施氮对紫色土交换性酸及盐基饱和度的影响

通过土柱淋溶模拟试验研究不同氮肥种类及施用水平对紫色土交换性酸(EA)和盐基饱和度(BS)的影响。结果表明:(1)经施氮淋溶后紫色土pH下降,且与施氮量成反比,同一施氮水平下,土壤pH下降表现为硫铵硝铵尿素。(2)施用不同种类氮肥,土壤交换性H+和交换性Al 3+的含量不同,同一施氮水平下,表现为硫铵硝铵尿素,且与施氮量呈正相关。(3)土壤中交换性H+和交换性Al 3+均随着交换酸总量的增加而增加。在施用尿素和硝铵时,土壤交换性酸主要由交换性Al 3+决定;而施用硫铵时,则由交换性H+和交换性Al 3+共同决定。(4)施氮后土壤交换性盐基总量较原土降低,其含量表现为Ca2+Mg2+K+Na+;盐基饱和度亦下降,且与施氮量呈负相关,在同一施氮水平上,不同氮肥表现为尿素硝铵硫铵。(5)紫色土pH随交换性酸(EA)的升高而降低,随交换性盐基(EB)总量的增加而升高,其中EA对pH的变化起主导作用。     

施氮对紫色土硝酸根和盐基离子耦合迁移的影响

通过室内土柱模拟试验,研究氮肥种类及施用量对紫色土硝酸根离子和盐基离子淋溶特征的影响。结果表明:(1)施氮能增加土壤中NO3-和盐基离子(K+、Na+、Ca2+、Mg2+)的淋失量,且施氮量越大,土壤中的盐基离子淋失越多。(2)施用不同种类氮肥,土壤中NO3-淋失有一定差异,在施用浓度较低(纯氮100,200mg/kg)时,表现为硝铵>尿素>硫铵;在施用浓度较高(纯氮300,400mg/kg)时,则表现为尿素>硝铵>硫铵;在试验浓度范围内,淋溶液中盐基离子累积淋失量在3个施肥阶段均表现为硫铵>硝铵>尿素>空白。(3)3个施肥淋溶阶段,淋溶液中NO3-和K+、Ca2+、Mg2+浓度均呈极显著正相关,而NO3-与Na+的相关性只在施用100,200,300mg/kg尿素和硝铵的处理中达显著水平,在其他处理中均不显著。     

模拟土柱条件下黑土中肥料氮素的迁移转化特征

为明确肥料氮素在土壤中的迁移转化动态特征,利用模拟土柱方法,研究了3倍常规施肥量条件下不同肥料处理(尿素、硫铵)黑土的矿质氮变化。结果表明:不同氮肥处理的氮素养分迁移转化特征有明显差异。对照处理(不施肥)土柱内各层次间NH4+-N和NO3--N含量差异不明显;施用尿素或硫铵后,表层0~50mm土层的NH4+-N和NO3--N含量比不施肥对照分别升高100.8~3408.1mg·kg-1、113.4~388.0mg·kg-1和126.7~4671.1mg·kg-1、51.4~63.3mg·kg-1,且在培养前14d内变化最大。在整个培养期内,施用硫铵处理各层次NH4+-N平均含量比尿素处理高2.54~1423.7mg·kg-1,NO3--N平均含量低4.38~335.1mg·kg-1;而尿素处理各层次的硝化率是硫铵处理的0.79~9.12倍。表明肥料氮素的迁移与转化集中在0~50mm土层内,尿素处理的氮素转化速率较硫铵处理高。     

