崩岗崩积体坡面产沙与坡面形态的耦合影响

为了探究崩岗崩积体长时间序列的侵蚀变化,在崩积体典型坡度(30°)及研究区强降雨(3.33mm/min)条件下,进行了持续20场次降雨的崩积体侵蚀过程模拟试验。结果表明,在本试验条件下降雨溅蚀和径流冲刷对崩积体产沙的平均贡献率分别为47.6%和52.4%,在崩积体侵蚀过程中,其产沙量呈幂函数减小;弗劳德数、径流功率、达西-韦斯巴赫阻力系数与崩积体产沙量具有较好的相关关系,在沙源充足时,其参数可用于定量描述坡面径流产沙效能;崩积体侵蚀过程可分为4个阶段:(1)含沙量为0.099kg/L,以片蚀为主,坡面未见粗化;(2)含沙量为0.052~0.101kg/L,以细沟侵蚀为主,坡面粗化不明显;(3)含沙量为0.011~0.064kg/L,以细沟侵蚀为主,坡面粗化显现;(4)含沙量为0.008~0.036kg/L,无明显的主导侵蚀方式,坡面持续粗化。降雨及其径流对崩积体的分选性搬运,致使崩积体坡面粗化,而崩积体坡面粗化,反过来又使得降雨及其径流产沙效能降低。     

不同草带空间分布对坡面细沟侵蚀调控机制

为了研究植被对坡面细沟侵蚀调控机制,采用模拟降雨试验,结合激光扫描方法,分析了不同草带分布沟坡面细沟侵蚀发生、发展过程。结果表明:草带位于梁峁坡下部60%,植被调控侵蚀效果最优,相比裸坡减少径流量7.4%,减少产沙量62.9%,相比蓄水减沙功效而言更具直接拦沙的功能。植被通过调控细沟侵蚀的发生、发展、发育过程实现了对土壤侵蚀的调控作用,尤其是对沟坡侵蚀产沙的调控作用;而且这种对侵蚀的调控作用不仅改变了细沟侵蚀发生的位置,而且改变了径流和侵蚀过程以及侵蚀方式;细沟侵蚀已经向面蚀(片蚀)转化,大幅度降低侵蚀程度。研究结果揭示了植被可以通过影响侵蚀方式来调控侵蚀输沙过程,有助于加深坡面植被对细沟侵蚀发育形态作用机理的理解。     

南方崩岗发育特征及其监测技术探讨

 崩岗是南方红壤区特有的一种严重侵蚀类型,可认为是发育在花岗岩浅丘岗地上的沟蚀地貌形态。崩岗崩壁高差和倾角都较大,这给监测工作造成了很大的困难,导致崩岗实测数据的匮乏。通过阐明各种土壤侵蚀监测技术的优缺点,结合崩岗地貌特征,分析可用于崩岗的监测技术。认为：径流小区与人工模拟降雨实验技术只能用于面蚀和细沟侵蚀研究;示踪技术可用于面蚀和沟蚀的研究,但不能满足崩岗的实验要求;侵蚀针等传统技术方法不能准确测量崩岗的侵蚀速率;由于崩壁高差太大,用差分CPS监测崩岗存在一定误差;三维激光扫描系统能够克服上述困难,能较为准确地扫描出崩岗的形态特征数据;航片解译可得到崩岗的空问分布数据,但需配合地面监测数据,才能较为准确地调查区域或流域的崩岗数据。另外,用侵蚀针等传统技术方法以及差分GPS对崩岗进行监测时,要注意监测人员的人身安全。     

