土壤母质和水分状况对新形成的腐殖质的影响

环境条件影响有机物质的腐解过程。为了解土壤母质和水分条件对新形成腐殖质性质的影响,我们用砂滤管为容器,将植物物料与土壤母质混匀,分别置于旱地和水田表土层中进行腐解,然后测定腐解产物的组成。     

土壤条件对新形成土壤腐殖物质的影响

本文研究了几种植物物质在不同腐解时间形成的腐殖物质在性质上的变化和不同腐解条件下对形成的腐解产物的氮素形态分布及胡敏酸性质的影响。结果表明,所有新形成的胡敏酸其羧基和酚基含量均较低,但随时间的推移,羧基含量将有所增加。未发现渍水条件下与旱地条件下形成的胡敏酸穆含氮化合物在性质上的差异,但渍水条件下的腐解产物的氨基酸态N含量相对较高。     

稻草腐解过程中形成胡敏酸的组成和结构研究

通过稻草腐解实验,采用化学分析方法,研究了稻草腐解过程中土壤胡敏酸的化学特征的动态变化,旨在丰富农作物秸秆还田过程中的胡敏酸化学组成、性质与结构变化的特征。在试验培养条件下,施用稻草后土壤的有机碳含量提高了31.71%,腐殖质含量增加了51.93%,都在90d时达到最大值。施用稻草45d时的PQ值(HA在HS中所占的比例)明显降低,在90d和135d时的PQ值与45d时变化不大。施用稻草后土壤胡敏酸的色调系数(ΔlogK)逐渐减少,相对色度(RF)值迅速增大,胡敏酸的氧化程度和芳构化程度增强。胡敏酸的元素组成以碳为主,含量在52%左右,其次为氧。H/C的比值逐渐降低,O/C的比值不断增大。羧基和酚羟基为主要的酸性基团。羧基含量先降低,后随着腐解的进行,其含量不断升高;酚羟基的含量变化与羧基的含量变化趋势相反;羰基含量逐渐增加。施用稻草会引起紫色水稻土胡敏酸化学组成和结构的变化。     

胡敏酸的氮素形态分布及其未知态氮的部分鉴定

作者比较研究了水稻土和旱地土壤胡敏酸(和新形成胡敏酸)的氮素形态分布,并对胡敏酸水解液中铵态氮的来源、水解性未知态氮中非α-氨基酸态氮的含量和非水解性氮中N—苯氧基氨基酸的含量进行了研究。供试的土壤胡敏酸有3组,同组胡敏酸提取自发育于同一母质且地块毗邻的水田和旱地(或自然土壤)的表土。新形成胡敏酸也分为3组,同组胡敏酸提取自pH条件相同但水分状况不同的稻草腐解产物。     

有机物料腐解过程胡敏酸与Fe~(2+)的络合特征

采用玉米秸、绿豆秸、猪粪、羊粪4种有机物料进行腐解试验,研究了腐解过程形成的胡敏酸在不同条件下(pH、离子强度)与Fe2+的络合特征,结果表明,在相同条件下,粪肥腐解形成的胡敏酸与Fe2+的络合能力相对比秸秆的强。腐解过程胡敏酸与Fe2+的络合能力呈动态变化,胡敏酸与Fe2+的络合稳定常数与其羧基、总酸度成极显著正相关。在碱性条件下(pH=8.0),各有机物料腐解形成的胡敏酸与Fe2+的络合能力下降。     

滨海水稻土腐殖质的组成及随种稻时间演变的研究初报

通过研究滨海水稻土腐殖质各成分的组成及性质,结果表明各组分有机碳及氮含量均为表层最高,C/N在结构相对稳定的结合态腐殖质和胡敏酸(HA)中波动较小,而在游离态腐殖质和富里酸(FA)中变化较大。随着种稻时间变长,结合态的腐殖质和胡敏酸有在土壤中积累的趋势,在1 000 a水稻土中腐殖质的芳香化程度最高、结构最复杂。     

