农业废弃物制备的生物质炭对红壤酸度和油菜产量的影响

利用自行研制的生物质炭化炉在田间条件下制备花生秸秆炭和油菜秸秆炭,采集秸秆气化站产生的稻壳炭,研究了这3种生物质炭对酸性土壤的改良效果和对油菜产量的影响。结果表明:施用稻壳炭、花生秸秆炭和油菜秸秆炭均可提高土壤p H,降低土壤交换性酸含量,效果随施用量的增加而增强。生物质炭对酸性土壤的改良效果主要决定于其本身的含碱量,施用花生秸秆炭和油菜秸秆炭显著增加土壤交换性盐基阳离子、有效磷、有效阳离子交换量和盐基饱和度,并提高油菜籽产量。田间条件下施用花生秸秆炭和油菜秸秆炭3年后土壤p H仍明显高于对照处理,说明生物质炭对土壤酸度的改良具有持续性。因此,花生秸秆炭和油菜秸秆炭是优良的酸性土壤改良剂。     

不同产地油菜秸秆制备的生物质炭对红壤酸度和土壤pH缓冲容量的影响

  目的  明确不同产地油菜秸秆制备的生物质炭对红壤酸度的改良和土壤pH缓冲容量的提升效果。  方法  将不同添加量的油菜秸秆炭分别与两种酸性红壤混合,然后进行室内培养试验,测定培养实验前后土壤pH、pH缓冲容量、土壤交换性盐基离子和土壤交换性酸。  结果  添加油菜秸秆炭显著提高了土壤的pH、pH缓冲容量、交换性盐基离子含量,显著降低了土壤交换性酸含量。说明添加油菜秸秆炭不仅可以改良红壤酸度,还能提高红壤的抗酸化能力,因而可以减缓土壤的复酸化。生长在碱性土壤上的油菜秸秆制备的生物质炭对红壤酸度的改良效果和对土壤pH缓冲容量的提升效果均优于生长在酸性土壤上的油菜秸秆制备的生物质炭,在5%添加水平下,前者使湖南红壤pH相比对照提高37.4%,后者使该土壤的pH提高22.4%;相应地,2种生物质炭分别使该土壤的pH缓冲容量分别提高41.4%和37.3%。2种油菜秸秆炭对红壤pH和pH缓冲容量的提升效果与其碱含量和表面官能团多少相一致。  结论  碱性土壤上生长的油菜秸秆制备的生物质炭对红壤具有更好的改良效果。     

秸秆及生物质炭对砖红壤酸度及交换性能的影响

为合理运用秸秆材料改良热带地区砖红壤,采用室内培养试验研究了玉米秸秆及其制备的生物质炭对海南花岗岩母质发育的砖红壤的酸度和交换性能的影响。试验设单施生物质炭(B)、生物质炭和秸秆混合施用(BCS)、单施秸秆(CS)及对照(CK)共4个处理。结果表明,添加生物质炭和秸秆显著提高土壤p H、CEC、交换性盐基总量和盐基饱和度。秸秆和生物质炭可降低土壤交换性酸,尤其是交换性酸中交换性铝含量更是显著降低,表明生物碳和秸秆施用能够有效降低砖红壤酸度,提高交换性能。不同处理改良效果的大小顺序为CSBCSB。     