不同坡位的植被缓冲带对坡面侵蚀产沙来源的影响

为了研究植被对坡面侵蚀输沙的影响机制,采用模拟降雨试验,结合激光扫描方法,分析了不同坡位植被缓冲带下坡面产沙来源的变化特征。结果表明:没有植被覆盖时,坡面侵蚀最严重的区域位于下坡下部到中部,侵蚀产沙多来源于此。当植被种植于上坡中下部和下部时,坡面产沙主要来源于下坡中下部到中部,且侵蚀发育程度有所降低。随着植被缓冲带种植的位置上移,泥沙和径流的侵蚀和运动具有了更大的范围,坡面侵蚀最严重的区域也逐渐向上扩展,从下坡下部扩展到上坡中部,产沙量达到峰值,侵蚀严重程度增长24%～45%。植被布设于上坡长度60%时,其调控范围可覆盖整个坡面,产沙范围和侵蚀程度与裸坡相比分别降低33%,53%,甚至改变了侵蚀方式,细沟侵蚀已经开始向片蚀转变,具有较好的侵蚀输沙调控作用。研究结果揭示了不同坡位的植被植被缓冲带可以通过影响侵蚀方式来调控坡面侵蚀产沙来源。     

南方花岗岩红壤区不同土地利用类型坡地产流与侵蚀产沙研究

基于自然坡面径流小区,分析了南方花岗岩红壤区5种典型土地利用下坡面地表径流与侵蚀产沙规律.结果表明,不同地类地表径流与侵蚀产沙分异规律明显.裸露荒地、坡耕地、早地和疏林地的地表径流分别是典型林分林地的1 354.9%,1 099.9%,712.3%和285.4%;不同地类土壤侵蚀强度排序为裸露荒地＞坡耕地＞旱地＞疏林地＞典型林分林地,说明植被能较好地调蓄地表径流和减少侵蚀产沙.在不同降雨强度和雨型条件下,不同土地利用的坡面产流与侵蚀产沙也表现出显著的差异.裸露荒地、坡耕地、旱地、疏林地是研究区主要的侵蚀产沙地类.基于径流小区次降雨条件下径流和侵蚀产沙观测资料,建立了不同地类坡面径流与侵蚀产沙的回归方程.     

基于三维激光扫描的崩岗侵蚀的时空分析

崩岗侵蚀过程及其侵蚀量的精准量化分析,是研究崩岗发育机理及其发展演化的基础,也是测算崩岗流域产沙输沙的前提,对崩岗预防和治理以及水土保持和生态建设具有理论和现实意义。本研究应用三维激光扫描技术,大致以半年为周期,在6次定位监测基础上,以广东五华县莲塘岗崩岗为例,对崩岗侵蚀过程进行了定量分析。研究表明,莲塘岗崩岗年平均侵蚀量为833 m3,其中雨季平均侵蚀量为499 m3,干季平均侵蚀量为291 m3,侵蚀模数高达222 408 t/(km2·a)。24 h降雨量大于等于50 mm的暴雨、特别是大于等于100 mm的大暴雨对崩岗侵蚀影响很大,暴雨总量与崩岗侵蚀量具有正相关关系。崩壁之下的崩积锥部位侵蚀量最大,占总侵蚀量的55.6%。40°~60°坡面的侵蚀量最大,占总侵蚀量的49%。最大侵蚀强度(单位面积侵蚀量)位于50°~60°和70°~80°的两个坡度区间。最为剧烈的侵蚀区为主沟与支沟两侧及沟头部位,侵蚀深度均大于1 m,最大深度可达2.5 m。前3个监测周期,沟道以快速下切、侧蚀和溯源侵蚀为主,兼有小规模崩塌;后2个监测周期,以重力崩塌为主,沟道侵蚀减弱。崩岗地形变化导致其水力与重力作用交替进行,使崩岗侵蚀呈现出波动式变化。     

不同植被格局对梁峁坡-沟坡的侵蚀动力作用机制

[目的]探究不同植被格局对梁峁坡—沟坡的侵蚀动力作用机制,为进一步揭示草地坡面侵蚀规律和植被减蚀效应研究提供科学依据。[方法]以梁峁坡—沟坡为研究对象,采用室内降雨模拟降雨和三维激光扫描技术,分析不同植被格局对梁峁坡—沟坡侵蚀动力作用机制。[结果]径流流速和含沙量共同影响着坡面侵蚀动力过程,径流流速是主要影响因素。坡面的侵蚀产沙来源主要位于沟坡内,不同植被格局下梁峁坡与沟坡产沙比例的不同,反映了植被调控侵蚀的范围和强度的不同。草带位于梁峁坡中下部时,不但能够有效降低梁峁坡的侵蚀程度,而且能够有效抑制和减缓沟坡内的径流流速,大幅度降低梁峁坡下部和沟坡内的侵蚀程度。[结论]不同植被格局可以通过影响径流流速和含沙量来调控梁峁坡—沟坡侵蚀动力。     

