水分和温度对土壤钾素释放、固定影响的初步研究

钾是植物的重要养分之一。由于土壤中存在着不同的矿物,因而产生钾的释放和固定,但这一过程受到很多因素的影响,其中水分状况是重要因素之一。多年来水分状况对钾素释放、固定影响的问题,受到了土壤研究者的注意,但是,到目前为止仍无一致的结论,例如Omuetiand^[1]等认为。用风干土测定的交换性钾能很好反映土壤供钾状况,而Luebs等^[2]则认为,以用新鲜潮湿土测定为好。为了更好的反映土壤当季的供钾水平,合理使用钾肥,以及发挥土壤钾素的潜力,因此这一问题的研究是有实践意义的,现将研究结果报告如下。     

施氮和不同品种水稻对紫色水稻土钾素形态的影响

通过盆栽试验研究了施氮水平和不同品种水稻对四川盆地 3种典型紫色水稻土 5种钾形态的影响以及各种土壤钾形态对水稻钾素营养的贡献。结果表明 ,4个紫色水稻土供钾能力均属中下水平 ,全钾含量为 1.29%～2.62% ,其中矿物钾量平均占 96.82% ,速效钾和非交换性钾仅平均占 0.62%和 2.56% ,土壤供钾能力以中性紫色水稻土 石灰性紫色水稻土 酸性紫色水稻土。施氮 (N 0～ 150mg/kg)促进 4个紫色水稻土钾素的释放 ,提高水稻对非交换性钾和矿物钾的吸收利用 ,使矿物钾和非交换性钾的贡献占植株吸钾的 80.3% ,速效钾仅为 19.7%。中性紫色土供试 4个品种水稻的吸钾能力为开优 5号 汕优 63Ⅱ优 6078引佳 1号。施氮后4个品种水稻吸自非交换性钾和矿物钾量平均占植物吸钾量的 66.9% ,以施中氮 (N 150mg/kg)时植株吸钾量最高 ;而低氮或高氮水平都不利于植物对钾的吸收和土壤钾的释放     

稻麦钾素营养诊断和钾肥施用

研究了水稻土的供钾状况以及稻、麦、黑麦草等作物对土壤不同形态钾的吸收。试验证明,非交换性钾是稻、麦钾素的主要给源。根据稻、麦吸钾特点,认为土壤交换性钾不是水稻土供钾的良好指标;提出用冷的2molL^-1 HNO₃浸提水稻土有效钾的方法,此法浸提出的钾量与作物吸钾量、生物产量之间的相关最显著。     

土壤非交换性钾释放动力学特征及其生物有效性

采用生物耗竭法和0.2 mol L-1四苯硼钠化学浸提法,利用不同动力学模型对我国8种主要土壤非交换性钾的释钾特性及其生物有效性进行定量评估。结果表明,供试土壤非交换性钾释放分为快速释放和稳定释放两个阶段,一级动力学模型、Elovich模型、双常数模型和扩散模型均能描述土壤非交换性钾的释放过程。根据双常数模型中参数(a)所表征的土壤非交换性钾释放速率常数,供试8种土壤的释钾能力按取土地区存在着自西向东、自北向南渐减的趋势。盆栽耗钾试验中,在累积释钾量高且释放速率快的土壤上,不施钾处理黑麦草累积生物量、累积吸钾量和相对含钾量较高,表现出强的供钾能力;与此相反,累积释放量低且释放速率慢的土壤上,其各项指标偏低,供钾能力较弱。四种动力学模型所表征的土壤非交换性钾释放速率与不施钾处理黑麦草含钾量及吸钾量极显著相关。以黑麦草钾素丰缺临界值34.0 g kg-1和土壤非交换性钾释放速率396 mg kg-1 h-1作为评价指标,供试8种土壤中,仅取自新疆的干旱土、陕西和黑龙江的均腐土在短期不施用钾肥的情况下能保证黑麦草丰产且不出现缺钾症状。     

不同提取方法土壤非交换性钾释放动力学及其速率的研究

采用Ca2+饱和土壤的 0.50molL-1硝酸、0.0 1molL-1草酸和氢质阳离子交换树脂恒温连续提取法 ,利用Elovich和二级动力学模型 ,结合生物吸钾试验 ,研究探讨了描述土壤非交换性钾释放及其速率较为理想的连续提取法及其动力学模型。研究结果表明 ,氢质树脂提取法的Elovich模型描述非交换性钾释放及其速率的效果较为理想 ,拟合方程的相关系数达极显著水平(r =0.982～ 0.996 ) ;不同时间非交换性钾累积释放量的计算值与实测值的标准差最小 (S =1.335～2.480 ) ;通过速率方程计算的不同时间非交换性钾释放速率与黑麦草吸收的非交换性钾数量的相关性也最为密切 (r =0.944～ 0.963) ,故氢质阳离子交换树脂连续提取法结合Elovich模型是描述土壤非交换性钾释放及其速率较为理想的组合方法。以伊利石为主的 2、3和 8号土壤非交换性钾释放速率明显高于其它以高岭石或蒙脱石为主的供试土壤     

