有机土壤调理剂对酸化柑橘园土壤改良及提质增效研究

酸性土壤广泛存在于我国柑橘主产区,往往伴随土壤结构差、肥力低、供肥弱等障碍,是限制我国柑橘产区减肥增效、增产提质和绿色发展的重要因素之一。与传统土壤调理剂相比,施用有机来源的土壤调理剂有望协同实现土壤降酸培肥,促进树体养分吸收,增加柑橘产量和提高果实品质,但不同调理剂的效果可能存在差异。因此,通过连续两年的田间试验,评估了有机肥(T1)、生物炭(T2)、贝壳粉(T3)、复合调理剂(有机肥+生物炭+贝壳粉,T4)共4种有机来源土壤调理剂对酸性柑橘园土壤理化性质、营养春梢养分含量、果实产量与品质的影响。结果表明,与不施用土壤调理剂(对照,CK)相比,连续两年施用酸性土壤调理剂处理(T1～T4)的土壤pH平均增加0.44个单位,土壤酸度显著降低;同时,T1～T4处理的土壤紧实度显著降低,而土壤碱解氮、有效磷、速效钾、交换性钙和交换性镁含量显著增加。施用调理剂处理提高了叶片SPAD值和叶片氮、磷、钾含量,其中施用复合调理剂处理最为显著。与CK相比,施用土壤改良剂处理(T1～T4)两年平均增产幅度为8.8%～16.7%,施用复合调理剂处理的经济效益最佳。与CK相比,施用土壤改良剂(T1～T4)果实固形物增加了0.85～2.45个单位,同时显著增加了单果重、固酸比和糖酸比,果实综合品质显著提升。综合而言,复合调理剂处理在土壤酸化改良、地力提升,促进柑橘树体养分吸收,增产提质增效等方面的效果最为突出,可为我国酸性土壤柑橘园改良提供理论依据和技术支撑。     

几种土壤调理剂改良大棚种植草莓土壤的效果

随着草莓产业的稳定高效发展，设施草莓大棚土壤连作障碍问题日益突出。采用硅钙钾镁、钙镁磷、月桂醇乙氧基硫酸铵、天然海洋萃取物碳酸钙与椰子提取物混合物和聚丙烯酰胺5种土壤调理剂进行了小区试验，分析了不同处理下草莓种植大棚的土壤养分、酶活、盐分以及草莓的产量和品质。结果表明，硅钙钾镁是改良大棚草莓连作障碍土壤中比较理想的土壤调理剂，与未施用土壤调理剂的对照(CK)相比，硅钙钾镁土壤调理剂可以提高土壤pH值，显著增加土壤的碱解氮、有效磷和速效钾含量，对有机质的影响不显著，可在一定程度上改善土壤酶的活性。与CK相比，硅钙钾镁土壤调理剂处理草莓增产19.5%(P<0.05)，平均单果重提高7.35 g(P<0.05)，草莓果实的可溶性糖增加10%～18%，可滴定酸增加3.1%～18.3%，维生素C增加1.4%～23.5%，花色苷增加 0.7%～ 43%。此外，聚丙烯酰胺处理较CK处理，草莓产量提高19.1%(P<0.05)，平均单果重增加14.51 g(P<0.05)，土壤水溶性总盐较CK可降低11%(P<0.05)，其中主要是降低SO42-、NO^3-含量。为有效克服草莓连作土壤障碍，建议将硅钙钾镁和聚丙烯酰胺配合使用。     