黔西北乡土植物篱对典型石漠化区石灰土侵蚀动力学过程的调控

在自然降水条件下,定量研究黔西北喀斯特石漠化区典型乡土植物刺梨在坡耕地产流产沙的变化规律,分析该植物篱控制侵蚀产沙的水动力学机理。结果表明,刺梨植物篱截流、分流作用延缓径流产生及汇流时间,增加喀斯特坡面径流入渗量,减小坡面侵蚀动力。在不同降雨强度条件下,喀斯特坡面入渗率与径流量和产沙量呈负线性相关。植物根系缠绕串连黏结根土,改变土壤的入渗特性,增强土壤抗冲性与抗蚀能力。根系密度随土层深度增加而减少,减沙效应亦变小。土壤抗侵蚀能力与d<1mm的须根密度呈极显著正相关关系,与d≤2mm须根的根量、根长与土壤抗冲指数存在线性回归关系。当I30雨强为2.41mm时,植物篱小区几乎无流水侵蚀,而对照样地侵蚀产生较多泥沙;当I30为4.72,8.35mm时,研究小区皆已侵蚀产沙,并在对照样地侵蚀产生细沟,显示雨强加大,坡面产流动力加强,冲沙携沙能力加大。说明植物篱起到保水固土减沙和对土壤侵蚀水动力过程的调控。喀斯特坡面流侵蚀产沙水动力主要受降雨强度和雨滴动能影响,雨滴侵蚀力的大小取决于雨量、雨强、雨滴大小。侵蚀产沙量与雨强、降雨历时呈显著的幂函数关系。揭示了植物根系固土减沙和提高土壤抗侵蚀水动力的调控机理。     

崩岗地貌侵蚀过程三维立体监测研究——以广东五华县莲塘岗崩岗为例

2011-2013年,大致以半年为周期,利用Leica ScanStation 2三维激光扫描仪对广东五华县莲塘岗崩岗进行6次野外定位监测,运用ArcGIS软件对6次监测数据进行对比分析,阐明崩岗流域侵蚀产沙的时空变化,提供精细化研究成果。研究结果表明,莲塘岗崩岗年平均侵蚀模数高达222 408t/(km2·a),主要侵蚀区位于海拔111~131m的崩积锥分布区,占侵蚀总量的55.6%,且崩岗中、下部位侵蚀强度高于崩岗上部。崩岗侵蚀量随崩岗表面坡度变化呈现正态分布的特征,侵蚀量最大值位于崩岗40°~50°的坡面部位。单位面积的崩岗侵蚀量大致随崩岗表面坡度的增大而加大,表明崩岗流域内坡度越大,侵蚀越强烈。在6次5个监测周期内,崩岗侵蚀方式具有明显变化,沟道发育是崩岗侵蚀发生的主要触发因素之一。前3个监测周期中,崩岗以沟道快速下切、侧蚀和溯源侵蚀为主,兼有小规模崩塌;后2个监测周期中,崩岗以重力侵蚀为主,侵蚀量先减少后增大。莲塘岗崩岗目前正处于壮年期阶段,地形是崩岗发育的主要影响因素。地形因素导致崩岗水力侵蚀与重力侵蚀交替进行,两者共同作用使得崩岗侵蚀发展过程呈现出螺旋式上升的演化模式。     

黄土区坡耕地细沟间侵蚀和细沟侵蚀的研究

利用人工模拟降雨试验,通过在径流小区上覆盖纱网消除雨滴动能和增加雨滴除落高度来增加雨滴功能,并采用翻耕裸露作对照的试验处理,对黄土区坡耕地细沟间侵蚀和细沟侵蚀过程及其机理进行了研究。结果表明,坡面侵蚀产沙过程可明显的分为四个阶段,即溅蚀,细沟间侵蚀、细沟侵蚀和雨后径流侵蚀阶段。     

