磷在红壤肥际微域中的迁移和转化

采用室内土柱实验研究了磷在红壤肥际微域中的迁移和形态转化。结果表明,相同施量的磷在7天和28天时的迁移距离相同,施用磷酸二氢钙(MCP)0 2g和0 5g时的迁移距离分别为1 4cm和2 0cm。磷在施肥7天内的迁移量较大,然后只发生少量迁移。迁移进入土壤的磷86 3%～94 2%被吸附固定,64 1%～72 2%仍以有效态存在。在迁移距离内,土壤水溶性磷、酸溶性磷和有效磷含量与距施肥点距离呈极显著直线负相关。施肥量对水溶性磷、酸溶性磷和有效磷在肥际微域中的含量分布有显著影响;但培养时间只对水溶性磷含量分布有显著影响。     

氮钾肥对磷在红壤肥际微域中迁移转化的影响

在农田施肥中,氮肥和钾肥经常与磷肥一起施入土壤,一定程度上会影响磷的土壤化学行为。采用室内土柱实验研究了NH4Cl、KCl在与磷酸二氢钙(MCP)共施条件下对磷在红壤肥际微域中迁移和形态转化的影响。试验结果表明,共施NH4Cl或KCl未改变磷在红壤中的迁移距离,但对肥际微域中磷的形态转化产生了显著影响。与单施MCP相比,共施NH4Cl和KCl均显著降低了红壤肥际微域的土壤pH。在培养7 d和28 d时,共施NH4Cl均未对施肥点附近红壤的水溶性磷含量产生显著影响,而共施KCl在培养7 d时显著降低了水溶性磷含量,在培养28 d时却增加了水溶性磷含量。共施NH4Cl或KCl显著增加了红壤肥际微域内的酸溶性磷和有效磷含量。磷的迁移量回收结果表明,共施NH4Cl或KCl促进了磷从MCP中向红壤迁移,增加了磷的迁移量。     

钾在潮土肥际微域中的迁移与转化

采用室内土柱实验研究了钾在潮土肥际微域中的迁移和形态转化.结果表明,在室温25℃、土壤含水量332 g/kg和容重1.22 g/cm3的条件下,经过7 d和28 d的扩散,钾在潮土中的迁移距离为40～75 mm,前期移动较快.在迁移距离内,土壤水溶性钾和交换性钾含量与距施肥点距离呈极显著线性负相关.施肥量和培养时间对水溶性钾和交换性钾含量在肥际微域中的分布均有显著影响,但对非交换性钾含量没有显著影响.外源钾进入土壤后在肥际微域中被固定的部分仅占5.6%～21.5%,绝大部分仍以有效态存在.     

腐殖酸物质对磷在褐土中迁移的影响

采用室内土柱实验研究了腐殖酸和腐殖酸钠在与磷肥共施时对磷在褐土中迁移的影响。结果表明,与单施磷酸二氢钙相比,共施腐殖酸钠缩短了磷在土壤中的迁移距离,明显降低了施肥点附近微域中的水溶性磷和酸溶性磷含量,磷向土体中的迁移量也显著下降;相比之下,共施腐殖酸则明显增加了磷的迁移距离和迁移量,对肥际微域中不同形态磷的含量均有显著提高作用。因此,腐殖酸促进了磷在褐土中的迁移,适宜与磷肥配合施用,而腐殖酸钠不适合与磷肥共施。     

不同土壤和供肥模式对磷在肥际微域中的迁移和转化的影响

采用室内土柱实验研究了单施磷酸二氢铵(MAP)、磷酸二氢铵配施草酸(MAP+OA)和包膜磷酸二氢铵(包膜MAP)3种施肥模式下磷在潮土和水稻土肥际微域中的迁移和形态转化。结果表明,磷在土壤中的迁移距离较短,磷在潮土中的迁移距离较水稻土短,配施草酸处理可增加磷在土壤中的迁移距离,包膜MAP处理磷的迁移距离最短且释放量少。磷在施肥60 d内的迁移量较大,然后只发生少量迁移,迁移进入土壤的磷60.2%~80.3%被吸附固定,15.4%~42.9%仍以有效态存在,配施草酸处理可降低土壤对磷的固定作用,包膜MAP处理缓慢释放磷肥可能会增强土壤对磷的固定作用。     

