黑龙江省主要类型稻田土壤硫现状及硫肥效果的研究

不同品种硫肥在水稻土上应用结果表明:硫对水稻的生长发育有促进作用.提高水稻产量,增产效果较好的是硫铵和Sulfer95,增产8.8%～13.4%.另外,施含硫肥料能缓解土壤硫素的消耗,对保持土壤中硫的平衡有很大作用.     

肥力水平对水稻苗期生长及氮素吸收同化的影响

通过盆栽试验研究了不同肥力水平红壤水稻土种植条件下,水稻苗期生长及其N素吸收同化的差异.结果表明,在高肥力土壤中水稻的苗期生物量均显著高于低肥力土壤,主要表现为根生物量的差异,而且高肥力显著增加了水稻根数,但对水稻根冠比无显著影响.高土壤肥力对水稻N素吸收有显著促进作用,在一定程度上提高了水稻N素利用率,但并无显著影响.与低肥力红壤水稻土相比,水稻在高肥条件下叶片和根硝酸还原酶活性(NRA)和谷氨酰胺合成酶活性(GSA)均显著提高,显著促进水稻对N素的吸收同化.因此,适当提高和改善红壤水稻土肥力对红壤区水稻生长及N素营养具有重要意义.     

重金属污染对水稻土微生物及酶活性影响研究进展

水稻土受到重金属污染不仅影响水稻的产量品质，而且对水稻土微生物及酶活性的影响不容忽视。本文系统综述了水稻土重金属污染的来源，重金属污染对水稻土微生物生物量、种群数量、群落结构以及土壤酶活性的影响，并针对重金属污染对水稻土微生态效应研究的不足提出了未来应该研究的重点和方向，指出：①加强水稻-重金属-微生物三者相互作用、相互影响方面的研究；②在研究重金属污染与水稻土土壤微生物生态特征的关系的基础上，加强对重金属、土壤理化性状和水稻等因素进行综合并定量化分析，将是明确重金属对土壤微生物生态特性的影响及相关机理的关键；③应用分子生物学方法以及系统生物学方法，促进重金属污染胁迫下水稻土微生物活性及功能的演变规律及响应适应过程；④加强基于长期定位实验的研究，在较长的时间尺度和较大的空间尺度上认识水稻土生态系统在重金属胁迫下的演变规律和机制；⑤重金属污染对水稻土酶活性的研究应重点从机理方面入手，注重结合土壤酶的动力学参数和热力学参数，深化土壤酶与复合污染的作用机理，进一步揭示复合污染致毒途径及其机理，同时借助分子手段，探索重金属污染水稻土中更多未发现的酶的特性，寻找更加敏感、更能普遍推广的重金属污染土壤的综合性指标，以期为重金属污染水稻土的风险评价和生物修复提供科学依据。     

黑龙江省主要类型稻田土壤硫现状及硫肥效果的研究

不同品种硫肥在水稻土上应用结果表明硫对水稻的生长发育有促进作用。提高水稻产量,增产效果较好的是硫铵和Sulfer95,增产8.8%～13.4%。另外,施含硫肥料能缓解土壤硫素的消耗,对保持土壤中硫的平衡有很大作用。     

两种母质的红壤性水稻土中微生物硫循环代谢途径特征

水稻土氧化还原交替频繁，使不同形态的硫元素转化的生物化学反应活跃，对水稻生产影响显著。本文以花岗岩和第四纪红色黏土母质发育的红壤性水稻土为研究对象，通过宏基因组测序以及生物信息学分析，研究了红壤性水稻土硫循环途径相关功能微生物特征，包括有机硫转化途径、其他（转运）途径、同化硫酸盐还原途径、硫氧化途径、异化硫酸盐还原途径以及硫歧化途径。结果表明：两种母质发育的红壤性水稻土具有相同的硫循环途径特征，即有机硫转化途径微生物功能基因丰度的发生频率最高，每百万个带注释的细菌序列平均检测到16000个有机硫转化的功能基因；硫歧化途径微生物功能基因丰度的发生频率最低，每百万个带注释的细菌序列平均仅检测到116个硫歧化途径功能基因。两种母质发育的红壤性水稻土中主导硫循环的微生物，在门分类水平上，微生物组成没有显著差异，都以变形菌门（Proteobacteria）、酸杆菌门（Acidobacteria）、绿弯菌门（Chloroflexi）为优势菌门，占比分别为55.19%、10.61%、7.18%等。在种水平分类上则差异显著，花岗岩母质发育的水稻土中硫循环途径微生物相对丰度更高，且所有途径的优势菌种都为Deltaproteobacteria bacterium、Acidobacteria bacterium、Betaproteobacteria bacterium，其丰度占花岗岩母质水稻土硫循环微生物丰度的40%以上；而在第四纪红色黏土母质发育的水稻土中参与硫循环每条途径的优势功能微生物更加丰富，如在有机硫转化途径中Gemmatirosa kalamazoonesis丰度最高，在其他（转运体）途径Azoarcus sp.的丰度最高，在同化硫酸盐还原途径丰度最高的微生物是Anaeromyxobacter sp.。研究结果表明：两种不同母质发育的红壤性水稻土中存在相同的硫循环途径特征，两种母质发育的红壤性水稻土中主导硫循环的微生物在门水平上没有显著差异，但在种水平分类上差异显著，表明不同母质中会存在着独特的优势硫转化功能菌群。     