外源氮添加对不同种植年限设施菜田土壤固定态铵含量的影响

研究外源氮(N)添加对不同种植年限设施菜田土壤固定态铵含量及最大固铵量的影响。选取4个不同种植年限（0年、2年、13年和21年）的设施菜田土壤,分别设置4个外源氮添加处理,进行为期36天的室内培养,测定不同种植年限和外源氮添加处理下的土壤固定态铵含量,并计算其最大固铵量。4个外源氮添加处理分别是:（1）CK,不添加任何氮肥,为对照;（2）CF,常规施氮,添加尿素态N 374 mg kg?1干土;（3）RCF,减量施氮（减N 46%,添加尿素态N 200 mg kg?1干土）;（4）RCF + OM,减量施氮配施有机氮（添加尿素态N 150 mg kg?1干土并以鸡粪形式添加有机态氮50 mg kg?1干土）。结果显示:随设施蔬菜种植年限的增加,土壤本底固定态铵含量呈逐渐增加的趋势,而最大固铵量却呈下降的趋势。同一种植年限下,各施肥处理在培养过程中的土壤固定态铵含量总体表现为CK < RCF + OM < RCF < CF,说明施肥可增加土壤固定态铵含量,但其增幅大小受施肥量的多少和施肥种类影响,其中CF处理土壤固铵量为最大（98.61 mg kg?1）,显著高于RCF和RCF + OM处理,而RCF处理的土壤固铵量（84.76 mg kg?1）又高于RCF + OM处理（77.34 mg kg?1）。设施菜田增施氮肥可提高土壤固定态铵的含量,且化肥较有机肥的效果更优。     

长期不同施肥下红壤氮素的演变特征

为阐明长期不同施肥对红壤全氮和碱解氮含量变化的影响,探讨提高土壤肥力和合理施肥的模式,连续观测了16年不同施肥处理的红壤全氮和碱解氮含量,并分析了其相关关系。结果表明,不同施肥16年后,增量氮磷钾化肥有机肥配施(1.5NPKM)处理的土壤全氮含量呈上升趋势,16年增加了43.9%,年均增加0.03 g.kg-1;氮磷钾配合施用及其配施有机物(NPK、NPKS、NPKM和M)处理的土壤全氮含量随时间变化不大,基本维持在0.90~1.33 g.kg-1;不施氮肥(CK、PK)和氮磷(NP)、氮钾(NK)配施下的土壤全氮含量呈下降趋势,这4个处理的土壤全氮16年平均下降了33.8%,年均下降0.02 g.kg-1。不同施肥的土壤碱解氮变化趋势与全氮类似,1.5NPKM处理的土壤碱解氮16年上升86.0%,年均增加3.33 mg.kg-1;NP、NK、NPK、NPKS、NPKM和M处理的土壤碱解氮随时间变化不大,基本维持在84.4~110 mg.kg-1;而CK、PK两处理的土壤碱解氮含量平均下降了30.3%,年均下降1.66 mg.kg-1。在不同施肥处理下,土壤碱解氮含量均与全氮含量呈显著正相关。单施有机肥、无机氮磷钾合理配比、以及有机-无机肥配施是维持和提高土壤氮素肥力的有效措施,而不施氮肥或偏施氮肥都会导致土壤氮素肥力降低。     

不同氮形态对镉胁迫下小白菜生长及镉含量的影响

【目的】研究施用速效氮肥（全铵、全硝、硝铵复合和尿素）对镉（Cd）污染土壤小白菜生长和Cd含量的影响,为合理选择氮肥,缓解Cd对植物生长的胁迫并减少Cd在作物体内的积累提供依据。【方法】以小白菜为试材,采用菜园土进行了盆栽试验。以CdCl2溶液模拟土壤Cd胁迫,设土壤Cd含量0、1、3和5 mg/kg 4个水平,每个胁迫水平分别供应小白菜铵态氮、硝态氮、硝铵（1:1）和尿素4种氮形态,总氮添加量均为N 400 mg/kg土。收获后分析各处理间小白菜的生长、光合、氧化胁迫及Cd含量的差异。【结果】 1）与无Cd对照相比,Cd 1 mg/kg处理水平下,全铵、全硝、硝铵和尿素处理的小白菜可食部分鲜重分别下降了31%、16%、21%和26%;Cd 3 mg/kg处理水平下分别下降了58%、28%、35%和39%;Cd 5 mg/kg处理水平下分别下降了83%、38%、52%和69%。全硝和硝铵处理间小白菜Cd耐受系数（TICd）差异不显著,但均高于全铵和尿素处理。2）与无Cd对照相比,Cd 1 mg/kg处理下,全铵、全硝、硝铵和尿素处理小白菜叶片的光合速率分别下降了14%、10%、12%和13%;Cd 3 mg/kg处理分别下降了33%、22%、25%和40%;Cd 5 mg/kg处理分别下降了53%、42%、41%和56%。与无Cd对照相比,1 mg/kg Cd浓度时全铵、全硝、硝铵和尿素处理小白菜叶片的丙二醛含量分别增加了11%、4%、9%和11%;超氧自由基产生速率分别增加了5%、1%、2%和4%,综合比较,以全硝处理下小白菜受Cd的光合抑制及氧化胁迫相对最小。3）3个Cd处理水平,均以施用全铵和尿素处理的小白菜体内Cd含量最高,硝铵处理次之,全硝处理最低。【结论】在供试菜园土上,小白菜施用铵态氮和尿素易引起Cd在小白菜体内的积累。施用硝态氮可缓解Cd诱导的光合抑制和氧化胁迫,减轻Cd对小白菜的生长胁迫,降低作物体内Cd的含量。     

