豫西旱作褐土剖面土壤的氧化铁还原与亚铁氧化特征

土壤铁氧化物的氧化还原过程不仅与重金属的生物有效性和有机污染物降解转化关系密切,也与旱地土壤肥力关系密切,因而备受关注。然剖面土壤耕层以下是否存在铁氧化物的还原、氧化过程,其特征如何尚未可知。本文采用恒温厌氧泥浆培养的方法研究旱地褐土剖面中铁的氧化还原特征。结果表明,旱地土壤剖面0~100cm中均存在铁的厌氧还原过程,还原潜势、最大速率均随剖面深度增加而显著降低;剖面0~80cm土层中均存在光合型Fe(II)氧化现象,0~40cm土层Fe(II)氧化量和氧化速率显著高于40~80cm。剖面的铁氧化还原过程不仅受有机碳含量影响,也受N、K等养分元素的影响。结果可为拓展对铁氧化还原微生物生境的认识、深入理解土壤剖面中铁氧化还原过程提供依据。     

pH与石灰性水稻土铁氧化还原过程的关系

光照和pH是调控土壤铁氧化物厌氧生物氧化还原的关键环境因素。本文采用恒温厌氧培养试验研究了黑暗、光照条件下土壤pH的变化及pH对铁氧化还原的影响,探索了pH与Fe(II)和水溶性无机碳的关系。结果表明,光照可改变土壤厌氧培养过程中pH的变化趋势,避光培养时土壤pH呈降低趋势,光照时呈先降低后增加趋势。pH介于4~9之间均可发生铁的还原反应,pH=7时还原量最大,128.5μmol g-1,pH调至4和9均可抑制避光条件下的铁还原。光照条件下pH 6~8时可发生Fe(II)的再氧化,控制初始pH为7时可使其再氧化量增加77.13%,达49.17μmol g-1。厌氧培养过程中Fe(II)与水溶性无机碳在避光时存在显著线性正相关关系,pH与Fe(II)和水溶性无机碳之间均存在显著线性负相关关系。     

不同浓度硫酸盐对水稻土中异化铁还原过程的影响

研究不同电子受体之间的竞争关系对揭示厌氧水稻土中微生物作用导致的氧化还原过程变化机理具有重要的理论意义。本研究采用土壤泥浆厌氧培养、人工合成氧化铁体系接种土壤浸提液厌氧培养及接种铁还原菌纯培养等试验方法,通过向培养体系中添加SO24-,探讨了硫酸盐作为竞争电子受体对不同铁还原体系中Fe（Ⅲ）还原的影响。结果表明,在2种水稻土的泥浆培养过程中,Fe（Ⅲ）还原速率均随着SO24-浓度增加而降低,但Fe（Ⅱ）的最终累积量却较对照处理有明显的增加。添加硫酸盐对Fe（Ⅲ）还原速率（k）的影响表现为：石灰性水稻土〉酸性水稻土;而最终Fe（Ⅱ）累积增加率则为：酸性水稻土〉石灰性水稻土。由接种不同水稻土浸提液的培养试验看出,添加SO24-后Fe（Ⅲ）还原受到显著的抑制,但随着培养时间延长Fe（Ⅲ）还原反应依然可以进行,并且Fe（Ⅱ）累积量最终达到与CK相同的水平。在接种铁还原菌的纯培养试验中,添加SO24-对供试的4株铁还原菌的Fe（Ⅲ）还原过程并未产生抑制效应,表明铁还原菌本身并不受硫酸盐的影响。     