玉米秸秆和污泥共热解制备的生物质炭及其对盐碱土壤理化性质的影响

[目的]研究不同温度制备的玉米秸秆和污泥基生物质炭不同施加量对盐碱土壤基本理化性质的影响,为盐碱土改良及土壤污染物质的生态修复等方面的研究提供科学依据。[方法]以质量比5∶2的玉米秸秆和剩余活性污泥为原料,分别在300,350,400,450,500℃共5个不同温度条件下热解制备生物质炭,通过扫描电镜、元素分析和红外光谱对其性质及结构进行分析,并通过培养试验研究其对盐碱土壤基本理化性质的影响。[结果]随着热解温度的升高,生物质炭微观结构越发达,比表面积越大,表面官能团的种类和数量也产生了显著性变化;同时随着热解温度逐渐升高,生物质炭C含量不断增加,而O,H和N含量却逐渐降低;添加玉米秸秆和污泥共热解制备的生物质炭能够显著增加盐碱土壤中有机碳含量,而土壤中总氮、总磷、有效磷、速效钾含量变化幅度较小;水溶性盐含量降低明显;加入生物质炭后大幅度提高了土壤阳离子交换能力,添加量越大,阳离子交换量越大;但生物质炭对土壤pH值影响不大。[结论]玉米秸秆和污泥基生物质炭提高了土壤养分含量和肥力指标,降低了土壤盐碱性。玉米秸秆和污泥基生物质炭可用于盐碱土壤的改良。     

三种植物物料对两种茶园土壤酸度的改良效果

用室内培养实验研究了稻草、花生秸秆和紫云英在 5、10 和 20 g/kg 的加入量水平下对茶园黄棕壤和茶园红壤酸度的改良效果.结果表明:除了黄棕壤加入紫云英处理会降低土壤的 pH 外,其余所有加入植物物料的处理均使土壤 pH 有不同程度的增加,使土壤交换性酸和交换性Al的数量减小,使土壤交换性盐基阳离子和盐基饱和度增加.有机物料对土壤酸度的改良效果与有机物料灰化碱和N含量有关,灰化碱和有机N的矿化使土壤 pH 升高,NH4+-N的硝化使土壤 pH 降低.3种植物物料中花生秸秆对土壤酸度的改良效果优于紫云英和稻草.加入植物物料使红壤中有毒形态Al的浓度显著减小,说明植物物料能够缓解红壤中Al对植物的毒害.     

秸秆直接还田及炭化还田对土壤酸度和交换性能的影响

【目的】 本研究旨在通过连续4年田间微区定位试验,比较等氮磷钾养分条件下秸秆炭化还田与等量秸秆直接还田对土壤酸度及交换性能的影响,以期为土壤酸化改良及秸秆、生物炭资源合理利用提供理论依据。 【方法】 试验以沈阳农业大学植物营养与肥料研究所玉米渗滤池微区定位试验为基础,共设6个处理,分别为不施肥 (CK)、氮磷钾配施 (NPK)、单施生物炭 (C)、生物炭+NPK(CNPK)、单施秸秆 (S)、秸秆+NPK(SNPK)。其中NPK、CNPK和SNPK处理养分投入总量相等,均为N 225 kg/hm2、P₂O₅ 112.5 kg/hm2和K₂O 112.5 kg/hm2,S处理秸秆施用量为4500 kg/hm2,单施生物炭处理生物炭施用量为1500 kg/hm2。应用化学分析法对土壤活性酸、交换性酸、阳离子交换量及交换性盐基离子进行分析和测定。 【结果】 经过连续4年的不同施肥处理,施用生物炭及秸秆均显著提高了土壤pH,降低了土壤交换性酸总量和交换性铝含量,但各处理间交换性H+含量差异不显著。相较于试验前土壤 (pH 6.05),单施生物炭和单施秸秆处理分别使土壤pH提高了0.55和0.45个单位。在等氮磷钾养分条件下,CNPK和SNPK处理较试验前分别使土壤pH提高了0.31和0.13个单位,且CNPK处理显著高于SNPK,但二者之间对土壤交换性酸含量的影响无显著差异。同时各处理交换性盐基离子总量均显著高于CK,单独施用生物炭对提高土壤盐基总量、交换性Ca2+和交换性Mg2+的效果显著优于单独施用秸秆。在等秸秆量与等氮磷钾养分条件下,秸秆炭化还田及秸秆直接还田较不施肥对照分别使交换性盐基总量提高了17.6%和15.1%,且秸秆炭化还田对提高土壤有效阳离子交换量的效果显著优于秸秆直接还田。与CK处理相比,C、CNPK、S和SNPK处理分别使土壤阳离子交换量提高了1.68、2.52、1.53、2.30 cmol/kg,其中以CNPK处理效果最佳。 【结论】 在等秸秆量和等氮磷钾养分条件下,施用生物炭和秸秆能有效降低土壤酸度和交换性酸中交换性铝含量,提高土壤盐基离子含量及交换性能,且秸秆炭化还田的效果更为明显。      