硫肥配施对不同氮磷钾水平下春玉米生长及氮肥利用效率的影响

为探究在农业生产过程中配施硫肥对不同氮磷钾施肥水平下春玉米生长及氮肥利用效率的影响，于大田条件下，设置低氮磷钾水平+不施硫(LS0)、低氮磷钾水平+硫肥(LS6)、中氮磷钾水平+不施硫(MS0)、中氮磷钾水平+硫肥(MS6)、高氮磷钾水平+不施硫(HS0)、高氮磷钾水平+硫肥(HS6)6个处理，研究其对土壤碱解氮、玉米氮素积累、籽粒产量及氮肥利用效率的影响。结果表明:提高氮磷钾施肥水平能够显著增加土壤碱解氮含量，在相同氮磷钾施肥水平下施用硫肥对土壤碱解氮含量没有影响。春玉米地上部总氮素积累量和籽粒产量与氮磷钾施肥水平及硫肥施用呈显著正相关。氮磷钾配施硫肥与只施氮磷钾处理相比，地上部总氮素积累量平均增加10.24%，籽粒产量平均增加5.70%，二者提升效果显著。但随着氮磷钾施肥水平的提高，硫肥对氮素积累和籽粒产量的提升效果逐渐降低。相同施硫水平的氮肥偏生产力、农学效率和利用率均随着氮磷钾施肥水平的提高逐渐减小。在相同氮磷钾水平下，施硫能够提高春玉米的氮肥偏生产力、农学效率和利用率。以上结果表明，随着氮磷钾施肥水平的提高，土壤碱解氮含量、春玉米地上部氮素积累量及籽粒产量逐渐增加，但春玉米的氮肥利用效率反而逐渐降低。配施硫肥能够在提高氮磷钾施肥水平的基础上进一步增加春玉米地上部对氮素的吸收积累以及籽粒产量，同时还能够在一定程度上提高氮肥利用效率。     

控释氮肥对水稻的增产效应及提高肥料利用率的研究

田间试验在日本山形县鹤冈市进行 ,探讨了树脂包膜类控释氮肥基施与尿素、硫铵分次施肥对单季稻的增产效应 ;应用15N示踪法研究了不同施肥处理水稻的吸氮模式及肥料利用率。结果表明 ,移栽稻以尿素与控释氮肥 (LPS-100)按 1∶1混合基施产量最高 ,分别比尿素和硫铵分次施肥增产23.6%和9.2% ;直播稻以LP-100基施产量最高 ,分别增产 9.2%和4.0% ;控释肥基施 ,水稻自移栽 (或直播 )至幼穗分化期吸氮量明显高于尿素或硫铵分次施肥。15N示踪研究表明 ,最高分蘖前水稻从尿素和硫铵基肥中吸收的氮素只占基肥氮总吸收量的 33%～ 45% ,水稻从基肥中吸收氮素可延续至抽穗期 ,而从LP-100中吸氮可持续至收获期。15N示踪法测得的氮素总回收率 ,以尿素处理最高 ,硫铵和LP-100接近 ;差减法测得的氮素总回收率以LP-100为最高 ,尿素 /LPS-100、尿素、硫铵三者接近 ;基肥的氮素回收率以LP-100硫铵 尿素。尿素 /LPS-100和LP-100一次基施 ,氮素生理效率和农学效率明显高于尿素和硫铵 ,是高产的主要原因     