植被毯措施对黑土农田浅沟侵蚀的防护效果研究

为了探究植被毯在植被恢复早期的浅沟侵蚀防护效果,并为黑土农田浅沟治理提供科学依据。以黑土耕作层土壤为研究对象,通过室内模拟汇流冲刷试验,定量分析了植被毯在不同汇流强度下对农田浅沟侵蚀产流产沙的影响。实验结果显示:在小于30 L/min汇流强度时,植被毯措施可减少16.23%的径流和80%以上的产沙。当汇流强度增大到40 L/min时,植被毯措施减沙效益由82.19%下降到26.63%,而减流效益由15.74%减少到1.63%,基本无减流效果。继续增加汇流强度达到50 L/min时,植被毯措施的减沙效果进一步下降,并最终失去防护作用。研究表明植被毯措施在一定汇流强度下能够有较好的减流减沙作用,且其减沙作用明显高于减流作用。因此,一定条件下,可以有效防治浅沟的进一步侵蚀,且对于改善草被前期生长及生态环境有一定帮助。     

上方来水来沙对浅沟侵蚀产沙及水动力参数的影响

 浅沟侵蚀是黄土高原重要的侵蚀类型,上方汇水对坡面浅沟侵蚀具有重要的影响。采用野外放水冲刷试验,定量分析26°坡耕地在上方来水量为5、10和15L/min时对坡下方浅沟侵蚀产沙及其水动力参数的影响。结果表明：上方来水的汇入使浅沟水流流速明显增大,雷诺数、弗劳德数、水流功率和剪切力分别增大33%～76%、21%～47%、29%～72%和18%～42%,阻力系数减少11%～13%,导致浅沟侵蚀产沙量明显增大;除流速和弗劳德数外,其余水动力参数随放水时间的延长呈递增趋势;上方来水使浅沟侵蚀产沙量相对增量与水流功率和剪切力相对增量均呈幂函数关系。     

根系密度对黄土塬沟头溯源侵蚀产沙和形态演化过程的影响

为明确根系密度对黄土塬沟壑区沟头溯源侵蚀产沙和形态演化过程的影响,采用野外"人工模拟降雨+放水冲刷"试验方法,以裸地试验小区(CK)为对照,研究冰草根系密度试验小区(株行距:20 cm×20 cm,C1;15 cm×15 cm,C2;10 cm×10 cm,C3)的沟头溯源侵蚀产沙过程、沟头溯源距离、沟道下切深度及发育面积等特征。结果表明:1)与对照小区相比,草被小区(C1~C3)产沙量分别降低64.32%、70.31%、69.92%;冰草株行距为15 cm×15 cm时,减沙效益最大。2)对照小区沟头溯源侵蚀过程主要包括沟口形成、贴壁流侵蚀、跌水侵蚀和沟岸崩塌等;而草被小区沟头溯源侵蚀则由贴壁流侵蚀、跌水侵蚀和根土复合体崩塌导致,崩塌是草地沟头溯源的主要原因;各根系密度下沟头溯源距离与时间均呈极显著幂函数关系;与对照相比,草被小区沟头溯源距离缩短75.61%~78.87%。3)对照小区侵蚀沟纵断面呈阶梯形,存在缓冲平台,沟头近似矩形;草被小区则呈梯形和圆弧状。与对照相比,草被小区沟道平均下切深度加深1.64~1.92倍;沟道面积随根系密度增加而缩小,草被小区沟道面积较裸地缩小68.0%~74.0%。结果可为该区"固沟保塬"工作的实施提供科学参考。     