添加美拉德反应底物对黑木耳菌糠腐解期间腐殖质组成的影响

针对黑木耳菌糠木质素含量高、独立腐解难的问题,通过添加美拉德(Maillard)反应底物来提高此类菌糠的腐解效果,为其科学堆肥提供技术参考。采用室内培养法,以黑木耳菌糠为基础材料,通过邻苯二酚、葡萄糖和甘氨酸3种Maillard反应底物的添加,以不添加任何反应底物为对照,结合黑木耳菌糠培养过程中腐解物料腐殖质组成的变化,探索各底物在黑木耳菌糠腐殖化作用中的贡献。结果表明:(1)随培养进行,各处理条件下黑木耳菌糠总有机碳(TOC)均表现为逐渐降低的趋势,其中添加葡萄糖更有利于TOC的损失,Maillard反应底物的添加使45 d培养内的矿化作用更为明显。各处理均有利于黑木耳菌糠水溶性物质碳含量(CWSS)的增加,其中邻苯二酚对CWSS的提升幅度最大,其次为葡萄糖;(2)各处理均有利于黑木耳菌糠可提取腐殖酸的积累,在促进黑木耳菌糠胡敏酸分子结构复杂程度方面更有优势;(3)添加Maillard反应底物可促进黑木耳菌糠富里酸向胡敏酸的转化,其中甘氨酸的作用最为明显,此外,甘氨酸还能有效促进惰性腐殖质组分胡敏素的分解。综上所述,添加甘氨酸更有利于黑木耳菌糠的高效腐解,矿化惰性腐殖质组分的同时有利于腐殖质品质的提升。     

水稻土有机质的特征

对采自安徽、江西和广东等地的发育自同一母质的水稻土、旱地和自然土壤的表土进行了比较研究,考察了水稻土的氮素形态分布和腐殖质组成及胡敏酸的结构特征。     

鸡粪腐解过程中不同溶性腐殖质的动态变化

以鸡粪为材料,添加不同比例的铜、锌进行腐解试验,研究了腐解过程中不同溶性(游离态、松结合态、紧结合态)腐殖质及其组成的动态变化和粪肥中所添加高浓度Cu和Zn对不同提取性的腐殖质及其组成的影响.随着腐解的进行,鸡粪中可提取性的有机碳总体呈下降趋势,与总有机碳(TOC)含量变化趋势一致.在整个腐解过程中,NaOH液浸提提取松结合态腐殖质主要部分,占50%～70%.随着粪肥样品锌含量的增加,松结合态腐殖质在整个腐解期平均分配含量有所增加,而NaOH-Na_4P_2O_7液浸提提取紧结合态腐殖质则有所减少,H_2O浸提提取游离态腐殖质变化较小.随着粪肥样品铜含量的增加,松结合态腐殖质在整个腐解期平均分配含量有所增加,而游离态腐殖质则有所减少,但紧结合态腐殖质变化较小.粪肥中Cu、Zn的浓度高低会影响游离态腐殖质中富里酸(FA)和胡敏酸(HA)占TOC比例的变化趋势,铜含量较高的处理样品的松结合态腐殖质FA/TOC(2: 1和3: 1)下降幅度较大,随后皆有上升趋势,30 d后处于近水平状态,铜含量高的处理样品松结合态腐殖质HA/TOC上升幅度较大,随后呈下降趋势.铜含量较高的处理样品的紧结合态腐殖质FA/TOC(2: 1和3: 1)下降幅度较大,随后皆有上升趋势,45 d后又有所下降.在腐解过程中,各处理粪肥样品紧结合态腐殖质HA/TOC曲线表现"马鞍"形状.游离态、松结合态和紧结合态腐殖质的HA/FA分别与其对应的HA/TOC显极显著正相关关系.     