运用生物法对褐土和潮土不同土层供钾能力的研究

运用玉米苗对褐土、潮土不同层次土壤进行了钾素生物耗竭试验 ,发现 :当土壤有效钾素趋向匮乏时 ,首先受到影响的是玉米苗的干生物产量 ,其次是植株总吸钾量 ,再其次才是植株含钾量 ;矿物钾对植株吸钾是有贡献的 ,但其贡献率因土壤不同而有很大的差异 ,褐土矿物钾的贡献率比潮土的要大 ;交换性钾、非交换性钾的生物有效性因土类的不同而存在明显差异 ,总的说来 ,潮土较褐土能提供较多的钾素 ;土壤供钾性能随深度增大而减弱     

不同玉米基因型吸钾能力的比较研究

通过耗竭试验采用供钾水平极低的沙土对不同基因型玉米吸钾能力进行了研究。结果表明,不同基因型玉米吸钾量的多少有显著差异,不同基因型玉米吸收土壤中各形态钾素的比例不同。供试品种中农大86的吸钾量和吸收土壤矿物钾的比例显著大于其它品种。不同玉米基因型其吸钾量的多少、吸收土壤矿物钾的多少和比例是判定其吸钾能力强弱的重要指标。     

土壤—作物系统钾素动力学模型及其参数研究

基于生态学的Lotka Volterra模型 ,在土壤—作物系统中提出一个新的土壤钾素动力学方程。盆栽试验表明 ,该模型能很好地拟合花生一个生长周期内土壤缓效钾和速效钾的动态变化。吸钾量实测结果表明 ,花生不同生育期吸钾量符合Logistic模型。结合上述 2个模型 ,分别求出矿物钾最大释放速率常数Kmm、缓效钾最大释放速率常数Krm和速效钾最大供钾速率常数Kam。相关分析表明 ,Kam与花生当季吸钾量、生物学产量和荚果产量以及Krm与花生当季吸钾量有显著水平以上的对数正相关。Krm和Kam可作为评价土壤当季供钾能力的速率指标。     

土壤矿物钾的释放及其在植物营养中的意义

本文对土壤钾的形态、矿物钾释放的影响因素及钾的固定、土壤含钾矿物与土壤供钾能力间关系、矿物钾的植物有效性进行了综述 ,表明土壤钾素从有效性的角度进行划分时 ,不能仅把速效性钾和1mol/L热硝酸提取的缓效性钾列为作物吸钾的主要来源 ,而忽视矿物钾的作用 .     

肥田萝卜、油菜对金云母中矿物钾的活化与利用

本试验以金云母作为植物的唯一钾源,研究了缺磷与正常供磷条件下肥田萝卜、油菜对矿物结构钾的利用。结果表明,缺磷条件下两种植物每盆的吸钾总量( 肥田萝卜14-96mg ,油菜12-88mg) 以及矿物钾的净释放量( 肥田萝卜6-22mg ,油菜4-32mg) 均显著高于正常供磷处理的植物吸钾总量( 肥田萝卜11-90mg,油菜9-57mg) 和矿物钾净释放量( 肥田萝卜3-72mg,油菜3-07mg) 。同时,对根际金云母进行X光衍射扫描,结果发现两种处理的肥田萝卜和油菜的根际金云母均出现了明显的蛭石化现象,其中缺磷条件下两种植物引起的蛭石化作用较正常供磷的处理更显著。     

The release of nonexchangeable potassium from certain soils of northern Greece

The release of nonexchangeable potassium from the surface layers of nine red soils, sampled in different districts of northern Greece, was studied by treatment of the samples with H⁺-resin at various soil: resin ratios and temperatures and in a pot-experiment with rye grass. It was thus found that, the phenomenon of K-release from the soil samples during their treatment with the H⁺-resin, follows typically the kinetics of the first order opposing reactions under all conditions tested. A close relationship was shown to exist between nonexchangeable potassium released by cropping (defined as K-supplying capacity of the soil) and that released by treatment with the resin. The K-supplying capacity of the soils studied seems to be more closely related to the total amount of lattice-K released by the resin than to the rate of the release. The latter is affected considerably not only by temperature changes but also by changes in the soil:resin ratio. A value for the activation energy of the release reaction was calculated which might be considered as lending additional support to the view, already widely accepted, that K-release in the soil is a diffusion-dependent phenomenon.     