长江三角洲典型地区水稻籽粒中重金属含量及空间分布特征

对张家港地区水稻籽粒中重金属元素Cu、Pb和Cd的含量及其空间变异性进行了研究.结果表明:与<国家食品卫生标准>(GB2762-2005)相比,张家港局部地区的水稻样品存在着Pb超标现象,超标样点主要出现在某些企业周围:Cu、Cd不存在超标情况,但在某些工厂企业周围含量较高,应当引起注意;空间分布上,水稻重金属Cu、Pb含量在雏形土地区明显高于人为土地区,而水稻中Cd的空间分布则相反;工业活动导致的土壤重金属含量异常对水稻中元素含量影响也较突出,不同类型的工厂企业对水稻重金属的影响不同,化工类企业周围的水稻重金属Cu和Cd含量要明显高,水稻重金属Pb在冶金类企业周围的含量要明显高;土壤重金属Cu、Cd全量对水稻Cu、Cd含量和富集有着明显的影响,土壤pH的变化对水稻中Cd元素的富集有明显的影响.这些结果为该市农产品质量安全的评价和针对性农业管理措施的开展提供了重要的基础资料和参考依据.     

安徽主要水稻土中重金属形态分布与土壤酶活性研究

通过野外调查和实验分析,对安徽几类不同地貌下的水稻土中重金属Cu、Zn、Pb的化学形态特征及其与4种土壤酶活性间的关系进行了研究.结果表明:3种不同地区水稻土中,残留态和有机态Cu、Zn、Pb含量在总量中所占比例最高.平原和丘陵地区水稻土中有机结合态Cu、Zn、Pb明显高于山区;而山区水稻土中Fe-Mn氧化物结合态Cu、Zn、Pb相对含量高于平原和丘陵地区.在水稻土中,碳酸盐结合态Cu、Zn对过氧化氢酶活性的抑制作用最大,交换态Pb对脲酶活性的抑制作用最大.反映水稻土Cu、Zn污染用碳酸盐结合态Cu、Zn和过氧化氢酶活性指标,而反映Pb污染用交换态Pb和脲酶活性指标是可行的.     

再生水灌溉下紫色水稻土颗粒态有机质中重金属的富集特征

颗粒态有机质(POM)属于活性较高的有机碳库,为了解在长期再生水灌溉条件下,灌区土壤POM是否会富集更多的重金属而对作物生长造成不利影响,研究比较6个不同灌溉年限(2,3,5,8,10,12年)的再生水灌溉区紫色水稻土中POM分布规律及重金属铜(Cu)、铅(Pb)和镉(Cd)的富集特征,以探明再生水灌溉条件下POM中重金属的动态变化过程及影响因素。结果表明,灌区紫色水稻土中1～0.05mm是POM的主要分布粒级,该粒级POM所占比例超过78%,>1mm的POM所占比例较低。灌区紫色水稻土中POM对重金属有较明显的富集作用,对Cu、Pb和Cd的平均富集系数分别为6.58,5.78和4.03,富集的Cu、Pb和Cd分别占土壤重金属总量的8.22%,7.27%和7.65%。随着再生水灌溉年限的增长,灌区紫色水稻土的重金属含量未超出土壤重金属环境质量二级标准,土壤有机质含量显著提高,而POM中重金属的富集系数呈下降趋势。POM中重金属的富集系数与灌溉时间的关系可用Elovich方程表示。     

水稻根际中铁的形态转化

本文以熟化红壤性水稻土、淀浆白土、红壤和赤红壤为样品,研究了植稻后根际中铁的形态转化.结果表明,两种水稻土根际中无定形氧化铁、游离氧化铁、络合态铁、土壤中氧化铁的活化度及两种红壤上根际中的络合态铁均低于非根际土;而两种红壤上其余各项在根际内外分布趋势均与水稻土相反.用穆斯堡尔谱仪分析表明,所有根际土与非根际土相比,四极矩分裂增大,内磁场下降,说明根际中氧化铁被活化.同时,水稻土上根际中Fe²⁺增多,赤红壤中根际出现新矿物磁赤铁矿.根际中铁被活化,可能会影响根际中重金属等污染物的吸附和解吸特性、植物的铁素营养及对其它养分的吸收.     