腐殖酸对钾在褐土中迁移和转化的影响

采用室内土柱实验研究了腐殖酸与钾共施时腐殖酸对钾在褐土施肥点附件微域中迁移和形态转化的影响。研究结果表明,与单施KCl处理相比,共施腐殖酸没有明显改变肥料钾在褐土中的迁移距离,在培养7天时增加了肥际微域中的水溶性钾含量,而在培养28天时则降低了其含量;共施腐殖酸明显增加了交换性钾含量以及在土壤中的迁移量,但减少了非交换性钾的含量和迁移量。说明共施腐殖酸减少了土壤晶格对钾离子的固定,提高了外源钾在褐土中的有效性。     

沸石对磷在肥际微域中的迁移影响

磷在土壤肥际微域的迁移对其有效性有着较大的影响,以土柱试验和连续切片技术研究了天然沸石、钾沸石和铵沸石对磷酸二氢钙在红壤肥际微域溶解和迁移的影响.沸石与土壤间的离子交换作用促进了土壤本体难溶磷酸盐的溶解,钾沸石和铵沸石增加了磷酸二氢钙的溶解和迁移,土壤水溶性磷分布距离比对照增加了8 mm;而天然沸石作用相反.沸石降低了磷酸二氢钙在土壤肥际微域的初始溶解;在分布距离大于10 mm时,土壤水溶性磷含量大小依次为铵沸石钾沸石天然沸石对照.水溶性磷含量与分布距离间呈极显著指数负相关.土壤Olsen-P的变化与水溶性磷相反,其含量大小依次为对照天然沸石钾沸石铵沸石,Olsen-P含量与分布距离间呈极显著线性负相关.     

NH4+对K+在土壤肥际微域中迁移和转化的影响

NH4^＋和K^＋共施在农田施肥中是很普遍的现象,研究它们共施后二者在土壤中的交互作用对指导施肥具有重要意义。采用室内土柱实验研究了共施条件下NH4^＋对K^＋在红壤和潮土肥际微域中的迁移和形态转化的影响,供试肥料为NH4Cl和KCl。试验结果表明,与单施K^＋相比,共施NH4^＋没有改变肥料钾在红壤和潮土中的迁移距离,但提高了肥际微域中的水溶性钾含量;在靠近施肥点附近,NH4^＋的施用减少了土壤交换性钾含量,这种作用在潮土中的表现不如在红壤中明显;与单施KCl相比,共施NH4Cl明显降低了施肥点附近土壤微域内的非交换性钾含量。研究结果表明,共施NH4Cl减少了土壤晶格对钾离子的固定,增加了钾的淋溶风险。     

水分与有机酸对水稻土肥际微域磷迁移转化的影响

通过土柱培养实验对肥际微域中磷的迁移转化及其受水分和有机酸的影响进行了研究。结果表明：随着培养时间延长,土壤肥际微域中水溶性磷和有效磷的累积量均显著下降,从微域角度证明了磷肥进入土壤后随时间延长有效性降低。淹水和配施草酸均有利于水溶性磷和有效磷的迁移扩散,但淹水条件下配施草酸与否肥际微域水溶性磷和有效磷的累积量均显著低于 60% 田间持水量下的累积量。60% 田间持水量下配施草酸均能增加肥际微域中水溶性磷和有效磷的累积量,而淹水条件下则相反,配施草酸显著降低了肥际微域中水溶性磷和有效磷的累积量。     

