多溴联苯醚的行为特征及降解途径研究进展

多溴联苯醚作为一种添加型阻燃剂,在工业生产中被广泛使用。但由于其具有较高的生物富集效应和致癌性,且其在环境中的暴露水平日益提高,因此掌握多溴联苯醚在环境中的行为特征及降解途径非常必要。在分析多溴联苯醚的理化学性质、暴露途径和污染水平的基础上,总结了其光降解及好氧、厌氧微生物降解的主要途径,并分析其生物富集与放大及生态毒理效应,同时简要阐述了多溴联苯醚检测方法的研究现状。最后,提出了多溴联苯醚研究中存在的问题及对未来的展望。     

气相色谱法同时测定水产品中12种多溴联苯醚

多溴联苯醚在水产品中的残留会危害人类健康。本文建立了水产品中12种多溴联苯醚的气相色谱测定方法。样品用30mL正己烷︰丙酮(1︰1)超声提取20min,60%硫酸脱脂,弗罗里硅土和中性氧化铝层析柱净化,5mL正己烷+5mL二氯甲烷按顺序洗脱,然后用配电子捕获检测器的气相色谱仪测定多溴联苯醚含量。多溴联苯醚在1~200μg/L浓度范围内线性关系良好,相关系数(r^2)>0.9972,检出限和定量限分别为0.2μg/kg和1.0μg/kg,样品的平均加标回收率为73.3%~98.4%,相对标准偏差<8.4%。本方法操作简便快速、灵敏、可靠,适用于水产样品中12种多溴联苯醚的测定。     

环境中多溴联苯醚(PBDEs)分布特征研究进展

多溴联苯醚(PBDEs)是一类具有生态风险的新型环境有机污染物。PBDEs作为阻燃剂已经被愈来愈广泛地添加到工业产品中,对大气、水体、沉积物、土壤等环境介质产生污染,并最终危害生物和人类健康。鉴于这一环境新问题的产生,本文概述了环境介质中PBDEs的来源、含量,并对其分布特征进行了探讨。     

电子垃圾影响区多氯联苯污染农田土壤的生物修复机制与技术发展

电子垃圾中含有大量多氯联苯等有毒有害物质,对电子垃圾的不当拆解可造成土壤、水体和大气的污染,进而对生态环境和人体健康构成潜在的威胁。生物修复是利用生物对环境污染物的吸收、代谢、降解等功能,加速去除环境中污染物质的过程。根据修复所用的主体,生物修复又可分为植物修复、微生物修复、动物修复及其联合修复等。本文结合笔者的研究工作,综述了我国东南沿海某典型电子垃圾拆解区土壤多氯联苯的污染特征,并介绍了当前国内外对多氯联苯污染土壤的微生物修复、植物修复和植物-微生物联合修复技术及其机理研究的现状,并提出未来研究趋势,旨在为促进污染区土壤环境生物修复的深入研究、保障污染区的农产品质量安全和人体健康提供理论参考。     

可溶性有机质对凹凸棒土负载铁/镍降解黄棕壤中BDE47的影响

多溴联苯醚(PBDEs)是一类广泛使用的溴代阻燃剂,在大气、水体、土壤、生物体等环境介质中普遍检出,严重威胁环境安全和人体健康。本文以凹凸棒土负载铁/镍材料(A-Fe/Ni)为修复剂,以普遍检出的2,2′,4,4′-四溴联苯醚(BDE47)为模式化合物,开展了可溶性有机质(DOM)存在条件下,A-Fe/Ni对黄棕壤中BDE47的降解动力学过程研究,探讨了DOM对材料降解BDE47的影响机制。结果表明:A-Fe/Ni可高效地降解黄棕壤–甲醇/水体系中的BDE47,降解过程符合假二级动力学方程,BDE47可被降解成一溴~三溴联苯醚和联苯醚。体系中加入3种DOM(胡敏酸、柠檬酸和草酸)后,DOM在Fe/Ni颗粒表面形成钝化层,抑制了降解过程中的传质和电子传递作用,不同程度降低了A-Fe/Ni对黄棕壤–甲醇/水体系中BDE47的降解效率,并影响其降解产物物质的量的组成。实验结果为使用零价纳米铁及零价纳米铁基双金属材料修复污染土壤中PBDEs提供了理论依据和参考。     