苹果专用肥对果园土壤理化性质及苹果产量、品质的影响

研究比较了旱地苹果专用肥与化肥、农家肥对果园土壤理化性质、果实产量及品质的影响,在10年生红富士果园设置不覆膜+化肥(CK)、不覆膜+农家肥(T1)、不覆膜+苹果专用肥(T2)、覆膜+化肥(FCK)、覆膜+农家肥(FT1)、覆膜+苹果专用肥(FT2)6个处理。结果表明:在未覆膜条件下,与CK相比,T1和T2处理均降低了土壤容重,增加了土壤贮水量,但两者间差异不显著;T1和T2处理显著提高了土壤有机质含量,在0~20 cm土层较CK处理分别提高36.77%和33.73%;T2处理提高了土壤中速效养分含量,其0~60 cm土层碱解氮、有效磷、速效钾平均含量分别较CK提高7.34%、9.05%、5.90%;各施肥处理苹果年均产量顺序为T2CK≥T1,T2处理的果实硬度(7.19 kg·cm-2)和糖酸比(33.23)均最高。与未覆膜相比,覆膜条件下,各处理(FCK、FT1、FT2)土壤容重均有所降低,土壤贮水量、有机质、速效养分、果实产量和品质均得到提高,以FT2处理整体效果最好。综合分析表明,施用苹果专用肥提高了果实产量和品质,改善了土壤肥力,是果园简便高效的施肥技术。     

土壤调理剂配施菌剂对连作压砂田土壤养分及西瓜生长、产量的影响

为解决宁夏连作压砂西瓜田土壤养分和植株生长性能、产量下降的问题,本试验在当地常规施肥基础上,以西瓜荣耀品种为试验材料,设置常规施肥(CK)、常规施肥+菌剂(T1)、常规施肥+200 kg·hm^-2 土壤调理剂+菌剂(T2)、常规施肥+300 kg·hm^-2土壤调理剂+菌剂(T3)、常规施肥+400 kg·hm^-2 土壤调理剂+菌剂(T4)5个处理,研究了土壤调理剂配施菌剂对土壤养分及压砂西瓜蔓长、茎粗、根系活力、产量的影响。结果表明,与CK相比,单施菌剂处理可以促进压砂西瓜生长,提高产量,但是对压砂田土壤养分无显著提高作用;而土壤调理剂配施菌剂处理均能显著提高土壤养分,增强根系活力,促进压砂西瓜生长,表明二者配施具有复合作用。其中与CK相比,T3的土壤pH值降低0.21;碱解氮、速效磷、全氮、有机质、速效钾含量分别显著提高29.31%、69.02%、54.72%、53.89%、36.56%;成熟期蔓长、茎粗、根系活力分别显著提高13.52%、23.42%、43.44%;其产量为45 173.70 kg·hm^-2,提高30.56%。Person双变量相关分析表明,土壤养分含量与西瓜生长、产量具有极显著相关性。T3、T4、T2、T1的净收益分别较CK增加6 709.20、5 043.40、4 914.95、1 489.80 元·hm^-2;通过内梅罗指数方法计算得出土壤综合肥力指数从大到小分别为T3、T4、T2、T1、CK。综合比较各处理的产量、经济效益、土壤综合肥力指数,常规施肥+土壤调理剂300 kg·hm^-2+菌剂为最佳处理。本研究结果对当地连作压砂西瓜田土壤肥力的提升、作物产量和经济效益的稳定具有重要的现实意义。     

炭化稻壳复合土壤调理剂改善土壤环境提高山药产量

山药的生长发育与土壤环境质量关系密切,因此,土壤质量的改善是提高山药抗性与产量的必要措施。本研究在江西瑞昌山药种植区通过施用土壤调理剂对山药土壤进行处理,旨在探明土壤调理剂对山药土壤理化性质和细菌微生物群落组成的影响,为山药土壤微生态环境的改良和栽培管理措施提供有效的技术支持。结果表明:1)土壤调理剂改变了土壤的理化性质,调理剂处理的土壤p H值、有机质含量、全氮含量、有效磷含量、速效钾含量、土壤含水量、团聚体几何平均直径、总孔隙度均增加,而土壤容重下降;2)与对照相比,调理剂处理的土壤中细菌多样性较丰富,其中酸杆菌门的相对丰度明显增加,变形菌门的相对丰度下降,GAL15和AD-3门的相对丰度明显下降,绿弯菌门、疣微菌门、芽单孢菌门的相对丰度明显增加,浮霉菌门的相对丰度明显下降,拟杆菌门的相对丰度明显增加;3)土壤调理剂增加了山药生长期叶片中叶绿素和脯氨酸的累积,提高了山药块茎组织超氧化物歧化酶的活性,提升了山药块茎抗病虫害能力及产量。研究表明土壤调理剂可通过改善土壤的理化性质及土壤中某些细菌的相对丰度,显著改善山药土壤的微生态环境,提高山药抗病虫害侵染能力,为山药品质改善及产量增加提供了有效的手段。     