厌氧条件下水稻土中铁硫循环与光照的关系

采用恒温厌氧培养试验研究了黑暗、光照、黑暗转光照和光照转黑暗条件下水稻土中硫酸盐还原和铁的氧化还原.结果表明光照是调控土壤铁、硫生物化学转化的一个关键环境因素,光照对铁、硫还原的抑制作用体现在5d后.黑暗培养30 d土壤游离铁的70.07％可被还原;光照培养时35.60 μmol g-1Fe(Ⅲ)先被还原后被氧化,30 d后仍有32.70％的游离铁被还原,转黑暗后被氧化的铁可再次被还原.黑暗时土壤中99.50％的水溶性硫酸盐(WSS)在可5d内被还原,光照培养30 d有42.73％的WSS被还原.水溶性无机碳(WSIC)与体系中Fe(Ⅱ)和WSS之间存在显著相关关系.无光照转换时水溶性有机碳(WSOC)与Fe(Ⅱ)和WSS的转化速率存在显著正相关关系;黑暗条件下WSOC＞ 7.89 μmol g-1时,体系中Fe(Ⅲ)和WSS还原;光照条件下WSOC＞ 8.27 μmol g-1时体系中Fe(Ⅲ)还原,WSOC＞8.40μmol g-1时WSS还原.     

淹水对石灰性土壤无机磷形态转化的影响

  【目的】  磷肥施入土壤后大部分转化为与铁氧化物关系密切的Fe-P和O-P,而淹水后土壤中铁的氧化还原过程可能影响与铁氧化物结合的磷的形态及有效性的变化。研究不同施磷处理下淹水土壤Fe (II) 、无机磷组分等的变化,以期明确淹水后土壤无机磷形态及磷有效性变化及其与铁氧化还原过程的关系。  【方法】  用不施磷土壤 (P0) 和连续6年施用P 180 kg/hm2的土壤 (P180) 进行室内模拟培养试验。将土壤装于西林瓶内,加水模拟淹水条件,西林瓶密封后,分别在避光或者光照条件下,于 (30 ± 1)℃恒温培养40天。测定供试土壤以及淹水培养土壤中的速效磷、无机磷以及不同形态无机磷组分含量,测定培养过程Fe (II) 的动态变化,以探讨磷形态转化与铁氧化还原过程的关系。  【结果】  施用磷肥显著增加土壤中的速效磷含量和无机磷总量,P0处理土壤速效磷含量为 (7.65 ± 1.65) mg/kg,P180处理土壤速效磷含量高达 (33.5 ± 2.01) mg/kg。施入土壤中的磷只有很小部分以Ca₂-P存在,主要以Ca₁₀-P、Ca₈-P、Al-P和Fe-P形态存在。避光淹水培养后,土壤速效磷含量增加,P0和P180处理土壤速效磷含量的增量分别为8.44、2.95 mg/kg。淹水培养降低了土壤Ca₈-P含量,提升了Fe-P、O-P、Al-P含量。光照和避光条件下P180处理土壤中Ca₈-P含量分别降低106.8、156.2 mg/kg,Fe-P含量分别增加23.4、47.0 mg/kg,O-P含量分别增加64.1、92.9 mg/kg,Al-P含量分别增加38.8、34.7 mg/kg,避光时Ca₈-P降幅以及Fe-P和O-P的增量均大于光照条件下。避光条件下,铁还原量和还原最大速率与Ca₈-P变化量之间存在显著负相关关系,与Fe-P、O-P增量之间存在显著正相关关系。  【结论】  淹水条件下,石灰性土壤中的Fe (Ⅲ) 还原形成Fe (Ⅱ) 和Fe (Ⅲ) 混合物,增加了铁氧化物的比表面积和磷吸附点,可促进Ca₈-P向O-P、Fe-P和Al-P转化。光照降低了Fe (Ⅲ) 的还原量,可能是Ca₈-P向O-P、Fe-P和Al-P转化率低的原因之一。     

褐土中铁的氧化还原与碳素转化

采用泥浆厌氧恒温培养的方法,研究了光照对旱作褐土中氧化铁的厌氧还原过程的影响,探讨了土壤中铁氧化物的还原-氧化过程与碳素转化的关系。结果表明,旱作褐土中游离铁氧化物的55.31%可在厌氧避光条件下发生还原,厌氧光照条件下游离铁氧化物的还原率最大仅为38.90%,还原产生的Fe(Ⅱ)可能被蓝细菌中的鱼腥蓝细菌属光合过程产生的氧氧化,40 d培养后其游离铁氧化物还原率低至7.95%。厌氧避光条件下培养40 d后土壤中水溶性总碳、无机碳含量分别增加了69%和246%,厌氧光照条件下水溶性总碳和无机碳则呈现先增加后降低的趋势,40 d培养后仅为反应前的47%和70%。水溶性总碳和无机碳含量分别与Fe(T)和Fe(Ⅱ)含量呈极显著线性正相关关系。     