不同控释氮肥减量施用对双季水稻产量和氮素利用的影响

研究不同控释氮肥在减氮量施用条件下早、晚稻产量效应、氮素吸收利用、土壤氮素养分特性和养分释放规律的差异,为南方双季稻区控释氮肥在水稻高产节肥栽培上的应用提供参考。采用静水溶解试验和田间小区试验研究了2种控释氮肥(树脂包膜尿素和硫包膜尿素)的养分释放特性和在常规尿素施氮量基础上节氮15%和30%对早、晚稻产量、产量构成因素、氮素养分吸收利用及土壤氮养分含量的影响。结果表明,2种控释氮肥的氮素累积释放曲线均为"S"形,但在培养期间硫包膜尿素氮素累积释放率均高于树脂包膜尿素。在田间条件下,与常规尿素处理相比,早稻减氮15%和30%施用硫包膜尿素和树脂包膜尿素均表现为增产,而晚稻施硫包膜尿素增产,施树脂包膜尿素减产。株高、每穗实粒数、结实率和千粒重的增加是早、晚稻增产的主要原因。施用2种控释氮肥均能促进早、晚稻水稻植株氮素养分的吸收积累,施用相同种类控释氮肥早晚稻稻谷、稻草和植株氮养分积累量随施氮量提高而提高。减氮15%和30%施用2种控释氮肥有利于氮肥回收利用率、氮肥偏生产力和氮肥农学效率的提高,在同一施氮水平下,硫包膜尿素的提高效果优于树脂包膜尿素。常规尿素处理、减15%氮的2种控释氮肥处理均能保持较高的土壤氮素水平,减30%氮的控释氮肥处理土壤氮素肥力较试验前有所降低。适当降低氮用量施用控释氮肥,能促进双季水稻增产、增加氮素利用效率、维持或提高土壤氮素肥力和可持续生产力,控释氮肥养分释放规律的差异是导致其作用效应不同的主要原因。     

尿素硝铵溶液对冬小麦产量及土壤无机氮含量的影响

采用田间试验,研究了尿素硝铵溶液(UAN)对河北省中低产田冬小麦产量、氮肥利用率及氮素平衡的影响。研究结果表明:施用氮肥能够显著增加冬小麦的穗粒数,进而显著提高本区域冬小麦籽粒产量;等氮量的UAN和尿素处理下,小麦籽粒产量无明显差异;UAN减氮20%(80%OPT-UAN)处理下,冬小麦产量略有降低,但未达到显著水平;等氮量处理间冬小麦各氮肥利用率均无明显差异;80%OPT-UAN处理下的冬小麦氮肥农学效率、氮肥偏生产力和氮肥利用率均表现为最高,且氮肥偏生产力较OPT-UAN处理显著提高20.6%;同等氮素施用量下,与尿素相比,UAN处理的土壤氮素残留量较低,而植株吸氮量没有显著差异,由此推断整个土壤-作物系统的氮素损失量较高。综上,尿素硝铵溶液在本研究区的应用效果同尿素相近,本研究结果为河北平原区中低产麦田优化施肥及UAN的科学施用提供理论依据。     

Effects of nitrogen fertilizer on the acidification of two typical acid soils in South China

Purpose

A laboratory incubation under constant temperature and humidity was conducted to estimate the impacts of nitrogen (N) fertilizers on the acidification of two acid soils (Plinthudult and Paleudalfs) in south China.

Materials and methods

The experiment had three treatments, i.e., control (CK), addition of urea (U), and addition of ammonium sulfate (AS). We measured soil pH, nitrate (NO₃ ^?), ammonium (NH₄ ⁺), exchangeable hydrogen ion (H⁺), and aluminum ion (Al³⁺) concentrations at various intervals during the 90 days of incubation. Soil buffering capacity (pHBC) was also measured at the end of the experiment.

Results and discussion

The application of N fertilizers resulted in soil acidification. The U treatment caused greater acidification of the Plinthudult soil than the AS treatment, while there were no differences between U and AS treatments on the acidification of the Paleudalfs. At the end of the trial, the pHBC of Plinthudult in AS treatment was greater than that in CK and U treatments, which may be due to the buffering system of NH₄ ⁺ and NH₄OH. However, the pHBC of Paleudalfs was unchanged between treatments. The dynamics of exchangeable H⁺ and Al³⁺ corresponded to that of soil pH. Correlation analysis showed that both soil exchangeable H⁺ and soil exchangeable Al³⁺ were significantly related to soil pH.