Unlocking fixed soil phosphorus upon waterlogging can be promoted by increasing soil cation exchange capacity

Phosphorus (P) adsorbed by iron (Fe) oxyhydroxides in soil can be released when the Fe(III) minerals are reductively dissolved after soil flooding. However, this release is limited in tropical soils with large Fe contents and previous studies have suggested that P sorbs or precipitates with newly formed Fe(II) minerals. This hypothesis is tested here by scavenging Fe²⁺ in flooded soils by increasing the cation exchange capacity (CEC) of soil through resin application (30 cmol_c kg^?1; Na‐form). Three soils from rice paddies with contrasting properties were incubated in aerobic and anaerobic conditions with or without resin and with or without addition of organic matter (OM) to stimulate redox reactions. Dissolved Fe was 0.1–1.1 mm in unamended anaerobic soils and decreased to less than 0.07 mm with resin addition. Anaerobic soils without resin and aerobic soils with or without resin had marginal available P concentrations (<2 mg P kg^?1; anion‐exchange membrane P). In contrast, available P increased 3‐ to 14‐fold in anaerobic soils treated with resins, reaching 16 mg P kg^?1 in combination with extra OM. Application of Ca‐forms of resin did not stimulate P availability and dissolved Ca concentrations were larger than in unamended soils. Resin addition can increase P availability, probably by a combination of reducing solution Fe²⁺ (thereby limiting the formation of Fe(II) minerals) and increasing the OM solubility and availability through reducing dissolved Ca²⁺. The soil CEC is a factor controlling the net P release in submerged soils.     

解钾细菌C6X对不同富钾矿物含量土壤钾素迁移的影响

为了改善黄土高原地区煤炭开采引起土壤质量急剧退化的现状,该文以玉米为供试植物,通过日光温室短期盆栽的方式,系统研究解钾细菌C6X和玉米生长对土壤钾素迁移的影响.结果表明:1)玉米生长条件下,解钾细菌在富钾矿物质量分数45％上层土壤(0～20 cm)中对速效钾增量的促进作用最佳.2)解钾细菌和玉米生长协同提高上层土壤钾素固定能力,缓效钾增量在土壤富钾矿物质量分数68％为最大值.3)解钾细菌和玉米生长协同促进土壤钾素上移能力,在富钾矿物质量分数45％水平,土壤上移速效钾呈最大值;同时,解钾细菌促进土壤上移速效钾和玉米钾素积累量二者趋于线性稳定,利于土壤钾肥长期管理.因此,解钾细菌和玉米生长协同促进土壤钾素的释放和固定,并促进土壤钾素上移.     

阳离子交换膜技术的评估及钾临界值的估测

Soil and tissue analyses are usually used in identifying potassium(K) deficiencies and predicting K fertilizer requirements of crops.The critical levels of both soil and fresh leaf tissue at seventh leaf stage were developed and assessed for canola,chickpea and sunflower grown on two saskatchewan,soils,with six rates of K fertilizer supply.in a growth chamber experiment.The available potassium in soils was detemined by two methods:1)resin strip extraction,and 2)NH4OAC extraction.The potassium in fresh leaves was determined at seventh leaf stage by a simple procedure using a common garlic press and injector to extract the plant sap and testing the sap with a handheld ion selection electrode meter,The results showed significant relationships between the resin strip extractable K and NH4OAC extractable K,and between the plant uptake of total K and the supple of available K in the soils determined by the two methods.Good relationships were also found between the potassium in fresh leaves and the plant uptake of totak K for canola,chickpea and sunflower.The resin strip extraction for K was calibrated using common NH4OAC extraction,and recommended for routine analyses because of its simplicity and sensitivity.     

旱地土壤有效钾测定方法的研究

本文用盆栽耗竭试验为参比，研究了７种化学浸提测钾方法对旱地土壤的适用性。试验结果表明；１．作物吸收的有效钾中非交换性钾占有很大比重，表明它是作物钾素的主要给源。２．供试７种化学浸提方法的测定结果与盆栽试验中的四项参比标准的统计结果表明，２ｍｏｌ／Ｌ冷ＨＮＯ３法和阳离子树脂袋法与参比标准的相关性最好，均达极显著水平。     

陕西省关中地区石灰性土壤上影响磷肥肥效因素的探讨 Ⅰ.土壤的某些农化性质对磷肥肥效的影响

我国北方石灰性土壤上磷肥的肥效,很不稳定。近年来各地围绕着这一问题,进行了一些工作。大体看来,着重在肥料配合、施用方法、磷肥品种和作物种类对磷肥肥效影响的报道较多。至于土壤本身对于磷肥肥效的影响,研究的还少。     