玉米秸秆腐解过程中形成胡敏酸的组成和结构研究

采用化学方法和谱学方法对玉米秸秆腐解生成胡敏酸（CCSR HA）的组成和结构进行了研究.结果表明,CCSR HA的碳组成可分成三个部分：脂肪族碳、芳香族碳和羧基碳,它们的含量分别为59.62%、26.94%和13.44%.CCSR HA主要的官能团包括羟基、烷基、羧基、酰胺基、苯环、烷氧基及碳水化合物结构,木质素残体是其骨架,碳水化合物结构或类糖结构及烷基片段是其主要组成单元.其类型属于Rp型胡敏酸.未腐解的玉米秸秆本身就含有类胡敏酸物质（OCSR HA）,OCSR HA和CCSR HA的官能团组成上有一定差异,后者结构中,甲基、亚甲基、次甲基、醚键官能团和酚羟基的含量降低,而酰胺成分、游离的羧基、甲氧基、碳水化合物组分相对含量升高,脂族性升高,芳香性降低,芳香度由初始的42.19降至腐解后的29.97,并且与无机物质的结合能力增强.就元素组成的变化看,CCSR HA中C和H元素的含量趋于降低,而N和O元素的含量趋于升高.CCSR HA同土壤胡敏酸相比,糖类结构含量较高,并且以片段的形式与水解木质素残体相连.羧基含量较低,但以不同的连接方式存在着.     

红壤的供氮能力及化肥氮的去向

采用盆栽试验 ,研究了由第四纪红色黏土和红砂岩发育的不同侵蚀程度红壤以及施用有机或无机肥 1 0年以上培肥的红壤在不加外源氮肥条件下的自然供氮能力 ,以及施用1 5N肥源后肥料氮在土壤 -作物系统中的去向。结果表明 :红砂岩发育红壤 (红砂土 )的矿化量和供氮量显著高于第四纪红黏土 (红黏土 ) ,同一母质中轻度侵蚀红壤的矿化量和供氮量又显著高于重度侵蚀红壤。培肥后红壤的矿化量和供氮量显著提高 ,其中有机培肥红壤高于无机培肥红壤。侵蚀红壤的氮肥利用率低 ,土壤残留氮率较高 ,氮肥损失率不大 ,其中红砂土的氮肥残留率明显低于红黏土 ,而氮肥损失率却显著高于红黏土。培肥后红壤的氮肥利用率明显增加 ,其中有机培肥红壤的氮肥利用率和残留率显著高于无机培肥的红壤 ,而氮肥损失率却明显低于无机培肥红壤。     

长江中游地区第四纪红土的二元结构及古环境意义

在长江中游地区的湖南和湖北两省,选择宜昌、咸宁、常德、长沙、株洲5个第四纪红土剖面,分析第四纪红土的粒度组成特征,研究红土的成因及南方古环境的演变。结果表明,这些地区第四纪红土的粒度组成呈明显的二元结构:剖面上部(宜昌剖面0～320 cm,咸宁剖面0～220 cm,常德剖面0～270 cm,长沙剖面0～280 cm,株洲剖面0～150 cm)粒度细小而均匀,砂粒含量低,大部分小于1%;粗粉砂(又称风尘"基本粒组")相对富集,平均含量分别为34.38%、32.29%、32.48%、31.69%和31.86%。而且土壤样品粒度频率分布曲线与安徽宣城第四纪红土很相似,与镇江下蜀黄土也有明显继承性。这些特性均反映了剖面上层红土的风成特性。但研究剖面下部红土,粒度组成有明显不同:含有砾石,砂粒含量较高,不同粒度组分垂向变化明显,粒度频率分布曲线与宣城红土和下蜀黄土有显著差异,表现出明显的冲、洪积相特性。第四纪红土的"二元结构",反映了研究区域第四纪古环境的多变性和复杂性:早期红土形成后,因受间冰期湿热气候的影响,多受流水作用改造;而晚期红土更多地受风尘堆积的影响,沉积后虽经过了强烈的原位风化,但仍保留了风尘沉积的特性。     

安徽省南部第四纪红色粘土的成因

The particle-size distribution,heavy mineral constituents and rare earth elements(REE) characteristics of the Quaternary red clay of southern Anhui Province were studied to explore the origin of the clay.The results showed that the clay had some properties of areolian deposits,which could be compared with,those of the loess in North China ;and its chondrite-normalized curves of REE were similar to those of the Xiashu loess implying tha they shared the same orighin.It was concluded in combination with the results rported by other researchers that the Quaternary red clay of southern Anhui Province originated from aolian deposts, and this could reveal the cycles of warm and cold climates in the area during the Quaternary period.     