PBDEs好氧微生物降解动力学过程及热力学机制研究

多溴联苯醚(PBDEs)是一种曾在全球范围内被广泛使用的溴代阻燃剂,具有半挥发性、生物蓄积性、神经毒性和内分泌干扰效应等,严重威胁生态环境和人体健康安全。本研究选择典型好氧降解菌伯克氏菌属LB400,对环境中普遍检出的中低溴联苯醚开展了降解动力学过程研究,探讨了外加碳源作为共代谢底物对降解性能的影响,模拟计算了降解中关键反应路径热力学状态函数性质变化,以揭示其与表观降解速率常数k之间的相关关系。结果表明:联苯作为共代谢底物时PBDEs的去除效率最高,在降解菌的作用下,0~120 h内中低溴代PBDEs均能够发生降解,降解过程符合一级反应动力学。羟基化反应可能是PBDEs微生物降解过程的速控步骤,相比于间/对位取代,活性氧自由基如·OH更倾向于攻击苯环碳原子的邻/间位置,这为揭示PBDEs好氧微生物降解的分子作用机制,促进土壤中高效好氧降解菌的选育与污染修复应用提供了科学依据。     

电子废物现状评述与资源化初探

电子垃圾是目前增长速度最快的固体废物之一，对其不合理处置和利用已引起了日趋严峻的环境污染。文章从电子废物的危害及回收利用的角度，概述了当前国内外数量巨大的电子废物的污染现状及其回收利用处理技术，并结合国内实际，从电子废物的回收系统和资源化处理利用技术方面提出了具有可行性的建议和设想。     

建筑垃圾再生骨料在海绵城市储水结构体中的应用

[目的]研究建筑垃圾骨料对环境的影响,为建筑垃圾再生骨料用于“海绵城市”储水结构体等提供依据。[方法]通过室内大型压缩固结试验,对建筑垃圾再生骨料在不同配比、不同含水率的颗粒破碎、压缩变形及储水率变化进行了研究,并通过浸出毒性试验对建筑垃圾骨料对环境的影响进行了研究。[结果]再生骨料在压缩过程中具有破碎趋势,且废砖骨料破碎程度大于废混凝土骨料;随着废砖骨料比例的增加,颗粒破碎程度越大,压缩变形也愈大;骨料含水率对颗粒破碎影响机制不尽相同,当含水率从3%增加到12%时,颗粒破碎率从121.73%上升至132.64%,而含水率从12%上升至15%时,颗粒破碎率从132.64%下降至127.6%,在“最优含水率”(11.56%)附近取得极大值,且含水率通过影响颗粒破碎来影响再生骨料的压缩变形,颗粒破碎变化趋势与重型击实试验曲线具有一致性。可通过“最优含水率”指导储水结构体含水率的控制,减少颗粒破碎,提高结构体储水能力和承载能力。不同地区的建筑垃圾骨料对环境的影响不同,在应用中应避免已污染建筑垃圾的再利用。[结论]建筑垃圾再生骨料可用于海绵城市储水结构体的建设,但需对建筑垃圾的来源进行区分,确保材料对环境无污染。     

电子垃圾拆解场地污染特征及土壤监测评估的研究概况

在分析电子电气设备中限制使用的有害物质,探讨电子垃圾中的特征污染物的基础上,综述了国内典型电子垃圾拆解场地土壤污染特性,并对部分水体及人体动植物污染特征进行分析。文章结合全国土壤环境质量调查确定的土壤监测指标,提出电子垃圾拆解场地应予以关注的土壤监测评价指标和拆解场地土壤评估程序,为该类型污染场地治理和环境管理提供科学依据。     