添加生物质炭对黄棕壤和红壤上油菜生长的影响

通过盆栽试验,探究施用不同比例的生物质炭对黄棕壤和红壤理化性质和油菜生长发育的影响。结果表明:黄棕壤和红壤在添加1%生物质炭后,两者的pH值、有效磷、速效钾、有机质含量均比对照显著增加。油菜根、茎、叶、角果、籽粒等干物重均增加,其中黄棕壤上油菜籽粒产量比对照提高114.8%,达到显著水平。添加生物质炭后,两种土壤上油菜各部位氮含量均有所下降,磷含量也呈降低趋势,钾含量则有所升高,其中红壤上油菜的变化幅度较黄棕壤显著。由于油菜干物重增加,两种土壤上油菜氮磷钾积累量在加入生物质炭后也有明显地提高。因此,施用1%生物质炭可以促进油菜生长,并有助于油菜对磷、钾等养分的吸收。     

不同地区油菜秸秆制备的生物质炭对酸性红壤的改良效果

从江西鹰潭、安徽宣城、江苏南京和淮阴等4个地区收集油菜秸秆,在500℃下厌氧热解制备生物质炭,比较生物质炭的pH、盐基离子和碳酸盐含量的差异,并在20 g/kg加入量下考察其对安徽宣城pH 4.1的酸性红壤改良效果。结果表明,江西鹰潭油菜秸秆炭pH、盐基离子和碳酸盐含量最低,安徽宣城油菜秸秆炭次之,江苏淮阴和南京油菜秸秆炭的相应参数值最高。当用这4种油菜秸秆炭改良土壤酸度时,改良效果表现为江苏淮阴>江苏南京>安徽宣城>江西鹰潭,与生物质炭pH、盐基离子和碳酸盐含量一致。因此,利用秸秆生物质炭改良土壤酸度时,不仅需要考虑炭化条件和秸秆类型,作物的产地差异也需要进行考量。     

通过调节土壤氮素转化提高有机物料对红壤酸度的改良效果

通过培养试验,比较研究了油菜秸秆、稻草、香樟叶和豌豆秸秆单独施用以及油菜秸秆、稻草和香樟叶与豌豆秸秆混合施用对红壤酸度的改良效果。结果表明,在60天培养期内,添加4种物料均提高了土壤pH。培养试验结束时香樟叶、油菜秸秆、豌豆秸秆和稻草分别使土壤pH相对对照增加0.53、0.42、0.30和0.26。对于灰化碱含量很高的非豆科物料如香樟,其对土壤酸度的改良效果主要来源于物料所含碱性物质和物料对土壤硝化反应的抑制,但对灰化碱含量较低的非豆科物料如油菜秸秆和稻草,其改良效果主要来源于后者。豆科类豌豆秸秆主要通过所含碱性物质和有机氮矿化提高土壤pH,但培养试验后期铵态氮硝化反应释放的质子抵消了其部分改良效果。将油菜秸秆、稻草和香樟叶与豌豆秸秆配合施用,使硝化反应受到一定程度的抑制,提高了物料对土壤酸度的改良效果。培养试验结束时,香樟叶、稻草和油菜秸秆与豌豆秸秆配合施用比豌豆秸秆单独施用土壤pH分别高0.25、0.18和0.12。研究发现,香樟叶灰化碱含量很高,无论单独施用,还是与豌豆秸秆配合施用均有很好的改良效果,因此在南方地区推广种植香樟可以通过其凋落物修复酸化的森林土壤。     