石灰性土壤肥际磷酸一铵的转化及其机制探讨

以肥际为切入点,通过土柱培养试验,研究了磷酸二氢铵(MAP)在石灰性潮土肥际的转化及肥料磷的迁移。结果表明,MAP施肥31 d后,约90%进入土壤,肥料磷的迁移距离达57 mm。无机磷形态分级结果表明,进入土壤的肥料磷仍保持较高的有效性。其中,以Ca8-P和Ca2-P增幅较大,其次为水溶态(WE-P)、Al-P和Fe-P,O-P仅有少量增加,而土壤Ca10-P没有明显变化。肥际(0~2 mm)新增含磷矿物中,Ca8-P所占比例显著增加,其它形态磷的比例则相应减少。空间上,WE-P与Al-P相似,在56 mm内显著增加,且随距施肥点距离的增加整体呈线性下降。Ca2-P亦于56 mm内显著增加,但包括0~14 mm的快速下降和随后缓慢线性下降两个阶段,并在0~14 mm内相对富集。Ca8-P分布与Ca2-P相似,但表现为集中在6 mm内快速下降。Fe-P在56 mm内显著增加,但在13 mm处含量最高,并在26 mm内相对集中形成,26 mm后缓慢线性下降。O-P仅在30 mm内略有形成。MAP施肥后,进入土壤的肥料磷相对集中,其中,约20%分布于0~2 mm内,6mm内磷的增加量即达土壤磷总增量的50%左右。MAP施肥引起土壤pH显著下降,对土壤碳酸盐及铁铝矿物溶解作用较为显著,特别是0~2 mm内碳酸盐被完全分解,6 mm内土壤碳酸盐含量显著降低。CaCO3溶解释放的Ca2 是导致进入土壤中的水溶性磷转化固定的主要因素,而土壤难溶性铁铝矿物溶解释放出的Fe3 、Al3 离子对水溶性磷的固定也有一定贡献。MAP对土壤难溶性铁的活化作用显著,明显提高了土壤铁的有效性。     

氮肥对磷在红壤肥域微域中迁移和转化的影响

The effects of two different nitrogen fertilizers （urea and NH4C1） with monocalcium phosphate （MCP） on the movement and transformation of fertilizer P in soil microsites along with soil pH changes at different distances from the fertilizer application site were studied in an incubation experiment. A highly acidic red soil （Ultisol, pH 4.57） from south China with MCP fertilizer alone or in combination with NH4C1 or urea was added to the surface of soil cylinders and packed in wax blocks. After 7 and 28 days, the extraction and analysis of each 2 mm layer from the interface of the soil and fertilizer showed that added NH4C1 or urea did not change the movement distance of fertilizer P. However, P transformation was significantly affected （P 〈 0.05）. After 7 days, at 0-8 mm distance from the fertilizer site the addition of urea significantly decreased the water-extractable P concentration; however, after 28 days the effect of N addition had disappeared. Also,at limited distances close to the fertilizer site NH4Cl application with MCP significantly increased acid-extractable P and available P, while with the addition of urea they significantly decreased. Compared with application of MCP alone,addition of urea significantly increased soil pH in fertilizer microsites, whereas the addition of NH4Cl significantly decreased soil pH.     

腐殖酸对磷在石灰性土壤中迁移的影响

When humic acid (HA) and phosphorus (P) fertilizer are simultaneously applied to soil, HA may affect the movement of P. A laboratory incubation experiment was conducted to quantify the effects of a commercial HA product co-applied with monocalcium phosphate (MCP) on the distance of P movement and the concentration of P in various forms at different distances from the P fertilizer application site in a calcareous soil from northern China. Fertilizer MCP (at a rate equivalent to 26.6 kg P ha-1 ) was applied alone or in combination with HA (at 254.8 kg HA ha-1 ) to the surface of soil packed in cylinders (150 mm high and 50 mm internal diameter), and then incubated at 320 g kg-1 moisture content for 7 and 28 d periods. Extraction and analysis of each 2 mm soil layer in columns showed that the addition of HA to MCP increased the distance of P movement and the concentrations of water-extractable P, acid-extractable P and Olsen P in soil. The addition of HA to MCP could enhance P availability by increasing the distance of P movement and the concentration of extractable P in soil surrounding the P fertilizer.     

利用稻壳炭提高复合肥料在土壤中的磷素有效性

[目的]研究稻壳炭添加对复合肥料在土壤中磷素有效性的影响,旨在为养分高效、环境友好型复合肥料的开发提供科学依据.[方法]以磷酸一铵(MAP)、磷酸二铵(DAP)、硝酸磷肥(NP)和聚磷酸铵(APP)为磷源,设置0、5％、10％3个稻壳生物炭加入量,与尿素、氯化钾、石粉以及其他辅料制作N-P2O5-K2O比例为15-10...     