北京市生产建设项目余方处理现状及管理对策

[目的]分析目前城市生产建设项目过程中多余土石方处理的现状及存在问题,为探求适合城市建设项目多余土石方管理的办法和对策。[方法]以北京市为例,在分析生产建设项目余方处理现状和存在问题的基础上,借鉴国内外土石方管理经验开展管理对策研究。[结果]形成对生产建设项目之间协调利用、设置弃土场、土方外购处理、渣土消纳场、建筑垃圾资源化利用等余方处理现状及环境问题的基本认识;结合国内外土石方管理经验,针对北京市生产建设项目余方处理,提出加强土资源保护与宣传,将土石方管理纳入建设项目前期规划,加强建筑垃圾再利用及城市河道淤泥处理等相关技术开发,建立土石方信息平台等多条管理对策。[结论]目前生产建设项目余方处理的管理办法尚不满足城市建设发展的需求。今后需加强法律保障、资金投入、政策支持、技术改进、土石方信息交流等方面的建设,以建立完善的土石方管理系统,提高城市建设项目多余土石方的利用效率。     

Caimans,Capybaras, otters,manatees, and man in amazonia

Amazonia, the world's largest tropical rain forest, is often assumed to be a virtually untouched wilderness. The region is often referred to as a demographic void; there is on average only about one person per sq. km. Yet in response to international market forces, the hand of man has penetrated deep into the imposing forests. Since colonial times, wildlife, particularly along rivers, has been exploited on a large-scale basis for commercial purposes. This paper focuses on the effects of the trade on some aquatic animals.     

Chemistry, biochemistry, nutrition, and microbiology of lysinoalanine, lanthionine, and histidinoalanine in food and other proteins

Heat and alkali treatments of foods, widely used in food processing, result in the formation of dehydro and cross-linked amino acids such as dehydroalanine, methyldehydroalanine, beta-aminoalanine, lysinoalanine (LAL), ornithinoalanine, histidinoalanine (HAL), phenylethylaminoalanine, lanthionine (LAN), and methyl-lanthionine present in proteins and are frequently accompanied by concurrent racemization of L-amino acid isomers to D-analogues. The mechanism of LAL formation is a two-step process: first, hydroxide ion-catalyzed elimination of H(2)S from cystine and H(2)O, phosphate, and glycosidic moieties from serine residues to yield a dehydroalanine intermediate; second, reaction of the double bond of dehydroalanine with the epsilon-NH(2) group of lysine to form LAL. Analogous elimination-addition reactions are postulated to produce the other unusual amino acids. Processing conditions that favor these transformations include high pH, temperature, and exposure time. Factors that minimize LAL formation include the presence of SH-containing amino acids, sodium sulfite, ammonia, biogenic amines, ascorbic acid, citric acid, malic acid, and glucose; dephosphorylation of O-phosphoryl esters; and acylation of epsilon-NH(2) groups of lysine. The presence of LAL residues along a protein chain decreases digestibility and nutritional quality in rodents and primates but enhances nutritional quality in ruminants. LAL has a strong affinity for copper and other metal ions and is reported to induce enlargement of nuclei of rats and mice but not of primate kidney cells. LAL, LAN, and HAL also occur naturally in certain peptide and protein antibiotics (cinnamycin, duramycin, epidermin, nisin, and subtilin) and in body organs and tissues (aorta, bone, collagen, dentin, and eye cataracts), where their formation may be a function of the aging process. These findings are not only of theoretical interest but also have practical implications for nutrition, food safety, and health. Further research needs are suggested for each of these categories. These overlapping aspects are discussed in terms of general concepts for a better understanding of the impact of LAL and related compounds in the diet. Such an understanding can lead to improvement in food quality and safety, nutrition, microbiology, and human health.     

Cd, Ni, Pb, and Zn Concentrations in Forest Vegetation and Soils in Maine

Bioaccumulation of trace metals in plant tissues can present a health risk to wildlife, and potentially to humans. The Passamaquoddy tribe in Maine was concerned about health risks of cadmium (Cd) because of a health advisory for moose liver and kidney consumption due to high Cd levels. This study found relatively low to moderate concentrations of Cd, nickel (Ni), lead (Pb), and zinc (Zn) concentrations in four common terrestrial moose browse species, associated forest soils, and two species of aquatic vegetation on Passamaquoddy tribal land in eastern Maine. Terrestrial plant tissue concentrations ranged from 0.1 to 1.97, 0.65 to 7.08, 0.29 to 2.0, and 42 to 431 mg kg^?1 for Cd, Ni, Pb and Zn, respectively. Deciduous species, particularly aspen and birch, may be a more significant source of Cd and Zn to wildlife compared to coniferous or aquatic species. Aquatic plant tissue concentrations ranged from 0.11 to 0.14, 0.46 to 1.01, 0.8 to 0.9, and 22 to 41 mg kg^?1 for Cd, Ni, Pb and Zn, respectively. Total O horizon concentration means for coniferous and deciduous were 0.50 and 1.00, 4.27 and 4.11, 55 and 21, and 55 and 167 mg kg^?1 for Cd, Ni, Pb and Zn, respectively. The study provides baseline vegetation and soil trace metal concentrations for a remote region in Maine impacted by non-point sources.     