自然生草对渭北旱塬苹果园土壤氮及果实品质的影响

为了减少土壤硝态氮的积累,防止苹果缺钙症状的发生,该研究以果园清耕为对照,探讨渭北旱塬果园自然生草(繁缕和牛繁缕群落,自然生草2、4、6和8a)对土壤有机质、全氮、硝态氮、铵态氮、水溶性钙含量和苹果果实中的氮、磷、钾、钙含量及果实缺钙症状和果实品质等的影响。结果表明果园自然生草可提高0～40cm土层土壤有机质、全氮和水溶性钙的含量,略微提高40～60cm土层土壤水溶性钙含量,且自然生草年限越长,土壤有机质、全氮和水溶性钙含量越高,但对40 cm土层以下的土壤有机质、全氮和60 cm土层以下的土壤水溶性钙含量无显著影响。自然生草2和4 a 0～60 cm土层土壤铵态氮略低于清耕,6和8 a的略高于清耕,自然生草对土壤铵态氮无显著影响。自然生草2、4、6和8 a 0～80 cm土层土壤硝态氮较清耕分别降低16.28%,31.31%,40.13%和47.41%,均极显著低于(P0.01)清耕;80～240 cm土层分别降低4.38%,12.41%,16.90%和19.39%,自然生草4、6和8 a的均极显著低于(P0.01)清耕;但自然生草对240 cm以下土层土壤硝态氮基本无影响。不同生长年限自然生草的生物量、全碳、全氮、全磷、全钾和全钙均基本相同。自然生草提高了果实中的钙含量,降低了果实中的氮钙比、磷钙比和钾钙比,降低了果实缺钙症状的发生率,提高了果实着色面积、果实硬度和果实可溶性固形物含量。渭北旱塬果园自然生草,可有效提高果园土壤有机质,减少硝态氮积累,减少缺钙症状发生,提高果实品质。     