Conclusions

Application of urea and ammonium sulfate caused acidification in both soils and increased soil exchangeable Al³⁺ and H⁺ concentrations in the Paleudalfs. The application of urea increased exchangeable Al³⁺, and ammonium sulfate increased pHBC in the Plinthudult.     

Nitrogen fertilizer–induced mineralization of soil organic C and N in six contrasting soils of Bangladesh

A 90‐day laboratory incubation study was carried out using six contrasting subtropical soils (calcareous, peat, saline, noncalcareous, terrace, and acid sulfate) from Bangladesh. A control treatment without nitrogen (N) application was compared with treatments where urea, ammonium sulfate (AS), and ammonium nitrate (AN) were applied at a rate of 100 mg N (kg soil)^–1. To study the effect of N fertilizers on soil carbon (C) turnover, the CO₂‐C flux was determined at nine sampling dates during the incubation, and the total loss of soil carbon (TC) was calculated. Nitrogen turnover was characterized by measuring net nitrogen mineralization (NNM) and net nitrification (NN). Simple and stepwise multiple regressions were calculated between CO₂‐C flux, TC, NNM, and NN on the one hand and selected soil properties (organic C, total N, C : N ratio, CEC, pH, clay and sand content) on the other hand. In general, CO₂‐C fluxes were clearly higher during the first 2 weeks of the incubation compared to the later phases. Soils with high pH and/or indigenous C displayed the highest CO₂‐C flux. However, soils having low C levels (i.e., calcareous and terrace soils) displayed a large relative TC loss (up to 22.3%) and the added N–induced TC loss from these soils reached a maximum of 10.6%. Loss of TC differed depending on the N treatments (urea > AS > AN >> control). Significantly higher NNM was found in the acidic soils (terrace and acid sulfate). On average, NNM after urea application was higher than for AS and AN (80.3 vs. 71.9 and 70.9 N (kg soil)^–1, respectively). However, specific interactions between N‐fertilizer form and soil type have to be taken into consideration. High pH soils displayed larger NN (75.9–98.1 mg N (kg soil)^–1) than low pH soils. Averaged over the six soils, NN after application of urea and AS (83.3 and 82.2 mg N (kg soil)^–1, respectively) was significantly higher than after application of AN (60.6 mg N (kg soil)^–1). Significant relationships were found between total CO₂ flux and certain soil properties (organic C, total N, CEC, clay and sand content). The most important soil property for NNM as well as NN was soil pH, showing a correlation coefficient of –0.33** and 0.45***, respectively. The results indicate that application of urea to acidic soils and AS to high‐pH soils could be an effective measure to improve the availability of added N for crop uptake.     

化肥和缓释复合肥对中性和微碱性土壤表面电化学性质的影响

为揭示缓控释肥料养分缓释或控释对土壤表面电化学性质的作用规律,该研究采用室内恒温培养和田间试验,探讨缓释复合肥、化肥和普通复合肥对室内恒温培养和田间试验中性和微碱性土壤表面电位、表面电荷密度、比表面积和表面电荷数量的影响。结果表明:1)室内恒温培养下,等养分3种肥料以缓释复合肥较化肥处理增加中性土表面电位、表面电荷密度和表面电荷数量,而对于比表面积,各施肥处理较不施肥处理呈显著增加(P0.05),增幅为34.2%~81.2%,且随着缓释复合肥施用量增加中性土表面电荷密度和比表面积呈增加趋势;2)根据培养土壤表面电化学性质与其理化性质的相关分析可知,土壤表面电荷密度和比表面积均分别与土壤p H值和有机质呈正相关;3)田间条件下,中性土壤表面电位值、表面电荷密度和表面电荷数量以缓释复合肥大于化肥,微碱性土壤表面电荷密度以缓释复合肥显著高于化肥和普通复合肥(黑圣长茄土壤增幅为7.9%和6.5%,竹茄土壤增幅为12.9%和5.3%),且表面电荷数量以缓释复合肥高于化肥;4)田间土壤表面电化学各指标与茄子产量均呈显著或极显著正相关。缓释复合肥匀速释放多种形态氮素和丰富的有机质,其适宜的养分含量和比例成为稳定土壤表面电化学性质的物质基础,最终提高土壤保肥供肥特性,可实现生长期较长作物的营养需要。     

