孔隙、pH、电导率(EC)与CEC等指标性质较优的处理组为粉煤灰∶污泥∶垃圾堆肥∶土=5%∶20%∶20%∶55%、10%∶10%∶20%∶60%、20%∶5%∶20%∶55%3个处理。经过综合筛选,本研究基质最优混合配比为粉煤灰∶污泥∶垃圾堆肥∶土=5%∶20%∶20%∶55%,可作为当地矿区废弃地生态修复客土材料推荐方案。     

Effect of Green Waste Compost and Mycorrhizal Fungi on Calcium,Potassium, and Sodium Uptake of Woody Plants Grown Under Salt Stress

Sodium chloride is the most often used chemical to malt ice and snow on the roads and has negative effects on the roadside environment. Searching for ways to improve the conditions for growth of trees and shrubs near the roads becomes an urgent matter. One such method of improving growth conditions for plants under salinity might be to use organic matter (green waste compost) and mycorrhizal fungi. This study studied the effect of application in soil different salts on several trees and shrubs growth in growing media. Also, effect of green waste compost and arbuscular mycorrhiza (AM) added to the growing medium was evaluated in terms of growth and K⁺, Ca⁺², and Na⁺ uptake. The highest pH of the growing medium was noted when sodium carbonate was used. The pH ranged from 8.7 to 9.0 after eight doses of sodium carbonate. The pH of the growing medium was also significantly higher regardless of whether or not green waste compost or mycorrhizal fungi were used. The type of growing medium had a great effect on the growth of most of the trees, but among shrubs the growing medium was only important for Cornus alba, Sambucus nigra, and Spiraea vanhouttei. Growth of all these plants was much better under salinity when green waste compost or green waste compost with AM fungi was used. In all the cases, when salinity of the growing medium retarded growth of trees and shrubs, sodium chloride was the compound that had the strongest growth retarding effect. Leaf ionic composition was significantly affected by salinity in the growing medium, and in some cases also by micorhizal fungi. The type of growing medium had various effects on sodium uptake, depending on species. In most cases, the addition of green waste compost to the growing medium caused a greater amount of sodium in the leaves of tested plants. The use of mycorrhizal fungi had no effect on the uptake of sodium, compared to the control plants (without AM fungi).     

木霉诱变菌株发酵条件研究

本文以木霉诱变菌株T5、T0 80 3、T1 0 1 0、T1 0 0 3为实验对象 ,利用正交实验优化组合其生长的环境条件 ,方差分析表明各处理间差异显著 ,每个因素的设计差异都显著。最佳组合是菌株T1 0 1 0 ,培养菌丝最适温度 3 0℃ ,pH值 6,高温培养 3d转入低温2 0℃培养 ,农药组合为代森锰。T1 0 1 0液体振荡培养 ,在正常的生长范围内氧气对生长量的影响不大     

滚筒筛式废旧地膜与杂质风选装置设计

回收后的废旧地膜与棉秸秆、根茬等杂质缠绕不易分离,不能实现二次利用,为实现废旧地膜循环再利用和从根源上解决废旧地膜对土壤环境的污染问题,通过对棉秸秆、根茬及地膜在风场中进行运动学分析,测定其悬浮速度,并以此为基础设计了滚筒筛式废旧地膜杂质风选装置,介绍了机具的整体结构、工作原理及关键部件.通过正交试验确定了最优工作参数组合,试验结果表明当旋转筛筒转速为30 r/min,风管出口风速15 m/s时,物料喂入量为250 kg/h时,作业后膜中含杂率、杂中含膜率及废旧地膜产量效果最佳,将最优参数组合带入实际生产中进行验证,试验表明该机具各项指标均满足设计要求,分离后的废旧地膜膜中含杂率为13.71％,杂中含膜率为0.133％,废旧地膜产量可达35.8 kg/h.     

太湖流域农村生活垃圾产排污系数测算研究

选取太湖流域典型农村9户农户（高、中、低收入水平各3户农户）作为研究对象,采用现场监测及入户调查的方法对农户生活垃圾污染物产排系数进行为期一年的系统定量研究,结果表明：收入水平对农户总垃圾、有机垃圾、有机垃圾TN、TP产排污系数及可回收垃圾产污系数影响极显著（P〈0.01）,具体表现为高收入农户〉中收入农户〉低收入农户,但对农户有害垃圾产排污系数及可回收垃圾排污系数无显著性影响（P〉0.05）。因此,除有害垃圾产排污系数及可回收垃圾排污系数外,农户总垃圾、有机垃圾、有机垃圾TN、TP产排污系数及可回收垃圾产污系数可按收入水平划分。各收入水平农户有机垃圾占总垃圾比例超过80%,表明有机垃圾的综合利用效率特别是畜禽养殖率是影响生活垃圾污染物排放系数的主导因素,而农业收入水平则对这种因素影响显著。     