控释肥及硫膜对土壤性质和水稻生长发育的影响

采用盆栽试验的方法研究了不同硫包膜尿素用量及不同外加硫膜用量对土壤性质及水稻产量和品质的影响.结果表明:适量硫膜可改善土壤中Ca,Mg的活化程度.而过量硫膜则会抑制其活化.硫膜明显增加了土壤中水溶性SO2-4的积累.所有试验处理中,以硫包膜尿素高量处理最佳,其水稻产量最高,比无氮处理增产73.01%,较等氮量普通尿素处理增产11.89%;并且该处理的水稻籽粒粗蛋白质含量最高,达8.91%.硫包膜尿素处理低量、中量和高量的氮素利用率分别高出普通尿素处理9.42%,8.59%和21.19%.适量硫膜可提高水稻对氮肥的氮素吸收利用率,增加水稻产量;而施用过量硫膜则导致氮素利用率相对降低和产量下降.     

Influences of Nitrification Inhibitor 3,4-Dimethylpyrazole Phosphate on Heavy Metals and Inorganic Nitrogen Transformation in the Rice Field Surface Water

Agricultural intensification has led to the use of high inputs of chemical fertilizers into rice-cultivated lands, and nitrogen and heavy metals in runoff loss from land were a major environmental problem. It is important to mitigate nitrogen and heavy metal pollution for the water body. The nitrogen and heavy metal transformation in the rice field surface water was studied by applied combined organic and inorganic nitrogen fertilizer plus the nitrification inhibitor 3,4-dimethylpyrazole phosphate (DMPP) in the sandy loam paddy soil and blue clayey paddy soil. The results showed that, the application of DMPP in the rice field in organic and inorganic fertilizer combined application models decreased the heavy metal average concentration of total Cu, Zn, and Cd by 22.1 to 30.2, 33.1 to 36.9, and 10.9 to 17.5% in surface water, respectively. Furthermore, in the sandy loam paddy soil and blue clayey paddy soil, the nitrate, nitrite, and total inorganic nitrogen concentrations decreased by 44.4 and 59.6, 90.3 and 88.6, and 14.2 and 25.4% in the rice field surface water with the DMPP addition, in the organic and inorganic fertilizer combined application models in the rice field, respectively. DMPP could be used as an effective nitrification inhibitor to decline the potential nitrogen and heavy metals runoff loss in the combined application models of organic and inorganic fertilizers in some rice fields, minimizing the nitrogen and heavy metal transformation risk from agricultural fields to the water body and being beneficial for protecting the ecological environment.     

工业和农业污染稻田土壤重金属的赋存形态及水稻吸收运移比较

[目的]稻田土壤重金属污染是当前农产品安全生产关注的重要问题.本文比较分析工业和农业污染源稻田土壤重金属的赋存形态及水稻吸收运移,以期为稻田土壤重金属污染控制提供参考.[方法]在长江中下游地区调查选取工业源和农业源重金属污染稻田各27块,在水稻成熟期使用抖根法采集根际土壤及水稻根系和籽粒样品,采用Tessier七步提取...     

沼液稻田消解对水稻生产、土壤与环境安全影响研究

为研究稻田消解沼液对水稻安全生产、土壤肥力及质量的影响,评价沼液施用后对水体及大气环境污染的风险,提出稻田沼液消解安全容量,在浙江省嘉兴市青紫泥田（属脱潜潴育型水稻土）上,进行3a定位田间小区试验,考察了不同沼液用量下水稻产量、稻谷及土壤中有害重金属含量差异,测定了稻田氨挥发通量及田面水、下渗水氮含量,并确定了稻田沼液消解容量。结果表明,连续3a、每年水稻生长季施灌沼液135～540kgN·hm-2的范围内,水稻产量与全化肥区持平或略有增产,施灌沼液处理的稻谷中有害重金属镉、铅、汞、砷含量没有明显增加;除高沼液用量处理土壤速效钾、缓效钾含量明显增加外,其他土壤肥力指标没有明显增加,土壤中重金属含量也没有明显积累;施用沼液处理田面水中铵态氮含量明显高于全化肥处理,但对土壤下渗水氮含量影响较小;2倍氮沼液用量下,水田消解中氨挥发量占总氮投入量的13%,高于全化肥处理10倍以上。在水稻生产安全、农产品安全、土壤质量可持续、农田水环境友好的前提下,水稻生长季沼液稻田消解的安全容量为540kgN·hm^-2·a^-1;氨挥发是目前沼液稻田消解中主要的环境风险。     