Soil pH Changes from Fertilizer Site as Affected by Application of Monocalcium Phosphate and Potassium Chloride

A laboratory incubation experiment using soil columns was conducted to study the effects of monocalcium phosphate (MCP) and potassium chloride (KCl) on soil pH changes in fertilizer microsites with two Chinese soils. Mixtures of two fertilizers at two rates (0 and 0.26 g per column) were added to the surface of soil cylinders. The results shown that both fertilizers significantly decreased soil pH after 7 d and 28 d, which declined with time and distance from fertilizer site. Compared with KCl alone, the soil pH decrease close to the fertilizer site induced by applied KCl was slowed down in the acidic red soil by MCP addition but was promoted in the calcareous soil. Compared with MCP alone, the application of KCl with MCP had greater effects of reducing pH in both soils. The magnitude and extent of soil pH changes were mostly contributed by KCl in the KCl plus MCP treatment.     

Phosphorus deficiency diagnosis and fertilization in mungbean grown in rainfed calcareous soils of Pakistan

Abstract

Mungbean [Vigna radiata (L). Wilczek] grown in rainfed calcareous soils suffers with phosphorus (P) deficiency. In view of high cost and low use efficiency of P fertilizer, greenhouse, incubation, and field experiments were carried out for determining P deficiency diagnostic criteria and efficient method of P fertilizer application in mungbean. In a pot culture experiment using a P‐deficient Typic Ustocherpt, maximum increase in grain yield with P was 686% over the control; and fertilizer requirement for near‐maximum (95%) grain yield was 30 mg P kg^‐1 soil where fertilizer was mixed with the whole soil volume (broadcast) and 14 mg P kg^‐1 where mixed with 1/4th soil volume (band placement). In a field experiment on a P‐deficient Typic Camborthid, however, maximum increase in grain yield was 262% over the control. Band placement resulted in 73% fertilizer saving as P requirement was 66 kg ha^‐1 by broadcast and only 18 kg ha^‐1 by band placement. Critical P concentration range appears to be 0.27–0.33% in young whole shoots (≤30 cm tall) and 0.25–0.30% in recently matured leaves. In an incubation study using the same Typic Ustochrept, P extracted by the sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO₃), the ammonium bicarbonate‐diethlylenetriaminepentaacetic acid (AB)‐DTPA), and the Mehlich 3 soil tests correlated closely with each other, P concentration of whole shoots, and total P uptake by mungbean plants. Critical soil test P levels for pot grown mungbean were NaHCO₃,9 mg kg^‐1; AB‐DTPA, 7 mg kg^‐1; and Mehlich 3, 23 mg dm^‐3 soil. The more efficient and economical ‘universal’ soil test, AB‐DTPA, is recommended for P fertility evaluation of calcareous soils.     

Ammonia loss from soil during incubation and drying

Abstract

The loss of ammonia by volatilization during incubation and soil drying and contamination of soil samples during drying were studied in the laboratory. Aqua ammonia placement treatments produced a range of soil nitrate and ammonium levels, which produced different amounts of ammonia upon incubation and drying. Recovery of applied N as mineral N and volatilized N in acid traps was virtually complete, indicating that ammonia volatilization was the only significant N loss process. When aqua ammonia was applied to the surface, 57% was volatilized, compared with only 2% when the fertilizer was deep placed. Ammonia volatilization decreased with time; most of the loss occurred during the first day after fertilizer application and ammonia loss was virtually complete within 8 days of incubation. Regression analysis indicated loss of ammonia on soil drying could be explained by the initial ammonia concentration and the time from fertilizer application; approximately 40 days from fertilizer application were required for complete chemical adsorption of ammonia (i.e. no ammonia loss on drying).

Unfertilized soils absorbed up to 66 mg N/kg of the ammonia volatilized from fertilized soils when dried together in the same oven. We conclude that where accurate ammonium analysis is required on recently fertilized soil, undried soil should be used. This eliminates ammonia loss during drying and cross‐contamination of samples. Drying of soil did not affect the recovery of nitrate N, as nitrate was not volatilized or denitrified.