连续施用鸡粪对露地黄瓜产量、品质和土壤性质的影响

  【目的】  在连续4年施用不同量鸡粪条件下,探究露地黄瓜产量和品质的提升效果以及土壤性质的变化,以明确露地黄瓜生产中鸡粪的适宜用量。  【方法】  以黄瓜品种‘津优35号’为试材,2015—2018年在甘肃张掖进行了连续4年的田间定位试验,试验设两个土壤类型 (灌漠土和潮土)和5个鸡粪施用水平:不施用鸡粪 (对照,CK),15 t/hm2 (CM15)、30 t/hm2 (CM30)、45 t/hm2 (CM45) 和60 t/hm2 (CM60) ,采用随机区组试验设计。于2018年黄瓜结果盛期,采集黄瓜整株和0—20 cm耕层土壤样品,分析黄瓜产量、品质以及土壤容重、pH、有机质含量和酶 (脲酶、蔗糖酶、碱性磷酸酶和过氧化氢酶) 活性。  【结果】  与不施用鸡粪 (CK) 相比,CM15处理增产效果不显著,CM30、CM45和CM60处理黄瓜产量显著提高26.4%～33.0% (灌漠土) 和48.7%～50.1% (潮土),这3个处理之间无显著差异;施用鸡粪不同程度地提高了黄瓜可溶性固形物、可溶性蛋白质、可溶性糖和Vc含量,降低硝酸盐含量,效果以CM15、CM30处理较好。土壤容重和pH降幅随鸡粪施用量的增加而加大,有机质含量增幅随鸡粪施用量的增加而增加,持续施用鸡粪30～60 t/hm2可显著提高土壤有机质含量、降低土壤容重和pH。土壤脲酶、蔗糖酶、碱性磷酸酶以及过氧化氢酶活性以CM30、CM45处理较高。黄瓜产量与土壤容重和pH呈显著或极显著负相关,与有机质含量、脲酶、蔗糖酶和过氧化氢酶活性呈显著或极显著正相关;黄瓜可溶性固形物含量与容重呈显著负相关,可溶性糖含量与土壤pH呈显著负相关,硝酸盐含量与土壤pH呈显著正相关,与有机质含量呈显著负相关,可溶性固形物和Vc含量与土壤碱性磷酸酶活性呈显著正相关,可溶性蛋白质和可溶性糖含量与土壤蔗糖酶活性呈显著正相关。  【结论】  鸡粪施用处理降低土壤容重和pH,增加有机质含量和酶活性。鸡粪施用对土壤容重、pH、有机质和酶活性的改良效果与黄瓜产量效应值呈显著或极显著相关关系。黄瓜可溶性固形物与土壤容重,可溶性糖与土壤pH,硝酸盐与土壤pH和有机质密切相关。综合考虑鸡粪施用量在黄瓜产量、品质、改良土壤理化性状上的效果以及肥料效益,灌漠土和潮土均推荐施用30 t/hm2鸡粪。     

腐植酸土壤调理剂对酸化果园土壤理化性状及苹果产量和品质的影响

为研究不同类型土壤调理剂对酸化果园土壤的改良效果,本试验采用普通土壤调理剂和腐植酸土壤调理剂,设置普通土壤调理剂+常规施肥、腐植酸土壤调理剂+常规施肥、腐植酸土壤调理剂减量15%+常规施肥和等养分肥料+常规施肥4个处理,在胶东酸化果园进行了为期两年的试验。结果表明:施用2种土壤调理剂均能改善酸化土壤的理化性状。在土壤物理性状方面,与普通土壤调理剂相比,施用腐植酸土壤调理剂的土壤容重降低2.72%～4.76%,粉粒含量增加3.12%～5.28%,孔隙度提高1.74%～3.54%;在土壤化学性状方面,施用腐植酸土壤调理剂的土壤速效钾含量增加3.74%～10.57%,pH提高0.07～0.45个单位。施用2种土壤调理剂均能提高苹果产量,相比于普通土壤调理剂,施用全量腐植酸土壤调理剂可增产4.84%,减量15%施用仍增产2.87%,而二者间差异未达显著性水平。此外,连续两年施用腐植酸土壤调理剂可以改善苹果的品质,其中总糖含量提高9.35%～15.46%,糖酸比提高21.84%～46.58%。综上,胶东酸化果园(pH4.5)在常规施肥下配施腐植酸土壤调理剂1 275 kg/hm2可作为短期内改良酸化土壤、提高苹果产量和品质的有效途径。     