Microbial populations in pullman clay loam receiving large applications of cattle feedlot waste

One way to disperse waste from large commercial feedlots is to spread large amounts of the waste on limited areas nearby. The effects of this practice on the soil microbial populations was assessed. Feedlot waste (FLW) was applied for 5 yr at rates of 0, 22, 67, 134, and 269 t ha^?1 yr^?1. Additional treatments were 538 t ha^?1 yr^?1 for 1 and 3 years and applications of N and NPK fertilizer. Soil cores from plots were sampled for microbial analysis before, during, and after the fifth growing season. April, July. and December soil samples were analyzed to 180-, 20-, and 480-cm depths, respectively. The following utritional and physiological groups of microorganisms were counted: soil fungi on Rose Bengal agar; bacteria on a basal mineral salts medium, on nutrient agar (both aerobically and in BBL GasPak jars), and on EMB agar (Escherichia coli-type colonies and total counts); and nitrifying and denitrifying organisms. Little effect due to FLW application rates was found, and organisms producing coliform-type colonies on EMB agar did not persist in the soil. The results indicated that applying large amounts of feedlot waste will not deleteriously affect soil microorganisms.     

Plant uptake assay to determine bioavailability of inorganic contaminants

A laboratory technique has been developed to rapidly assess the potential uptake of contaminants by plants growing into waste burial sites. A soil-less planting media was used to provide rapid plant growth and reproducible growing conditions. The uptake of contaminants by several plant species grown on uranium mill tailings materials has been examined. The bioavailability of Mo, Se, Cl, and other trace metals in tailings was greater than in a surface soil from a uranium mining area. Significant differences in nutrient and contaminant contents in aboveground biomass were found between species.     

醋糟对平菇营养价值影响的研究

应用模糊综合评判方法,对醋糟平菇子实体蛋白质含量等十类营养成分进行了综合分析。结果表明,醋糟栽培平菇不仅具有产量高,成本低,原料来源广,变废为宝等特点,而且其菇体营养价值与棉籽壳菇体非常接近。这一结论,为进一步推广醋糟栽培平菇这一新技术提供了科学依据,也可作为食用菌领域类似研究的参考。     

以沼渣为原料固态发酵生产Bt生物农药

沼渣是沼气工程中产生的副产物,由于其富含营养物质及微量元素,而广泛应用于农业,畜牧业,养殖业等方面。Bt生物农药是一类具有选择性和高效性的杀虫剂,但是由于其原料的成本较高从而限制了生物农药的发展,而沼渣中富含微生物所需要的各种养分并且价格低廉,因此该文以生产沼气后的沼渣为资源,运用固态发酵,探索了利用沼渣制备苏云金杆菌生物农药的可行性。首先对沼渣营养成分进行了分析,分析表明其营养物质丰富,适合苏云金芽孢杆菌的生长与增殖。其次对菌种的沼渣培养基进行了优化,优化后的培养基质量分数为：50%的沼渣添加35%啤酒糟,10%玉米粉,5%豆饼粉,并与常规培养基和单纯沼渣的发酵进程进行了对比。在优化培养基条件下,发酵48 h后,芽孢数达到5.23×1010 CFU/g,毒力效价为16 100 IU/mg。在传统培养基中芽孢数2.55×1010 CFU/g,毒力效价12 500 IU/mg,而在单纯沼渣中Bt产量及毒性为1.74×108 CFU/g,6000 IU/mg。采用沼渣发酵制备Bt生物农药与传统培养基比较,降低了36.3%的生产成本,且发酵性能优良,也为沼渣的利用寻找到崭新的途径。     

Responses of Common Pot Grown Flower Species To Commercial Plant Growth Media Substituted With Vermicomposts

Waste management is an increasingly important problem in many developed countries and much effort is currently being expended into identifying novel uses for waste products. We consider the effects of substituting proportions of earthworm-digested composted green waste (vermicompost) into commercial peat based growing media on the germination, growth, and productivity of Helianthus annuus, Cosmos bipinnatus and Eschscholzia californica. The percentage germination, time to flowering, seed production, overall heights and biomass were measured for all three species in treatments of commercial peat based growing media where the growth medium was substituted with vermicompost at rates of 0%, 20%, 40%, 60% and 100%. In addition, the total numbers of inflorescences was recorded in multiple flowering species. Results for Helianthus suggest that while vermicompost additions induced small species specific growth responses in germination rate, growth rate, overall height and total biomass, none were statistically significant. For Cosmos there was a significant increase in early plant growth rate and in the final flower numbers at substitution rates of 20% and 40% vermicompost. The total biomass and numbers of flowers produced by Eschscholzia was decreased significantly by substitution of 20% and 40% vermicompost. We conclude that the plant growth enhancement properties of this vermicompost seem more species specific than previously reported. Further, in order to preserve consumer confidence in waste-derived horticulture products, vermicompost marketing strategies should acknowledge these findings.