生物质炭中盐基离子存在形态及其与改良酸性土壤的关系

为研究生物质炭中盐基离子存在形态及其与改良酸性土壤的关系,通过厌氧热解的方法于300、500和700℃下制备了玉米秸秆炭。考察了热解温度对玉米秸秆炭水溶性、交换性和盐基总量的影响。采用室内培养的方法考察了添加玉米秸秆炭对酸性土壤的改良效果。结果表明:热解温度影响玉米秸秆炭各形态盐基离子含量,玉米秸秆炭总K、总Na、总Ca、总Mg、水溶性K、水溶性Na、水溶性Ca、交换性Ca和交换性Mg含量随热解温度升高显著增加;水溶性Mg和交换性K含量随热解温度升高先增加后下降。玉米秸秆炭中的K和Na主要以水溶态存在,约40%的Ca和30%的Mg以交换态存在,约50%的Ca和70%的Mg以其他形态(主要为难溶态)存在。添加玉米秸秆炭能极显著提高酸性土壤pH和降低土壤交换性Al3+含量,提高和降低幅度随热解温度升高极显著增加。总K+总Na+总Ca+总Mg含量可以作为衡量玉米秸秆炭提高酸性土壤pH能力的间接指标。添加玉米秸秆炭能极显著提高土壤交换性K、Na和Mg含量,能显著提高交换性Ca和总盐基离子含量。玉米秸秆炭总K和总Na含量是提高土壤交换性K和Na含量的决定因素,交换性Ca含量在提高土壤交换性Mg和交换性盐基总量中起决定作用。     

通过施用碱性矿渣和作物残茬生物炭以促进酸性老成土中盐基饱并降低土壤酸度

This investigation was conducted by using alkaline slag and crop straw biochars to reduce acidity of an acidic Ultisol through incubation and pot experiments with lime as a comparison. The soil was amended with different liming materials： lime（1 g kg^-1）,alkaline slag（2 and 4 g kg^-1）, peanut straw biochar（10 and 20 g kg^-1）, canola straw biochar（10 and 20 g kg^-1） and combinations of alkaline slag（2 g kg^-1） and biochars（10 g kg^-1） in the incubation study. A pot experiment was also conducted to observe the soybean growth responses to the above treatments. The results showed that all the liming materials increased soil p H and decreased soil exchangeable acidity. The higher the rates of alkaline slag, biochars, and alkaline slag combined with biochars, the greater the increase in soil p H and the reduction in soil exchangeable acidity. All the amendments increased the levels of one or more soil exchangeable base cations. The lime treatment increased soil exchangeable Ca^2＋, the alkaline slag treatment increased exchangeable Ca^2＋ and Mg^2＋ levels, and the biochars and combined applications of alkaline slag with biochars increased soil exchangeable Ca^2＋, Mg^2＋ and K^＋ and soil available P. The amendments enhanced the uptake of one or more nutrients of N, P, K, Ca and Mg by soybean in the pot experiment. Of the different amendments, the combined application of alkaline slag with crop straw biochars was the best choice for increasing base saturation and reducing soil acidity of the acidic Ultisol. The combined application of alkaline slag with biochars led to the greatest reduction in soil acidity, increased soil Ca, Mg, K and P levels, and enhanced the uptake of Ca, Mg, K and P by soybean plants.     

The amelioration effects of low temperature biochar generated from nine crop residues on an acidic Ultisol

Biochar was prepared using a low temperature pyrolysis method from nine plant materials including non‐leguminous straw from canola, wheat, corn, rice and rice hull and leguminous straw from soybean, peanut, faba bean and mung bean. Soil pH increased during incubation of the soil with all nine biochar samples added at 10 g/kg. The biochar from legume materials resulted in greater increases in soil pH than from non‐legume materials. The addition of biochar also increased exchangeable base cations, effective cation exchange capacity, and base saturation, whereas soil exchangeable Al and exchangeable acidity decreased as expected. The liming effects of the biochar samples on soil acidity correlated with alkalinity with a close linear correlation between soil pH and biochar alkalinity (R² = 0.95). Therefore, biochar alkalinity is a key factor in controlling the liming effect on acid soils. The incorporation of biochar from crop residues, especially from leguminous plants, can both correct soil acidity and improve soil fertility.     