镉污染水稻土中水稻氮素营养的SPAD诊断

治理和安全利用重金属污染水稻土过程中,氮素营养的快速诊断是制定合理施肥措施的基础。叶绿素测定仪SPAD已广泛应用于非污染耕地土壤中玉米、小麦和棉花等作物的氮素营养诊断,然而针对镉污染条件下的不同类型水稻土,SPAD在诊断水稻氮素营养的适应性方面仍然缺乏系统研究。本研究采集了我国水稻主产区的21种典型水稻土,以德农2000为供试水稻品种,设置无镉污染、轻度镉污染、重度镉污染处理的水稻盆栽试验,研究水稻叶片SPAD值对镉污染水稻土氮素供应诊断和水稻产量预测的能力。结果表明:水稻土类型影响了水稻叶片SPAD值对不同水平镉污染的响应,土壤p H是主控因子,其相对影响的平均值为20%。水稻叶片SPAD值与不同生育期水稻籽粒氮素含量显著正相关,其中拔节期的相关系数最大;同时水稻叶片SPAD值与水稻营养生长期(苗期至拔节期)土壤溶液总氮和铵态氮含量呈显著正相关,且不受镉污染程度和土壤类型的影响。总体上,不同生育期(尤其是拔节期)水稻叶片的SPAD值可以表征镉污染条件下不同类型水稻土氮素养分供应对水稻氮素营养的影响。     

水稻土镉污染与水稻镉含量相关性研究

采用盆栽试验的方法,考察了水稻土中重金属镉（Cd）的浓度对水稻生长及Cd富集的影响以及Cd在水稻植株的分布情况,并进一步研究了糙米（可食部位）对Cd的富集量与土壤中Cd总量的关系。结果表明,在各个浓度Cd胁迫下,根、茎叶、稻壳、糙米相比,2个品种水稻都是根累积的Cd含量要高于茎叶和稻壳、糙米,即根〉茎叶〉稻壳〉糙米;在水稻的茎叶细胞中,Cd主要分布在细胞壁,细胞可溶性成分,细胞器Cd的分布量较少,即细胞壁〉可溶性部分〉细胞器及膜部分;随Cd浓度增加,茎叶中的Cd积累量极显著增加,各细胞组分中的Cd含量均显著增加;根据国标GB 2762—2005对大米中Cd的限量标准（≤0.2 mg.kg^-1）,水稻土土壤总Cd临界值分别为2.0 mg.kg^-（1博优225）、3.1 mg.kg^-（1矮糯）。因此,在污染土壤上宜选种食用部位重金属积累低的水稻品种,以减少人类吸收重金属的风险。     

利用Illumina高通量测序对复合重金属污染下根际和非根际稻田土壤细菌的研究

There is an increasing concern about rice (Oryza sativa L.) soil microbiomes under the influence of mixed heavy metal contamination.We used the high-throughput Illumina MiSeq sequencing approach to explore the bacterial diversity and community composition of soils in four paddy fields,exhibiting four degrees of mixed heavy metal (Cd,Pb and Zn) pollution,and examined the effects of these metals on the bacterial communities.Our results showed that up to 2 104 to 4 359 bacterial operational taxonomic units (OTUs) were found in the bulk and rhizosphere soils of the paddy fields,with the dominant bacterial phyla (greater than 1％ of the overall community) including Proteobacteria,Actinobacteria,Firmicutes,Acidobacteria,Gemmatimonadetes,Chloroflexi,Bacteroidetes and Nitrospirae.A number of rare and candidate bacterial groups were also detected,and Saprospirales,HOC36,SC-I-84 and Anaerospora were rarely detected in rice paddy soils.Venn diagram analysis showed that 174 bacterial OTUs were shared among the bulk soils with four pollution degrees.Rice rhizosphere soils displayed higher bacterial diversity indices (ACE and Chao 1) and more unique OTUs than bulk soils.Total Cd and Zn in the soils were significantly negatively correlated with ACE and Chao 1,respectively,and the Mantel test suggested that total Pb,total Zn,pH,total nitrogen and total phosphorus significantly affected the community structure.Overall,these results provided baseline data for the bacterial communities in bulk and rhizosphere soils of paddy fields contaminated with mixed heavy metals.     