典型黑土区陡坡植草水土流失防治效果研究

[目的]研究陡坡生物防治与影响因素的变化关系,为侵蚀沟治理、水土保持植被措施配置等决策提供科学依据。[方法]设置2个坡度,7种草本植被配置模式,于2018年6—9月开展了自然小区水土流失监测。[结果] 1∶1.5和1∶1.2坡比边坡草本建植当年分别较裸地平均减流27%和26%,减沙52%和21%,坡度由34°增加到40°,地表径流虽未增加,但土壤侵蚀量明显增加;影响产流产沙的降雨因子主要有雨量,I_(30),E,EI_(30),坡度变陡,相关性增强;建植草无芒雀麦和紫花苜蓿混播减流减沙效果最好,紫花苜蓿、无芒雀麦、早熟禾3种草种混播减流效果优于单播;1∶1.2坡比边坡随着植被盖度的增加减沙效果逐渐增强,且在植被盖度大于50%时减沙效果接近1∶1.5坡比边坡。[结论]在无芒雀麦和紫花苜蓿混播草本配置下,1∶1.2坡比削坡在侵蚀沟治理时可采用,能减少20%的削坡占地面积。     

Effect of vegetation changes on soil erosion on the loess plateau

Vegetation is one of the key factors affecting soil erosion on the Loess Plateau. The effects of vegetation destruction and vegetation restoration on soil erosion were quantified using data from long-term field runoff plots established on the eastern slope of the Ziwuling secondary forest region, China and a field survey. The results showed that before the secondary vegetation restoration period （before about 1866-1872）, soil erosion in the Ziwuling region of the Loess Plateau was similar to the current erosion conditions in neighboring regions, where the soil erosion rate now is 8 000 to 10 000 t km^-2 year^-1. After the secondary vegetation restoration, soil erosion was very low; influences of rainfall and slope gradient on soil erosion were small; the vegetation effect on soil erosion was predominant; shallow gully and gully erosion ceased; and sediment deposition occurred in shallow gully and gully channels. In modern times when human activities destroyed secondary forests, soil erosion increased markedly, and erosion rates in the deforested lands reached 10 000 to 24000 t km^-2 year^-1, which was 797 to 1682 times greater than those in the forested land prior to deforestation. Rainfall intensity and landform greatly affected the soil erosion process after deforestation. These results showed that accelerated erosion caused by vegetation destruction played a key role in soil degradation and eco-environmental deterioration in deforested regions.     

Gully erosion and environmental change: importance and research needs

Assessing the impacts of climatic and, in particular, land use changes on rates of soil erosion by water is the objective of many national and international research projects. However, over the last decades, most research dealing with soil erosion by water has concentrated on sheet (interrill) and rill erosion processes operating at the (runoff) plot scale. Relatively few studies have been conducted on gully erosion operating at larger spatial scales.Recent studies indicate that (1) gully erosion represents an important sediment source in a range of environments and (2) gullies are effective links for transferring runoff and sediment from uplands to valley bottoms and permanent channels where they aggravate off site effects of water erosion. In other words, once gullies develop, they increase the connectivity in the landscape. Many cases of damage (sediment and chemical) to watercourses and properties by runoff from agricultural land relate to (ephemeral) gullying. Consequently, there is a need for monitoring, experimental and modelling studies of gully erosion as a basis for predicting the effects of environmental change (climatic and land use changes) on gully erosion rates.In this respect, various research questions can be identified. The most important ones are:

What is the contribution of gully erosion to overall soil loss and sediment production at various temporal and spatial scales and under different climatic and land use conditions?

What are appropriate measuring techniques for monitoring and experimental studies of the initiation and development of various gully types at various temporal and spatial scales?

Can we identify critical thresholds for the initiation, development and infilling of gullies in different environments in terms of flow hydraulics, rain, topography, soils and land use?

How does gully erosion interact with hydrological processes as well as with other soil degradation processes?

What are appropriate models of gully erosion, capable of predicting (a) erosion rates at various temporal and spatial scales and (b) the impact of gully development on hydrology, sediment yield and landscape evolution?

What are efficient gully prevention and gully control measures? What can be learned from failures and successes of gully erosion control programmes?

These questions need to be answered first if we want to improve our insights into the impacts of environmental change on gully erosion. This paper highlights some of these issues by reviewing recent examples taken from various environments.     