Influence of nitrogen fertilizer forms and crop straw biochars on soil exchange properties and maize growth on an acidic Ultisol

Effects of repeated application of urea (UN) and calcium nitrate (CN) singly and together with crop straw biochars on soil acidity and maize growth were investigated with greenhouse pot experiments for two consecutive seasons. Canola straw biochar (CB), peanut straw biochar (PB) and wheat straw biochar (WB) were applied at 1% of dried soil weight in the first season. N fertilizers were applied at 200 mg N kg^?1. In UN treatments, an initial rise in pH was subjected to proton consumption through urea hydrolysis, afterwards nitrification of NH₄⁺ caused drastic reductions in pH as single UN had soil pH of 3.70, even lower than control (4.27) after the 2nd crop season. Post-harvest soil analyses indicated that soil pH, soil exchangeable acidity, NH₄⁺, NO₃^? and total base cations showed highly significant variation under N and biochar types (P < 0.05). Articulated growth of plants under combined application with biochars was expressed by 22.7%, 22.5%, and 35.7% higher root and 25.6%, 23.8%, and 35.9% higher shoot biomass by CB, PB and WB combined with CN over UN, respectively. Therefore, CN combined with biochars is a better choice to correct soil acidity and improve maize growth than UN combined with biochars.     

农业废弃物及其制备的生物质炭对酸性土壤的改良作用

The liming potential of some crop residues and their biochars on an acid Ultisol was investigated using incubation experiments. Rice hulls showed greater liming potential than rice hull biochar, while soybean and pea straws had less liming potential than their biochars. Due to their higher alkalinity, biochars from legume materials increased soil pH much compared to biochars from non-legume materials. The alkalinity of biochars was a key factor aflecting their liming potential, and the greater alkalinity of biochars led to greater reductions in soil acidity. The incorporation of biochars decreased soil exchangeable acidity and increased soil exchangeable base cations and base saturation, thus improving soil fertility.     

pH buffering capacity of acid soils from tropical and subtropical regions of China as influenced by incorporation of crop straw biochars

Purpose

The key factors influencing pH buffering capacity of acid soils from tropical and subtropical regions, and effects of soil evolution and incorporation of biochars on pH buffering capacity were investigated to develop suitable methods to increase pH buffering capacity of acid soils.

Materials and methods

A total of 24 acid soils collected from southern China were used. The pH buffering capacity was determined using acid–base titration. The values of pH buffering capacity were obtained from the slope of titration curves of acid or alkali additions plotted against pH in the pH range 4.0–7.0. Two biochars were prepared from straws of peanut and canola using a low temperature pyrolysis method. After incubation of three acid soils, pH buffering capacity was then determined.

Results and discussion

pH buffering capacity had a range of 9.1–32.1 mmol kg^–1 pH^–1 for 18 acid soils from tropical and subtropical regions of China. The pH buffering capacity was highly correlated (R ²?=?0.707) with soil cation exchange capacity (CEC) measured with ammonium acetate method at pH 7.0 and decreased with soil evolution due to the decreased CEC. Incorporation of biochars at rates equivalent to 72 and 120 t ha^?1 increased soil pH buffering capacity due to the CEC contained in the biochars. Incorporation of peanut straw char which itself contained more CEC and alkalinity induced more increase in soil CEC, and thus greater increase in pH buffering capacity compared with canola straw char. At 5% of peanut straw char added, soil CEC increased by 80.2%, 51.3%, and 82.8% for Ultisol from Liuzhou, Oxisol from Chengmai and Ultisol from Kunlun, respectively, and by 19.8%, 19.6%, and 32.8% with 5% of canola straw char added, respectively; and correspondingly for these soils, the pH buffering capacity increased by 73.6%, 92.0%, and 123.2% with peanut straw char added; and by 31.3%, 25.6%, and 52.3% with canola straw char added, respectively. Protonation/deprotonation of oxygen-containing functional groups of biochars was the main mechanism for the increase of pH buffering capacity of acid soils with the incorporation of biochars.