铁/锰氧化菌诱导土壤重金属生物成矿研究进展

综述了铁锰氧化菌诱导成矿对重金属环境行为的影响,分别从铁/锰氧化菌与生物成矿、铁/锰氧化菌诱导铁锰氧化物沉淀耦合重金属稳定化以及铁锰氧化物对土壤中重金属的作用方面进行阐述;并从铁/锰氧化菌生物成矿方式、铁/锰氧化菌诱导生物成矿过程对土壤重金属的稳定化机制等方面进一步总结了铁/锰氧化菌在不同重金属生物成矿修复中的应用,以及微生物诱导成矿过程的调控因素,分析胞外聚合物、温度与酸碱度、共存离子和其他因素对成矿过程的影响,以期为微生物诱导成矿修复重金属污染提供理论参考。未来工作可进一步关注生成矿物稳定重金属的长效性,不同微生物菌群组合对成矿效果的调控,以及铁/锰氧化菌在重金属复合污染场地土壤修复中的应用等方面。     

旱作褐土中氧化铁的厌氧还原与光合型亚铁氧化特征

土壤中铁的氧还过程与碳氮转化及自净能力关系密切,已还原亚铁的氧化受土壤性质的影响。采用室内恒温培养试验研究了旱作褐土中铁还原氧化过程、及其与水溶性碳、NO3-、SO42-的关系。结果表明旱作褐土中铁氧化物在厌氧光照条件下可先被还原后被再次氧化,其再氧化量介于1.46~3.00 mg g-1之间,平均2.09 mg g-1;再氧化速率常数介于0.23~0.80 d-1之间,平均0.48 d-1。再氧化量与土壤无定形铁、水溶性硫酸盐含量、阳离子交换量显著负相关,与土壤总氮、总磷显著正相关;再氧化速率常数与土壤有机碳显著负相关,与黏粒含量极显著正相关。厌氧光照培养可使旱作褐土水溶性无机碳平均降低52.74%,水溶性NO3-降低92.15%,水溶性SO42-增加55.38%。研究结果为深入理解旱作土壤潜在的微生物铁循环转化方式提供理论支持。     

控制光照条件下添加SO_4~（2-）对水稻土中Fe（Ⅲ）还原的影响

为探讨光照和硫酸盐对微生物Fe（Ⅲ）还原的影响,在光照和光暗转换条件下,采用厌氧泥浆恒温培育方法分别在四川和天津2种石灰性水稻土中添加不同浓度硫酸盐溶液（20、50、800mmol·kg-1）,培养过程中定期测定土壤泥浆的Fe（Ⅱ）、叶绿素a含量和pH值。结果表明：光照条件下,添加20mmol·kg-1和50mmol·kg-1硫酸盐能减缓光照培养中因为蓝细菌光合作用放氧引起的Fe（Ⅱ）氧化反应,Fe（Ⅱ）氧化反应启动时间与对照处理相比延迟3～7d;蓝细菌在光照培养5d后开始迅速繁殖生长,叶绿素a增长速率表现为随硫酸盐浓度增大而增加,其最终含量在四川和天津水稻土中分别为20mg·kg-1和16mg·kg-1;800mmol·kg-1硫酸盐则完全抑制了Fe（Ⅱ）的重新氧化,且在整个培养周期中没有发现光合细菌存在。pH值变化呈现先微弱下降后升高的趋势,但始终维持在弱碱性范围内。当由光照转入避光培养后,Fe（Ⅱ）累积量又重新回升,增长速率表现为对照〉20mmol·kg-1S处理〉50mmol·kg-1S处理。表明光照并非直接影响铁还原微生物,而是通过光合微生物繁殖间接影响铁还原过程。     