Gully and sheet erosion on subtropical mountain slopes: Their respective roles and the scale effect

As most mountains in tropical and subtropical zones, the Western Sierra Madre suffers active present erosion, which may create some constraints to the social and economic development in the area.The objectives of this study of soil degradation in the Western Sierra Madre, are to determine the respective roles of gully and sheet erosion. This research is based on field observations, field measurements of runoff and, soil losses at the plot, as well as the watershed scales as an analysis of an exhaustive census of the few gullies located in an experimental area.Measured soil losses in the Western Sierra Madre are high although there are few gullies. Most of the sediment yield seems to originate in widespread degraded areas where stoniness is the main evidence of a previous stage of erosion. Previously overgrazing and deforestation were determined as the factors of the appearance of new soil surface characteristics which explain the high runoff and sediment productions. The soil compacted by cattle trampling reduces infiltration. The decrease of the vegetation cover triggers a rise in the splash effect and thus, a soil sealing.These processes induce an increase in runoff and soil losses. The main erosion type has been described as sheet erosion: it is characterised by the removal of fine soil particles and the remains of gravels, pebbles and blocks, which constitute a pavement on the soil. Gullies generally appear on the bottom of wide valleys and depressions, where soils are thick. It is shown that sheet erosion is two orders of magnitude higher than gully erosion at the hillslope scale.Due to the spatial distribution of land use and the geological context such as the heavily degraded areas close to the main rivers, the reduction of runoff and soil loss rates within the extension of a considered area, commonly observed in hydrology, only applies up to the elementary catchments scale (1 to 50 km²). Above this area, runoff coefficient and soil loss rates increase.     

黄土丘陵沟壑区小流域水蚀预报模型构建

根据黄土丘陵沟壑区侵蚀产沙垂直分带性规律,提出小流域土壤侵蚀方式发生部位界定方法。基于黄土丘陵沟壑区侵蚀环境特点,设计了GIS支持下的小流域分布式水蚀预报模型结构,模型考虑的侵蚀过程包括雨滴击溅侵蚀、片蚀、细沟侵蚀、浅沟侵蚀、切沟侵蚀以及沟道侵蚀。同时。提出模型各模块的计算方法,根据动态物质平衡原理。完成了流域侵蚀产沙过程演算。     

黑土区治理后侵蚀沟道融雪侵蚀观测研究

融雪侵蚀是季节性积雪区水土流失的重要组成部分,融雪作用对侵蚀沟发育的影响对侵蚀沟防治有重要意义。通过野外实地监测和测量,对东北黑土区治理后侵蚀沟融雪侵蚀过程及沟坡细沟形态特征进行分析,探讨水土保持措施对融雪侵蚀的防控效果。结果表明:除侵蚀沟G2未产流外,侵蚀沟G1和G3在融雪中期径流率和泥沙含量明显高于融雪末期和融雪初期。融雪径流率和泥沙含量的日动态变化过程均呈先增加后下降的趋势。融雪期3条侵蚀沟沟坡细沟平均宽度变幅为6.7~9.4cm,平均深度变幅为3.3~4.3cm。阳坡出现细沟的条数,细沟密度,细沟割裂度,平均细沟复杂度和细沟侵蚀平均深度明显高于阴坡,说明阳坡的破碎程度及细沟侵蚀程度大于阴坡。细沟主要以宽浅槽型为主,宽深比为1.91~2.18。水土保持措施在融雪期间作用明显,侵蚀沟G2水土保持措施的拦水拦沙效果达到100%,侵蚀沟G1和G3大部分融雪侵蚀的泥沙也在沟道内沉积。     

放水冲刷条件下坡面植被空间布局对坡沟系统侵蚀产沙的影响研究

植被在有效防治水土流失、改善生态环境中具有不可替代的重要作用。研究表明,土壤表面没有植被的降雨侵蚀量是未扰动森林土壤的16倍[1]。Zheng在子午岭林区的研究也发现,当地表植被生长良好时,降雨、地形、坡度等因素对土壤侵蚀量的影响很小。而土壤表层一旦失去植被保护或根系的固结时,降雨和地形等因素对侵蚀的作用则十分