The potential for volatilization losses of applied nitrogen fertilizers from northern Idaho soils

Abstract

Up to 70% applied ammonium‐based nitrogen (N) fertilizers can be lost by volatilization in agricultural soils. The purpose of this experiment was to determine the effects of fertilizer treatment, water potential, and time on volatilization losses in three northern Idaho soils under laboratory conditions maintained at 25°C. A completely randomized block factorial design with repeated measures (3 soils x 4 fertilizer treatments x 2 soil water potentials x 3 replications‐measured at 0,2,4, 8, and 16 d) was utilized in this study. The four fertilizer treatments consisted of 200 kg N/ha applied as: (1) surface‐applied ammonium nitrate (AN), (2) surface applied ammonium sulfate (AS), (3) surface applied urea (Ysur), and (4) incorporated urea (Uinc). Data were analyzed by SAS‐GLM and Omega squared (ω²) values were used to identify the impact of each main effect and interaction. A 4‐factor interaction of fertilizer treatment (NIT) x soil (SL) K water potential (WP) x time of incubation (IT), four‐3 factor interactions, six‐2 factor interactions and four main effects were found to be significant in this study. Due to the number of significant sources of variation, ω² values were used to assess their relative importance. The soil x fertilizer treatment interaction accounted for 27.3% of the variation in this study. Nitrogen loss after 16 d of incubation from the Usur treatment was 37.8% in the Devoignes silt loam, 18.7% in the Santa silt loam, 4.9% in the Schnoorson silt loam. Volatilization of N from the Uinc and AS treatments was greater in the Devoignes silt loam than the Santa and Schnoorson soils. Conversely, differences in volatilization losses from AN were not observed among the three soils. Fertilizer treatment was the second most important factor accounting for 21.4% of the variability. Losses of 20.5, 2.6, 1.9, and 1.3% were observed for the Usur, Uinc, AS, and AN treatments, respectively. This study demonstrated that: (1) volatilization losses may be significant for surface applications of urea on some Idaho soils; however, incorporation of urea will reduce this hazard, and (2) volatilization losses are minimal when AN and AS are the N fertilizer sources.     

长期施肥及石灰后效对不同生育期玉米根际钾素的影响

依托祁阳红壤旱地定位施肥试验(始于1990年),选取施氮磷(NP)、氮磷+石灰(NPCa)、氮磷钾(NPK)、氮磷钾+石灰(NPKCa)、氮磷钾配施秸秆(NPKS)、氮磷钾配施秸秆+石灰(NPKSCa)6个处理,采集玉米不同生育期根际与非根际土壤,测定其钾、钙、镁、铝含量和p H。结果表明:与NP处理相比,施钾处理(NPK和NPKS)根际和非根际土壤速效钾含量显著提高。NP、NPK和NPKS处理根际速效钾在拔节期和灌浆期均处于亏缺状态,亏缺率分别平均为18.2%、34.2%和26.4%。与对应不施石灰处理相比,NPKCa和NPKSCa处理根际土壤速效钾含量在苗期分别降低46.0 mg kg~(-1)和26.5 mg kg~(-1),非根际分别降低68.5 mg kg~(-1)和56.0 mg kg~(-1);从拔节期至收获期,根际速效钾含量平均升高25.2 mg kg~(-1)和33.7 mg kg~(-1),非根际略微降低。NPCa、NPKCa和NPKSCa处理根际土壤速效钾盈亏率与不施石灰相比,整个生育期分别平均提高8.6%、33.2%和19.3%。根际和非根际土壤速效钾含量与相对应缓效钾含量、钾饱和度、K+/(Ca2++Mg2+)和K+/Al3+呈极显著正相关关系。缓效钾和钾饱和度相对变化率(交换性钙镁相对变化率)与速效钾相对变化率呈极显著正(负)相关关系。长期施氮磷钾肥基础上施石灰(NPKCa和NPKSCa)4年以后,根际土壤速效钾、缓效钾含量及钾饱和度均提高(苗期除外),根际土壤交换性钙镁含量提高幅度低于非根际,最终缓解根际土壤钾素的亏缺。     