Soil Phosphorus Available for Crops and Grasses Extracted with Three Soil-Test Methods in Southern Brazilian Soils Amended with Phosphate Rock

The Mehlich 1 (M1) soil-test method has been used for soil phosphorus (P) extraction in southern Brazil. The objective of this work was to compare M1, Mehlich 3 (M3), and ionic exchange resin (resin) soil-test methods to evaluate the soil P available for crops and grasses in soils amended with phosphate rock (PR). Oxisol and Alfisol received triple superphosphate (TS) and PR. The M1 solution extracted greater P amounts in soils amended with PR compared with the M3 solution and resin methods. Lesser P amounts were extracted with the M3 solution. Crops yields were better associated with the P amounts extracted with M3 and resin methods in soils amended with PR. The results showed that M1 overestimates soil P availability to plants in soils amended with PR; the M3 solution best estimated the soil P available for crops and grasses in soils amended with PR.     

不同有效钾提取方法的原理与效率比较

以6种典型含钾矿物为研究对象,探讨了盐溶液提取法、阳离子交换树脂法及四苯硼钠法等不同有效钾提取方法的原理、效率及影响因素的影响效应和机制。结果表明：盐溶液提取法对含钾矿物中钾的提取能力受离子种类、浓度及pH的影响,不同种类盐提取剂对矿物中钾释放的促进作用也因含钾矿物类型而异。NH4+ 使矿物层间塌陷,显著抑制各种矿物中非交换态钾的释放。阳离子交换树脂法对溶液中钾的提取能力与饱和离子种类及振荡强度有关。H+、Na+ 饱和树脂吸附溶液钾的能力大于Ca2+ 饱和树脂。振荡强度选为120 r/min可消除树脂法提取钾素时液膜扩散阻力的干扰。四苯硼钾的溶度积常数Ksp为2.40 × 10-8（25℃）。不加NaCl条件下,四苯硼钠浓度是影响四苯硼钠法对含钾矿物中钾的提取能力的主要因素。由不同方法的提取原理可以看出,铵盐类提取剂适用于速效钾为当季作物主要钾源（速效钾含量较高）的土壤钾素有效性的评价。而其他盐提取剂通过延长提取时间,可提取部分非交换态钾,可能较醋酸铵法更适合于提取非交换态钾为当季作物主要钾源的土壤有效钾。阳离子交换树脂法也可提取土壤非交换态钾,但操作较为繁琐,该方法更适用于原位研究土壤钾素的迁移、扩散等特性。四苯硼钠法提取效率较高,通过调节其提取力,可提取不同程度的非交换态钾,是具有较好应用前景的适于各类土壤和作物的土壤有效钾测定方法。     

不同轮作模式农田钾养分表观平衡及其对土壤速效钾含量的影响

通过连续3年监测上海郊区43块定位农田,比较了50种作物以及5种不同轮作模式农田的钾养分表观盈余状况及其对土壤速效钾含量的影响。结果表明：(1)不同作物农田的钾养分盈余趋势为水生蔬菜类、果树类>旱作蔬菜≥草皮>大田作物;不同轮作模式农田钾养分盈余大小表现为作物轮作>菜作轮作>草皮单作>菜菜轮作>果树单作;(2)不同作物及轮作模式农田收获时土壤速效钾含量随土层的加深而逐渐增加,钾养分盈余多的农田土壤的表层速效钾含量也高;(3)不同作物及不同轮作模式农田钾养分盈余量与收获时土壤表层(0~30 cm)的速效钾含量呈正相关,但未达显著水平。     

Potassium fixation of some calcareous soils after short term extraction with different solutions

This investigation was done to determine the release of potassium (K) from five calcareous soils of southern Iran using 0.025 M CaCl₂, HCl and citric acid during six successive extractions and to study the K fixation capacity of the soils after K release experiment. Mineralogical study indicated that Vertisols and Mollisols were dominated with smectites; while other soils had illite, chlorite, palygorskite and smectite. Results indicated that citric acid extracted more K than CaCl₂ and HCl (137 vs. 111 and 113 mg kg^?1, respectively). The analysis of calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg) and K concentrations in the solutions suggests that the exchange of K with soluble Ca and Mg (originated from dissolution of carbonates by acidic solutions) is the main mechanism of K release, but citrate is able to dissolve K-bearing minerals and release K in slightly calcareous soils. Soils with more illite released more K. Potassium fixation capacity of soils increased after extractions of soils with different extractants from 324 to 471 mg kg^?1, with no significant difference. It is suggested to apply more K fertilizers in K-depleted calcareous soils and use of different solutions for extracting K from soil minerals may be a temporary and short term solution.