Conclusions

CEC was a key factor determining pH buffering capacity of acid soils from tropical and subtropical regions of China. Decreased CEC and content of 2:1-type clay minerals during evolution of tropical soils led to decreased pH buffering capacity. Incorporation of biochars generated from crop straws did not only ameliorate soil acidity, but also increased soil pH buffering capacity.

     

Ameliorating Effects of Fungus Chaff and Its Biochar on Soil Acidity

A biochar was generated from fungus chaff at 300 °C, and the ameliorating effects of fungus chaff and its biochar on an acidic Ultisol were compared using incubation experiments. Incorporation of fungus chaff and its biochar significantly increased soil pH and soil exchangeable base cations but decreased soil exchangeable acidity. The ameliorating effect was greater for the biochar than the fungus chaff, and thus the biochar was a better amendment for acidic soil than its feedstock of fungus chaff. The biochar ameliorated soil acidity mainly through the release of its contained alkaline substances, while fungus chaff increased pH of acidic soils through two mechanisms: release of alkaline substances and inhibition of soil nitrification. The incorporation of fungus chaff increased soil-available organic carbon and thus accelerated the microbial assimilation of inorganic nitrogen, while incorporation of fungus chaff biochar enhanced nitrification due to increased soil pH.     

Effect of low energy-consuming biochars in combination with nitrate fertilizer on soil acidity amelioration and maize growth

Purpose

We evaluated the ameliorative effects of crop straw biochars either alone or in combination with nitrate fertilizer on soil acidity and maize growth.

Materials and methods

Low energy-consuming biochars were prepared from canola and peanut straws at 400 °C for 2 h. Incubation experiment was conducted to determine application rate of biochars. Afterward, maize crop was grown in pots for 85 days to investigate the effects of 1 % biochars combined with nitrate fertilizer on soil pH, exchangeable acidity, and maize growth in an Ultisol collected from Guangdong Province, China.

Results and discussion

Application of 0.5, 1.0, and 1.5 % either canola straw biochar (CSB) or peanut straw biochar (PSB) increased soil pH by 0.15, 0.27, 0.34, and 0.30, 0.58, 0.83 U, respectively, after 65-day incubation. Soil pH was increased by 0.49, 0.72, 0.78, and 0.88 U when 1 % CSB or PSB was applied in combination with 100 and 200 mg N/kg of nitrate, respectively, after maize harvest in greenhouse pot experiment. These low-cost biochars when applied alone or in combination with nitrate not only reduced soil exchangeable acidity, but also increased Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺, K⁺, Na⁺, and base saturation degree of the soil. A total of 49.91 and 80.58 % decreases in exchangeable acidity were observed when 1 % CSB and PSB were incubated with the soil for 65 days, compared to pot experiment where 71.35, 78.64, 80.2, and 81.77 % reductions of exchangeable acidity were observed when 1 % CSB and PSB were applied in combination with 100 and 200 mg N/kg of nitrate, respectively. The higher contents of base cations (Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺, K⁺, Na⁺) in biochars also influenced the plant growth. The higher biomass in CSB-treated pots was attributed to the higher K content compared to PSB. The higher percent reduction in exchangeable Al³⁺ by applying 1 % CSB combined with 200 mg N/kg of nitrate consistently produced maximum biomass (129.65 g/pot) compared to 100 mg N/kg of nitrate and 1 % PSB combined with 100 and 200 mg N/kg of nitrate. The exchangeable Al³⁺ mainly responsible for exchangeable acidity was decreased with the application of biochars and nitrate fertilizer. A highly significant negative relationship was observed between soil exchangeable Al³⁺ and plant biomass (r ²?=?0.88, P?<?0.05).

Conclusions

The biochars in combination with nitrate fertilizer are cost-effective options to effectively reduce soil acidity and improve crop growth on sustainable basis.