江西九江泰和第四纪红土成因的比较研究

通过对江西九江和泰和第四纪红土的形成环境、粒度组成、稀土元素地球化学特性和石英微形态特征的研究，探讨两地第四纪红土的成因。结果表明：地处红黄土交接带的九江地区的第四纪红土，具有与下蜀黄土相似的风成特性，系风积成因；而位于吉泰古盆地的泰和地区的第四纪红土，具明显的冲积相特征，应为河流冲积成因。     

The composition of humus in permafrost-affected soils of the Bol’shezemel’skaya and Kolyma tundra areas

Tundra soils (except for the soils of barren circles) in the moderately and extremely continental tundra areas are characterized by the pronounced surface accumulation of humic substances. The humate-fulvate nature of humus is typical of the upper horizons of surface eluvial-gley soils, gley soils, and raw-humus mountainous brown soils; the C ha/C fa ratio in them varies from 0.5 to 0.91. The fulvate-humate nature of humus (C ha/C fa = 1.27–1.50) is typical of cryozems and sandy podburs. The first and the third fractions of humic substances (hs 1 and hs 3) predominate in the composition of humus. The coefficients of correlation (R) between the major parameters of soil humus and the physicochemical characteristics of tundra soils have been calculated. These coefficients between the contents of C org, C ha, C fa, C ha1, and C ha3 and the total acidity are equal to 0.73, 0.76, 0.72, 0.85, and 0.67, respectively; for the exchangeable Mg²⁺, their values are equal to 0.66, 0.88, 0.85, 0.74, and 0.90, respectively; and for the exchangeable Ca²⁺, 0.55, 0.47, 0.39, 0.41, and 0.61, respectively (p < 0.05). The composition of exchangeable cations and the total acidity specify the conditions of fractionation of humic substances in the studied soils. The differentiation of the qualitative composition of humus in the profiles of tundra soils is well pronounced and is mainly controlled by the distribution of clay and fine silt particles.     

不同熟化度红壤及红壤性水稻土的腐殖质组成及其特性

土壤腐殖质是评价红壤肥力的重要因素^[2],根据前人研究^[8,3,1]:一般土壤腐殖质的含量及组成受土壤地带性的影响。胡敏酸与富啡酸的比值自南向北逐渐递增,红壤胡敏酸与富啡酸的比值小于1。本文着重研究同一地区自然成土因素类同的情况下,红壤通过水旱耕作和培肥,土壤腐殖质的组成及特性的变化。     

The humus status of brown forest soils and its changes upon intensive tea growing in the subtropical zone of Russia

Changes in the humus status of acid brown forest soils used for tea growing have been studied in a long-term stationary experiment after 20 years of the application of mineral fertilizers in increasing doses. It is shown that long-term tea growing has resulted in a reliable increase in the humus content within the upper cultivated horizon (Ap, 0–40 cm) at the expense of the nonhydrolyzable fraction of humus (humin) and the first fractions of humic and fulvic acids. The fractional composition of humus has changed against the background of a stable fulvate type of humus (Cha/Cfa < 0.5). The portion of the first fraction of humic and fulvic acids in the total amount of humus has increased, as well as the portion of the first fraction of humic acids in the total amount of humic acids. These changes are due to the enhanced humification of plant residues with a parallel decrease in the contents of the second (Ca-bound) and third (bound with clay and stable sesquioxides) fractions of humic substances.     