Long-term fertilization with pig-biogas residues results in heavy metal accumulation in paddy field and rice grains in Jiaxing of China

Pig-biogas residue is widely used as organic fertilizer for rice (Oryza sativa L.) in China. To evaluate the risk of heavy metal contamination in paddy soil and rice grains caused by long-term pig-biogas residue fertilization, this study was conducted in paddy fields which had been fertilized continuously with pig-biogas residue for 8 years. We found that pig-biogas residues contained high concentrations of arsenic (As), cadmium (Cd), copper (Cu) and zinc (Zn). As a result, the concentrations of these four metals in paddy soils and rice grains sampled from biogas residue fertilized fields were significantly higher than those from control fields. In addition, in biogas residue fertilized fields, the concentrations of these four metals rapidly increased in the tillage layer compared with those in deep soil layers, and biological availability was significantly higher than in control fields. Moreover, we found that the accumulation of these four metals in paddy soils and rice grains increased in the second year compared with the first year. To reduce heavy metal accumulation in rice grains, we screened for rice genotype among 20 local rice genotypes. We found obvious genotypic differences in grains’ accumulation of heavy metals, and identified some rice genotypes which had low accumulation of multiple heavy metals. These low-accumulating genotypes predicate the possibility to reduce heavy metal accumulation in rice grains grown in pig-biogas residue fertilized fields.     

有机物料对污染土壤上水稻重金属吸收的调控效应

采用重金属污染水稻土开展盆栽试验,研究施用有机碳源、菜籽饼和猪粪对不同水稻(汕优63,简称“SY63”;中浙优1号,简称“ZZY1”)重金属吸收的调控效应.结果表明,在重金属污染土壤上ZZY1具有一定的耐性,相同处理时ZZY1糙米、砻糠、秸秆中重金属含量均低于SY63品种,糙米中Cd含量较SY63低57.5％ ～ 83.8％,Cu含量低37.8％ ～ 69.1％,Zn含量低0.88％ ～ 31.7％,食物链风险较SY63品种低.3种有机物料中,施用菜籽饼使两水稻品种糙米中重金属含量明显低于其他处理;与对照相比,施用菜籽饼使SY63糙米中Cd、Cu和Zn含量降低73.5％、52.6％和32.1％,ZZY1糙米Cd含量降低30.5％.在供试重金属污染土壤上可选择具有一定重金属耐性的水稻品种ZZY1进行粮食生产,同时施用适量的菜籽饼以增强其抵御重金属毒害的能力,降低糙米中Cd、Cu和Zn含量及其食物链污染风险.     

Cadmium contamination of soils and rice plants caused by zinc mining

Characteristics of heavy metal contamination in paddy soils were discussed with respect to the soil and field conditions influencing the metal contents in rice.

1. In contaminated areas along the Kuzuryu River, the heavy metal contents of rice (expressed as the average of each area) were largely related to contents of paddy soils in 0.1 N HCl soluble forms as well as in total contents. A correlation was also found for the ratio of Cd to Zn in their soluble forms in the soil.

2. Within a given contaminated field plot, the heavy metal contents were not uniform, i.e: they were high around the irrigation inlet and decreased towards the outlet. However, these changes seemed to alter the Cd rice level much less than expected.

3. Soil pH and exchangeable Ca were negatively correlated with the Cd content of rice at a highly significant level. An un-drained field condition with a low soil Eh remarkably lowered the Cd content, particularly during rainy weather after the heading of the plant.

4. Based on a comparison of the extractable heavy metal contents in the waste ores and their contaminated soils, sulfide minerals derived from the mining appeared to be weathered more rapidly in the soil. With some extraction methods, the Cd origin was distinguished as the solubility of the metal in the soil among the waste products from the zinc mining and refinery.     

冶炼企业影响的土壤-水稻系统中重金属分布特性及污染评价

以苏南某冶炼厂原址场地附近土壤、水稻为对象,研究了土壤及水稻籽粒中重金属（Cu、Pb、Cd）污染状况及其迁移、累积特征。结果表明,研究区土壤重金属综合污染指数均大于3,污染等级超过5级,属重度污染且各重金属间污染程度呈现Cd〉Cu〉Pb的特征,水稻籽粒中重金属Pb、Cd超标严重。在迁移、累积方面,表层土壤重金属呈现出由东南向西北方向扩散的趋势,且向下迁移及在水稻籽粒中累积的趋势明显,各重金属在水稻籽粒中富集能力的大小顺序为Cu〉Cd〉Pb。