秸秆配施微生物菌肥对盐碱地土壤理化 性质及作物产量和品质的影响

在内蒙古达拉特旗盐碱地分别设置秸秆配施微生物菌肥(GF)、微生物菌肥单施(F)、秸秆单施(G)、不施秸秆不施微生物菌肥(CK)4 个处理,同时种植燕麦、高丹草、黍子、油葵4 种作物,明确其对盐碱地土壤理化性质和作物产量、品质的影响。结果表明,秸秆配施微生物菌肥种植油葵的土壤容重、pH、电导率降低效果显著,分别较CK 降低24.14%、4.94%、32.40%;土壤孔隙度显著提高20.26%;有机质、速效钾含量在GF处理下种植油葵的土壤中最高,分别较CK 增加27.84%、8.33%;碱解氮在配施处理下种植高丹草的土壤中最高,较CK 显著提高12.53%,有效磷在微生物菌肥单施处理下种植油葵的土壤中最高,较CK 提高了37%。与CK 相比,GF 处理下燕麦、高丹草饲草产量分别显著增加88.55%、60.00%,黍子、油葵籽粒产量分别显著提高62.84%、53.75%;与CK 相比,GF 处理显著提高了燕麦、高丹草饲草和黍子的粗蛋白、粗脂肪含量,并降低了中性、酸性洗涤纤维含量。GF 处理下油葵籽粒中粗脂肪、油酸、亚油酸含量显著提高,棕榈酸、硬脂酸含量显著降低。综上所述,秸秆配施微生物菌肥有助于改善盐碱地土壤理化性状,增加土壤养分含量并提高作物的产量和品质。     

生草改善果园土壤肥力和苹果树体营养的效果

  【目的】  果园生草在促进树体生长发育、改善土壤理化环境和土壤肥力等方面起着重要作用，本研究旨在解决我国果园普遍存在的立地条件差和土壤改良困难、有机质含量少且缺乏补充途径等问题，为果业可持续发展提供重要的技术支撑。  【方法】  以美国引进的格兰马草 (Bouteloua gracilis)、粗燕麦草 (Sporobolus asper)、小须芒草 (Schizachyrium scoparium)、宠禾草 (Eragrostis trichodes)、弯叶画眉草 (Eragrostis curvula)、柳枝稷 (Panicum virgatum) 和加拿大滨麦 (Elymus canadensis) 为试验材料，以清耕和白三叶草 (Trifolium pratense) 为对照，于2017年春季在山东省泰安市马庄镇实验基地一年生苹果幼树行间进行生草试验，研究不同生草处理在连续两年内对果树生长发育和果园土壤环境的影响。  【结果】  1) 8种处理草的生物学性状各不相同，其中弯叶画眉草的高度和叶片宽度、密度、盖度、地上和地下生物量表现最佳。2) 7个生草处理对改善土壤环境都具有显著效果，6、7月份，弯叶画眉草处理的土壤温度下降幅度最大，生草一年较清耕分别下降了23.62%和27.45%；6、7、8月份，小须芒草处理两年的土壤pH最低，较同月清耕处理分别降低了6.83%、7.07%、7.19%；弯叶画眉草处理两年的土壤孔隙度增幅最大，较清耕处理分别增加了6.76%、8.35%、9.09%；3) 果园生草提高了土壤中微生物的数量，且随着生草时间的延长提高效果越明显。生草两年的弯叶画眉草处理土壤中的真菌和放线菌数量最多；生草两年的粗燕麦草处理土壤中的细菌数量最多；宠禾草处理两年的细菌OTU数量最大，为5323个，比清耕处理高7.93%。4) 不同生草处理均显著改善了果园的土壤养分。弯叶画眉草处理的土壤有机质含量最高，且生草两年比生草当年的有机质含量提高了23.53%；不同生草处理后土壤中的有效铁、有效锰、有效铜、有效锌的含量较清耕处理均有显著提高。5) 不同生草处理的果树叶片矿质元素含量较清耕有显著差异，显著降低了叶片氮元素的含量，显著提高了叶片磷、钾、镁、铁、铜、锌等元素的含量。  【结论】  果园内不同生草处理对苹果幼树树体、土壤环境和土壤养分产生重要影响，可不同程度地改善幼树的叶片矿质元素含量，降低土壤温度和pH，提高土壤孔隙度、土壤有机质和土壤微生物数量，果园生草处理是有利于改良果园园土和树体的方法，可推动我国果业可持续发展。     