Zinc and copper toxicity in peanut,soybean, rice,and corn in soil mixtures

Abstract

Applications of zinc (Zn) and copper (Cu) at excessive rates may result in phytotoxicity. Experiments were conducted with mixtures of soils that were similar except for their Zn and Cu levels. The critical toxicity levels (CTL) in the soils and plants for these elements were determined. Peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.), soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.], corn (Zea mays L.), and rice (Oryza sativa L.) were the crops grown. One soil mixture had Mehlich 3‐extractable Zn concentrations up to 300 mg dm^‐3 with no corresponding increase in soil Cu; two soil mixtures had soil Zn concentrations up to 400 and 800 mg dm^‐3 with a corresponding increase in soil Cu up to 20 and 25 mg dm^‐3, respectively; and four soil mixtures had no increase in soil Zn, but had Mehlich 1‐extractable Cu concentrations from 6 to 286 mg kg^‐1. Under a given set of greenhouse conditions, the estimated Mehlich 3‐extractable Zn CTL was 36 mg dm^‐3 for peanut, 70 mg dm^‐3 for soybean, between 160 and 320 mg dm^‐3 for rice, and >300 mg dm^‐3 for corn. No soil Cu CTL was apparent for peanut or soybean, but for corn it was 17 mg dm^‐3 and for rice 13 mg dm^‐3. With different greenhouse procedures and the Mehlich 1 extractant, the soil CTL for rice was only 4.4 mg kg^‐1. Therefore, peanut and soybean were more sensitive to Zn toxicity, whereas corn and rice were more sensitive to Cu toxicity. Plant Zn CTL for peanut was 230 mg kg^‐1, while that for soybean was 140 mg kg^‐1. Copper appeared to be toxic to corn and rice at plant concentrations exceeding 20 mg kg^‐1.     

Occurrence, sensory impact, formation, and fate of damascenone in grapes, wines, and other foods and beverages

Among plant-derived odorants, damascenone is one of the most ubiquitous, sometimes occurring as an apparent natural product but more commonly occurring in processed foodstuffs and beverages. It has been widely reported as a component of alcoholic beverages, particularly of wines made from the grape Vitis vinifera . Although damascenone has one of the lowest ortho- and retronasal detection thresholds of any odorant, its contribution to the sensory properties of most products remains poorly understood. Damascenone can be formed by acid-catalyzed hydrolyses of plant-derived apocarotenoids, in both aglycon and glycoconjugated forms. These reactions can account for the formation of damascenone in some, but not all, products. In wine, damascenone can also be subject to degradation processes, particularly by reaction with sulfur dioxide.     

Detection, accumulation, distribution, and depletion of furaltadone and nifursol residues in poultry muscle, liver, and gizzard