生物炭与氮肥对稻田甲烷氧化菌和产甲烷菌数量和潜在活性的影响

基于稻田中氮肥配施生物炭的田间定位试验,研究了施用生物炭与氮肥对旱季稻田土壤理化性质、甲烷氧化与产生潜势及甲烷氧化菌和产甲烷菌丰度的影响。田间试验共设置5个处理：单施生物炭、单施氮肥、氮肥配施生物炭（生物炭设置两个水平）以及对照。结果表明：施用生物炭三年后显著提高了有机碳和微生物生物量碳含量（p﹤0.05）,与单施氮肥处理相比,氮肥配施生物炭后可显著提高土壤pH。与对照相比,单施生物炭显著提高土壤甲烷氧化潜势。在施氮条件下,甲烷氧化潜势与生物炭施用量之间存在正相关关系,与氮肥配施20 t hm-2处理相比,40 t hm-2生物炭处理甲烷氧化潜势增长53.8%。氮肥配施高倍生物炭与配施低倍生物炭处理相比产甲烷潜势由0.001提高至0.002 mg kg-1 h-1;氮肥施用一定程度上抑制了甲烷氧化菌数量的增长,单施氮肥处理中产甲烷菌数量较对照处理显著增加了3.0%;单施或配施低水平生物炭显著增加土壤甲烷氧化菌数量。氮肥显著降低了甲烷氧化菌与产甲烷菌基因丰度比（pmoA/mcrA）。而在同氮肥水平下施加生物炭显著增加了土壤pmoA/mcrA比值,即生物炭对甲烷氧化菌的促进作用显著高于产甲烷菌,提高了旱季稻田土壤的甲烷氧化能力,因此有助于减少稻田土壤甲烷的排放。     

Nitrous oxide emissions from fertilised grassland: A 2-year study of the effects of N fertiliser form and environmental conditions

The aim was to investigate the effects of different N fertilisers on nitrous oxide (N₂O) flux from agricultural grassland, with a view to suggesting fertiliser practices least likely to cause substantial N₂O emissions, and to assess the influence of soil and environmental factors on the emissions. Replicate plots on a clay loam grassland were fertilised with ammonium sulphate (AS), urea (U), calcium nitrate (CN), ammonium nitrate (AN), or cattle slurry supplemented with AN on three occasions in each of 2 years. Frequent measurements were made of N₂O flux and soil and environmental variables. The loss of N₂O-N as a percentage of N fertiliser applied was highest from the supplemented slurry (SS) treatment and U, and lowest from AS. The temporal pattern of losses was different for the different fertilisers and between years. Losses from U were lower than those from AN and CN in the spring, but higher in the summer. The high summer fluxes were associated with high water-filled pore space (WFPS) values. Fluxes also rose steeply with temperature where WFPS or mineral N values were not limiting. Total annual loss was higher in the 2nd year, probably because of the rainfall pattern: the percentage losses were 2.2, 1.4, 1.2, 1.1 and 0.4 from SS, U, AN, CN and AS, respectively. Application of U in the spring and AN twice in the summer in the 2nd year gave an average emission factor of 0.8% – lower than from application of either individual fertiliser. We suggest that similar varied fertilisation practices, modified according to soil and crop type and climatic conditions, might be employed to minimise N₂O emissions from agricultural land. Received: 30 August 1996     