模拟硝田土壤铁和硫的形态转化特征及其影响因素

采用室内培养试验,在确定模拟硝田土壤硫酸钠含量的基础上,观测并探讨落干/淹水状况、有机物质种类与数量对模拟硝田土壤铁和硫形态转化特征的影响。结果表明:全铁(Fet)和游离铁(Fed)受落干/淹水状态和有机物质种类与数量的影响均不显著,而活性铁(Feo)、络合铁(Fep)、亚铁离子(Fe(II))及有效铁(Fea)受淹水及有机物质数量的显著影响,Fe(II)、Fea还受有机物质种类的显著影响;硫形态转化同时受淹水及有机物质种类与数量的影响;土壤铁、硫形态转化一方面通过有机物质与铁、硫的直接作用实现,一方面通过改变土壤氧化还原电位(Eh)及还原性物质总量(TARM)等氧化还原状况实现;铁与硫的形态转化也表现出一定的耦合关系。     

论图书馆数字馆藏资源建设中亟待解决的问题

论述数字馆藏的产生、概念和特点,分析数字馆藏资源建设中存在的问题,探讨数字馆藏资源建设中应采取的策略。     

Transformation of the Bryansk Paleosol in Microdepressions in the Center of the East European Forest-Steppe during the Maximum of Valdai Glaciation and in the Holocene

Eurasian Soil Science - Recent and Late Pleistocene soils of the central forest-steppe in the East European Plain have been studied. The main objective of the work is to reveal changes in the...     

Changes in the structure of the rhizosphere complex of actinomycetes in the ontogenesis of winter rye

Changes in the taxonomic structure of actinomycetes in the rhizosphere of winter rye (Secale cereale L.) growing on acid soddy-podzolic soil were studied. During the first stages of ontogenesis of winter rye, the rhizosphere complex of mycelial prokaryotes was characterized by a relatively level generic structure (with respect to the indices of abundance and frequency of particular genera), low values of the species diversity, and low domination frequency of the species from the Streptomyces genus. The numbers and species diversity of the streptomycetes increased during the further growth of the winter rye, so that streptomycetes became a dominant group in the complex of the rhizosphere actinomycetes. According to the two-way ANOVA, the population density of the Micromonospora and the Streptosporangium genera in the rhizosphere was mainly dictated by the winter rye variety, whereas the population density of the streptomycetes depended on the particular stage of the winter rye development. The differences between the actinomycetal complexes characteristic of different varieties of winter rye at the early stages of its development was leveled by the end of the winter rye growth.     

Variations in the composition of the sap of zea mays with the increase in osmotic pressure of the nutritive solution

The alterations are studied which are produced in the content of mineral elements and organic fractions of sap with the increase in the osmotic pressure of the nutritive solution at levels of 2.0; 3.5 and 5.0 atm., obtained through the addition to the nutritive solution either of magnesium sulphate or PEG‐4000.

Through the effect of the osmotic pressure, the transformations are modified of the nitrogen and mineral phosphorus at organic fractions experience a series of modifications which produce different values in the Nm%TSN and Pm%TSP ratios with respect to control. Through action of the specific effect of magnesium sulphate, the reducing sugars concentrations in sap having an important increase.     