Relationships between soil respiration and soil moisture

The interaction of soil microbes with their physical environment affects their abilities to respire, grow and divide. One of these environmental factors is the amount of moisture in the soil. The work we published almost 25 years ago showed that microbial respiration was linearly related to soil-water content and log-linearly related to water potential. The paper arose out of collaboration between two young researchers from different areas of soil science, physics and microbiology. The project was driven by not only our curiosity but also the freedom to operate without the constraints common to the current system of science management. The citation history shows three peaks, 1989, 1999 and from 2002 to the present day. Interestingly, the annual citation rate is as high as it has ever been. The initial peak is due to the application of the work to studies on microbial processes. The second peak is associated with the rise of simulation modelling and the third with the relevance of the findings to climate change research. In this article, our paper is re-evaluated in the light of subsequent studies that allow the principle of separation of variables to be tested. This re-evaluation lends further credence to the linear relationship proposed between soil respiration and water content. A scaled relationship for respiration and water content is presented. Lastly, further research is suggested and more recent work on the physics of gas transport discussed briefly.     

Relationship between soil respiration and soil moisture

Microbial activity is affected by changes in the availability of soil moisture. We examined the relationship between microbial activity and water potential in a silt loam soil during four successive drying and rewetting cycles. Microbial activity was inferred from the rate of CO₂ accumulating in a sealed flask containing the soil sample and the CO₂ respired was measured using gas chromatography. Thermocouple hygrometry was used to monitor the water potential by burying a thermocouple in the soil sample in the flask. Initial treatment by drying on pressure plates brought samples of the test soil to six different water potentials in the range -0.005 to -1.5MPa. Water potential and soil respiration were simultaneously measured while these six soil samples slowly dried by evaporation and were remoistened four times. The results were consistent with a log-linear relationship between water potential and microbial activity as long as activity was not limited by substrate availability. This relationship appeared to hold for the range of water potentials from ?0.01 to ?8.5 MPa. Even at ?0.01 MPa (wet soil) a decrease in water potential from ?0.01 to ?0.02 MPa caused a 10% decrease in microbial activity. Rewetting the soil caused a large and rapid increase in the respiration rate. There was up to a 40-fold increase in microbial activity for a short period when the change in water potential following rewetting was greater than 5 MPa. Differences in microbial activity between the wetter and drier soil treatments following rewetting to the original water potentials are discussed in terms of the availability of energy substrate.     

Effect of tillage treatments upon soil tests for soil acidity,soil phosphorus and soil potassium at three soil depths

Abstract

Soil samples were obtained at 0–3, 3–6, 6–9 and 0–9 inch depths from experimental plots receiving five tillage treatments. Each of two samplers composited approximately six one‐inch cores from each plot. Soil samples were analyzed for acidity, P and K using routine analysis procedures in the University of Illinois Soil Testing Laboratory.

Few significant differences were attributed to sampler and it was concluded that samplers using similar sampling techniques were obtaining soil samples from the same population.

No significant differences in soil acidity at different depths were observed. The different tillage methods did significantly affect soil P at the 0–3 inch depth, but had no significant effect on soil P at deeper depths. Different tillage methods also significantly affected soil K values at different depths.     

自然侵蚀量和容许土壤流失量与水土流失治理标准

在总结分析国内有关自然侵蚀量、容许土壤流失量研究成果的基础上,探讨自然侵蚀量与容许土壤流失量的关系,讨论制订水土流失治理标准的思路。认为水土流失治理标准的确定有3个参考值：1）标准值,即一定条件下的容许土壤流失量,是水土流失治理至少要达到的目标,且随着对不同土地利用类型的功能需求与可实施的最佳水土保持措施、以及所在水土流失类型区的侵蚀危害与治理约束条件的不同而不同;2）理想值,即正常自然侵蚀状态下的土壤流失量;3）极端值,即土壤流失量为0,不发生水土流失。水土流失治理应是先控制到现时生态环境与社会经济条件下的容许土壤流失量范围内,逐步达到自然正常侵蚀量或制止水土流失的发生;还应引入环境伦理、环境美学及景观设计等理念,最终实现土地的可持续利用、区域生态系统的健康稳定及人与自然的和谐友好发展。     