Nitrofurans were broadly used as an extremely effective veterinary antibiotic especially in pig and poultry production farms. Because of fears of the carcinogenic effects on humans, the nitrofurans were banned from use in livestock production in many countries, including the European Union. The present study examines the accumulation, distribution, and depletion of furaltadone and nifursol and of their tissue-bound metabolites [3-amino-5-morpholinomethyl-2-oxazolidinone (AMOZ) and 3,5-dinitro-salicylic acid hydrazine (DNSAH), respectively, in poultry edible tissues (muscle, liver, and gizzards) following administration to chickens of therapeutic and subtherapeutic concentrations of both compounds. Nitrofurans determination was performed by high-performance liquid chromatography-diode array detection and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry, respectively, for feeds and for poultry tissues. Furaltadone and nifursol, in very low concentrations, were found in samples of muscle, liver, and chicken's gizzard collected from slaughtered animals after 5 weeks of treatment and no withdrawal time period. When a withdrawal time period of 3 weeks was respected, no detectable nitrofuran parent compounds was observed in all of the studied matrices. For AMOZ, concentrations of 270 μg/kg in meat, 80 μg/kg in liver, and 331 μg/kg in gizzard were determined after administration of a medicated feed with furaltadone (132 mg/kg), 3 weeks after withdrawal of treatment. For DNSAH, the concentration values obtained are much lower than those observed for AMOZ. For meat, liver, and gizzard, DNSAH concentrations of 2.5, 6.4, and 10.3 μg/kg, respectively, were determined, after administration of a medicated feed with nifursol (98 mg/kg), 3 weeks after withdrawal of treatment. The gizzard could be considered a selected matrix for nitrofuran residues evaluation in poultry, due to its capacity of retaining either nitrofuran parent compounds or metabolites in higher concentrations, regardless of the administered dose or of the respected withdrawal time period.     

Selenium in Water,Sediment, Plants,Invertebrates, and Fish in the Blackfoot River Drainage

Nine stream sites in the Blackfoot River watershed in southeastern Idaho were sampled in September 2000 for water, surficial sediment, aquatic plants, aquatic invertebrates, and fish. Selenium was measured in these aquatic ecosystem components, and a hazard assessment was performed on the data. Water quality characteristics such as pH, hardness, and specific conductance were relatively uniform among the nine sites examined. Selenium was elevated in water, sediment, aquatic plants, aquatic invertebrates, and fish from several sites suggesting deposition in sediments and food web cycling through plants and invertebrates. Selenium was elevated to concentrations of concern in water at eight sites (>5 g/L), sediment at three sites (>2 g/g), aquatic plants at four sites (>4 g/g), aquatic invertebrates at five sites (>3 g/g), and fish at seven sites (>4 g/g in whole body). The hazard assessment of selenium in the aquatic environment suggested low hazard at Sheep Creek, moderate hazard at Trail Creek, upper Slug Creek, lower Slug Creek, and lower Blackfoot River, and high hazard at Angus Creek, upper East Mill Creek, lower East Mill Creek, and Dry Valley Creek. The results of this study are consistent with results of a previous investigation and indicate that selenium concentrations from the phosphate mining area of southeastern Idaho were sufficiently elevated in several ecosystem components to cause adverse effects to aquatic resources in the Blackfoot River watershed.     

Hg, Cu, Pb, Cd, and Zn Accumulation in Macrophytes Growing in Tropical Wetlands

The concentrations of Hg, Cu, Pb, Cd, and Zn accumulated by regional macrophytes were investigated in three tropical wetlands in Colombia. The studied wetlands presented different degrees of metal contamination. Cu and Zn presented the highest concentrations in sediment. Metal accumulation by plants differed among species, sites, and tissues. Metals accumulated in macrophytes were mostly accumulated in root tissues, suggesting an exclusion strategy for metal tolerance. An exception was Hg, which was accumulated mainly in leaves. The ranges of mean metal concentrations were 0.035?C0.953 mg g^?1 Hg, 6.5?C250.3 mg g^?1 Cu, 0.059?C0.245 mg g^?1 Pb, 0.004?C0.066 mg g^?1 Cd, and 31.8?363.1 mg g^?1 Zn in roots and 0.033?C0.888 mg g^?1 Hg, 2.2?C70.7 mg g^?1 Cu, 0.005?C0.086 mg g^?1 Pb, 0.001?C0.03 mg g^?1 Cd, and 12.6?C140.4 mg g^?1 Zn in leaves. The scarce correlations registered between metal concentration in sediment and plant tissues indicate that metal concentrations in plants depend on several factors rather than on sediment concentration only. However, when Cu and Zn sediment concentrations increased, these metal concentrations in tissues also increased in Eichhornia crassipes, Ludwigia helminthorriza, and Polygonum punctatum. These species could be proposed as Cu and Zn phytoremediators. Even though macrophytes are important metal accumulators in wetlands, sediment is the main metal compartment due to the fact that its total mass is greater than the corresponding plant biomass in a given area.