Evolution of forest pedogenesis in the south of the forest-steppe of the Central Russian Upland in the Late Holocene

The Late Holocene stage of forest pedogenesis has been studied on the interfluves along river valleys in the forest-steppe zone of the Central Russian Upland. The development of gray forest soils from the former chernozems as a result of the Late Holocene advance of forest vegetation over steppes is discussed. It is argued that the climatic conditions of the Subatlantic period were unstable, so that multiple alternation of forest and steppe vegetation communities took place. This specified a complex character of soil evolution upon contrasting substitution of forest pedogenesis for steppe pedogenesis. On the interfluves near the natural drainage network (balkas, ravines, and steep slopes of river valleys), the climate-driven dynamics of forest and steppe vegetation with corresponding changes in the character of pedogenesis could take place during the entire Holocene, which is reflected in a lower thickness of humus profiles and deeper leaching of carbonates from chernozems of the Early Iron Age in comparison with their analogues formed under steppe cenoses in central parts of the interfluves. Two variants of the evolution of gray forest soils can be suggested: the pulsating evolution typical of balkas and interfluves near river valleys and the continuous progressive evolution typical of automorphic (plakor) positions in central parts of the interfluves.     

稳定同位素在植物源性农产品产地溯源研究进展

产地溯源是保护农产品品牌及地区特色产品、防止欺诈、保护消费者权益的有效保障。稳定同位素指纹分析是用于食品产地溯源的有效技术之一,具有高效、准确、可靠的特点。本文系统分析了近5年来,稳定同位素指纹分析技术在植物源性初级农产品、加工农产品溯源中的应用以及稳定同位素在食品加工过程中分馏变化的研究进展。在此基础上,展望了今后稳定同位素在植物源性农产品产地溯源中的研究重点和发展方向。     

Accumulation of chemical elements in the raised peatbogs of the subtaiga Trans-Urals in the Holocene

The results of studying the variability of the geochemical parameters of the layers of the Sartamskii upland peatbog in the south of Tyumen oblast based on the radiocarbon time scale are given. Four basic types of peat and stages of peat deposits formation in the Holocene are distinguished: the organomineral layer of the sediments in a paleolake (up to 5065 ± 60 years ago), the low moor layer (4300–4900 years ago), the transitional layer (3100–4300 years ago), and the high moor peat (250–3100 years ago). The upper peat layer (last 200–300 years) significantly differs from its main portion; in particular, it is characterized by an increased ash content and the accumulation of a number of elements. The relationship between the various characteristics of the deposit is analyzed using principal component analysis, and the conditions of the formation of the peat deposit in different time periods are estimated, including the climatic conditions (in relative units). The anthropogenic signal of the accumulation of some elements in wetland systems is identified.     

Seasonal changes in the communities of microorganisms and algae in the litters of tree plantations in the steppe zone

Specific structural and dynamic parameters of communities from various ecological and trophic groups of microorganisms and algae in the litter of artificial tree stands were studied using the example of the Staro-Berdyansky Forest in the steppe zone of Ukraine. The composition of the communities was shown to vary by seasons and depend on the forest-forming woody species. In spring, in all the litters, the maximal number of actinomycetes and aminotrophs was recorded; in the leaf litter, the number of phosphate-mobilizing organisms was also the largest. In summer, the development of cellulolytic organisms, ammonifiers, and nitrogen-fixers was intensified; in autumn, the number of micromycetes and oligotrophic organisms decreased. The composition of dominants, the species richness of algae and their abundance also varied by seasons. Representatives of the Chlorophyta division predominated. The highest species richness of algae was characteristic of the spring litter samples, and their number, for the spring and autumn ones. The positive correlation was established between the numbers of micromycetes and oligotrophs, micromycetes and algae. The negative correlation was found between the numbers of micromycetes and actinomycetes, cellulose-decompose bacteria and algae in the litters.     

塔克拉玛干西部别里库姆沙漠NDVI时空变化特征

基于GIS技术和统计手段,利用GIMMS NDVI和MODIS NDVI数据集,并结合气温和降水0.5°×0.5°格网数据集,分析1981—2014年塔塔克拉玛干西部别里库姆沙漠NDVI时空变化特征。结果表明:(1)研究区NDVI半月值呈下降趋势,NDVI春冬季值整体为上升趋势,NDVI夏秋季值整体为下降趋势,NDVI年均值呈上升趋势;(2)1982—2014年NDVI值增加区域大于减少区域,整体上空间分布向南部移动,NDVI较大值主要在南坡和西坡;(3)植被覆盖度分布在0~0.004 3。