土壤含水率与土壤碱度对土壤抗剪强度的影响

土壤含水率和土壤碱度是表征土壤物理化学性质的两个重要参数。通过室内三轴不固结不排水试验，研究了土壤含水率和土壤碱度对土壤抗剪强度的影响。试验处理采用5种土壤碱度(土壤可交换钠百分比ESP=0、5、10、20、40)和4种土壤质量含水率(0.05、0.10、0.20以及饱和含水率0.34)水平。试验结果显示，土壤黏聚力随着土壤含水率的增加基本上呈先增大后减小之趋势；当土壤含水率在0.10附近时黏聚力达到其最大值。土壤内摩擦角随着土壤含水率的增加而线性减小。土壤碱度对土壤黏聚力的影响机理较为复杂，其影响效果随土壤含水率的增加而减小；但土壤碱度对土壤内摩擦角的影响较小。土壤碱度对土壤抗剪强度的影响程度明显地小于土壤含水率对其的影响程度。     

Ecological standardization of soil and soil quality control

Theoretical bases are offered for the ecological soil standardization presuming the scientific substantiating of the allowable ecological state (quality) of the soil and the allowable anthropogenic impact on it. The modern experience of these bases’ application in regulatory-methodological, nature-control, and managerial practices is presented. The criteria are found for determining the levels of the allowable ecological quality of soil and the anthropogenic impact on it. The sources of the anthropogenic impact on the soil are characterized. A unified system of indices of soil quality and anthropogenic impacts and a mechanism for determining the range of the allowable values of these parameters have been developed taking into account the natural conditions and types of land use. Scientific-methodological approaches are proposed that support a certain balance between the allowable ecological status of the soil and the effects on it in connection with the mechanisms of the soil quality control in particular land plots.     

土壤不同形态钾含量与土壤颗粒的关系

土壤含K矿物同其他矿物颗粒一起均分布在不同粒级的土粒中,这些土粒在不同的土壤中构成了不同的配合比例,形成不同的土壤质地的属性。统计表明,<0.05mm与<0.01mm粒级间呈极显著线性相关(r=0.896**,n=92),相关分析表明,不同粒级的土粒与不同形态K间呈显著线性或曲线显著相关,而全K只与<0.05mm粒径的土粒呈极显著相关(r=0.234**,n=73),全K与速效K的数量关系通过全K、<0.05mm、<0.01mm粒级与速效K系统相关组合的算式以数学的方法计算速效K含量。     

Why soil erosion models over-predict small soil losses and under-predict large soil losses

Evaluation of various soil erosion models with large data sets have consistently shown that these models tend to over-predict soil erosion for small measured values, and under-predict soil erosion for larger measured values. This trend appears to be consistent regardless of whether the soil erosion value of interest is for individual storms, annual totals, or average annual soil losses, and regardless of whether the model is empirical or physically based. The hypothesis presented herein is that this phenomenon is not necessarily associated with bias in model predictions as a function of treatment, but rather with limitations in representing the random component of the measured data within treatments (i.e., between replicates) with a deterministic model. A simple example is presented, showing how even a `perfect' deterministic soil erosion model exhibits bias relative to small and large measured erosion rates. The concept is further tested and verified on a set of 3007 measured soil erosion data pairs from storms on natural rainfall and run-off plots using the best possible, unbiased, real-world model, i.e., the physical model represented by replicated plots. The results of this study indicate that the commonly observed bias, in erosion prediction models relative to over-prediction of small and under-prediction of large measured erosion rates on individual data points, is normal and expected if the model is accurately predicting erosion rates as a function of environmental conditions, i.e., treatments.     

Nonisothermal nature of soil profiles and soil hydrophysics

The results of studies of thermal water transfer and the functional analysis of nonisothermal soil water exchange (summarizing the current concepts of its physical nature, value, relations to soil properties, contribution to heat conductivity, and use for determining other hydrophysical properties of soils) are presented without going into detail of the mathematical analysis.