菌根与间作对紫色土-水界面氮流失的削减效应

揭示土著丛枝菌根真菌(arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi,AMF)与间作对紫色土-水界面各形态氮流失的削减效应,可为保护水环境、减缓紫色土坡耕地氮流失带来的农业面源污染提供理论依据。通过自然降雨条件下的径流模拟试验,设置不同种植模式(单作玉米、玉米/大豆间作、单作大豆)和不同菌根处理(抑菌、未抑菌),在雨季不同时间采集7次径流和侧渗水样,分析比较各不同处理下径流及侧渗各氮形态变化迁移特征。研究结果表明,侧渗即壤中流为紫色土-水界面氮素流失的主要途径,硝态氮为紫色土-水界面氮素流失的主要形态。随取样时间后延,径流总氮、硝态氮浓度均呈现出波浪式上升的趋势,而铵态氮浓度整体表现出先上升再下降的趋势;侧渗总氮浓度趋势则呈现先下降后上升再下降的趋势,硝态氮浓度整体表现出下降后趋于平缓的趋势,铵态氮浓度则表现出先上升后下降并趋于平缓的趋势。所有复合处理中,未抑菌—间作处理的径流、侧渗及总流失量中总氮、铵态氮浓度均最低,且其径流、总流失量中硝态氮浓度也明显低于其他处理。在未抑菌处理下,与单作玉米、单作大豆处理相比,间作处理使径流和侧渗总氮浓度分别下降约13.4%、20.3%和56.5%、48.7%,总流失量中总氮浓度分别下降约50.1%和43.5%;使径流和总流失量中的硝态氮浓度分别降低约10.0%、16.7%和51.3%、42.9%;并使径流和总流失量中铵态氮浓度分别显著降低约10.5%、26.0%和21.7%、30.2%,侧渗铵态氮浓度也相应降低约29.6%和33.7%。可见土著菌根真菌与玉米/大豆间作体系对协同削减紫色土-水界面氮素的流失表现出了较大的潜力。     

生物质炭和氮肥配施对菠菜产量和硝酸盐含量的影响

施用生物质炭是提高作物产量和氮肥利用效率的潜在有效措施。以菠菜为供试作物开展盆栽试验,研究了生物质炭与氮肥配施对菠菜产量、组织中硝酸盐含量及养分（氮磷钾）含量的影响。生物质炭设3个水平：C0（0g·kg-1）、C5（5g·kg-1）和C10（10g·kg-1）,氮素3个水平分别为N0（0mg·kg-1）、N1（90mg·kg-1）和N2（120mg·kg-1）。试验结果表明,在N0和N1水平下,施用生物质炭显著提高了菠菜产量,增幅为16.6%～57.3%,而在N2水平下,生物质炭对菠菜产量无显著影响（P〉0.05）。同时,在N1水平下,与C0处理相比,C5和C10处理菠菜组织中硝酸盐含量分别增加了198.7%和233.4%;而在N2水平下,C5和C10处理的硝酸盐增幅分别为8.8%和46.3%。在不同氮素水平下,生物质炭的施用增加了菠菜对氮和钾的吸收,而对磷素吸收的影响不明显。总之,生物质炭与氮肥配施可以提高菠菜产量,明显增加氮肥当季利用效率。     

台湾地区红壤性水稻土速效氮磷含量对棘孢木霉菌及配施秸秆与氮肥的响应

以台湾苗栗红壤上发育的水稻土为研究对象,采用室内培养的方法,研究了棘孢木霉菌及配施秸秆与氮肥对土壤速效磷和速效氮含量的影响,以期了解棘孢木霉菌对台湾地区红壤性水稻土的培肥效果,同时为棘孢木霉菌在农业土壤肥力方面的应用提供合理依据。结果表明:(1)添加棘孢木霉菌可提高台湾地区红壤性水稻土速效磷含量0.65~1.81 mg kg~(-1),并在第35 d时达到最大值5.74 mg kg~(-1)(P0.05),明显高于秸秆和氮肥单独施用的效果。红壤性水稻土速效磷含量对棘孢木霉菌与秸秆和尿素配合施用的响应最大,增幅范围为2.09~3.37 mg kg~(-1),培养21 d时速效磷含量达到最大值8.08 mg kg~(-1)(P0.05)。(2)单独添加棘孢木霉菌对台湾地区红壤性水稻土速效氮含量没有产生有效影响,与试验预期效果不符。棘孢木霉菌及配施秸秆与两种氮肥(尿素和硫酸铵)施用对红壤速效氮含量有一定的提升影响,增幅范围分别为8.07~34.73 mg kg~(-1)和28.62~52.46 mg kg~(-1),分别在培养28 d和42 d时达到速效氮含量最大值36.88和54.57 mg kg~(-1)(P0.05)。红壤性水稻土速效氮含量对单施硫酸铵的响应最好,增幅范围为32.54~59.21 mg kg~(-1),培养35 d时速效氮含量最大值为61.06 mg kg~(-1)(P0.05)。试验成果为棘孢木霉菌及配施秸秆与氮肥应用于土壤营养改良提供理论参考。