Agronomic Evaluation of Liquid Humus Derived From Earthworm Humic Substances

Carbon (C), commonly expressed as organic matter (OM), is of vital importance in soil productivity. Liquid humus is an alkaline suspension containing humic and fulvic acids, which can facilitate C addition to the soil through the irrigation system to increase OM and soil fertility levels. Two liquid humus products were formulated from earthworm humic substances and the effects of these and other commercial products derived from leonardite, on soil and ryegrass were evaluated in a pot experiment under greenhouse conditions. On average, C application, regardless of source, increased the aerial and root dry matter, plant greenness, nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and potassium (K) uptake, and nutrient use efficiency. Carbon effects on plant production were larger when added over fertilized plants. Residual soil N was lowered by the application of liquid humus. No significant effect of C rate was observed on soil pH or electrical conductivity (EC) at the end of the experiment. Optimal C rates found in this study were higher than the recommended commercial ones. No major differences among earthworm liquid humus and leonardite-based products were observed; therefore the former would constitute a more sustainable alternative for organic matter additions as they are made from a renewable resource.     

江西九江地区第四纪红粘土上的“黄帽子”

A thin layer of yellow-brown-colored earth was generally found on Quaternary red clay in Jiujiang, Jiangxi Province. A typical profile was established. Both particle size distribution and REE (rare earth elements) characteristics of the yellow-brown-colored earth of the profile fully suggested its aeolian origin and close similarity to Nanjing Xiashu loess. The study also implied aeolian origin of the underlying Quaternary red clay. Compared with the red clay, the yellow-brown-colored earth was less weathered because of its lower content of free iron and higher mole ratios of SiO₂/Al₂O₃ and SiO₂/(Fe₂O₃+Al₂O₃) as well as its less developed chemical microtextures of quartz grains. In order to study the ages of the two deposits comparatively, the thermoluminescent dating method was used. As a result, the bottom of the yellow-brown-colored earth was dated to 60±5 ka B. P. and the upper part of the red clay 388±54 ka B. P. It was suggested that the yellow-brown-colored earth was formed in the Late Pleistocene and was probably the aeolian deposit of the Last Glacial, which corresponded with the Malan loess in the Loess Plateau of the northwestern part of China; while the underlying red clay was formed in the Middle Pleistocene. A "yellow cap" on Quaternary red clay in Jiujiang implied a great climatic and environmental variation in the beginning of the Late Pleistocene in the southern part of China, especially in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River. The event not only halted the rubification, once dominating the region, but also produced a widespread covering of aeolian deposit, as only occurred in the cold and dry environment.     

Zur Genese von Schwarzerden auf der Sontheimer Hochterrasse in der Donauniederung bei Ulm

Pedogenesis of chernozems in the upper river terrace of the Danubian river near Ulm (South West Germany) The “chernozem-like” soils in the upper river terrace of the Danubian river near Ulm (FRG) were examinated. Field analyses as well as soil physical and chemical, clay mineralogical and pollen analyses were carried out. The parent material of the soils was identified as loess, on the basis of its texture, clay mineral composition, structure, carbonate content, the presence of loess molluscs, and the location on an upper river terrace with loess findings in the surrounding. Characteristic pedogenetic processes, such as deliming, silicate weathering, formation of oxides and hydroxides, neoformation of clay minerals and clay translocation prove a non-groundwater-influenced development of the soils within at least the last 8000 years. Therefore an accumulation of organic matter under anaerobic conditions during the peat formation in the lower river terrace nearby was not possible. According to this finding, it can be deducted that the humus accumulation may be due to influences of continental climate and forest steppe during the preboreal period, whereby the humus horizons were formed at deeper horizons through bioturbation. After the groundwater level was raised in boreal age, the steppe stage of the soils had ended and the fluctuating levels of groundwater, rich in carbonates, stabilized humic substances. Thus strong degradation of the soils to date was prevented. Therefore the soils under study could be classified as gleyic Chernozems or luvic Phaeozems.