长期施肥条件下不同粒径土壤团聚体中Bradford反应土壤蛋白质含量的差异

主要研究了稻—稻连作方式下长期不同施肥对不同粒径土壤团聚体中Bradford反应土壤蛋白质(BRSP)含量的影响及BRSP与土壤有机碳(SOC)和全氮(TN)之间的关系,同时为简化BRSP测定过程,探讨了用过1 mm筛土壤代替1~2 mm土壤团聚体研究BRSP含量的可行性。研究结果表明,长期不同施肥显著影响土壤1~2 mm团聚体中总BRSP(T-BRSP)和易浸提BRSP(EE-BRSP)含量。有机无机肥料配合施用能显著提高土壤中BRSP含量,以NPK+稻草还田提高BRSP含量的效果最佳。经25 a施用不同肥料后,1~2 mm土壤团聚体中2种形态BRSP含量与土壤SOC和TN含量呈显著正相关。试验发现,<1 mm土壤团聚体中同样有BRSP,且处理间的变化趋势与1~2 mm团聚体间的变化趋势相似。试验结果显示,过1 mm筛土壤中T-BRSP和EE-BRSP含量与1~2 mm团聚体中含量的相关性均达到极显著水平,且土壤SOC和TN含量的相关性也均达到极显著水平。     

土壤动物在农业生态系统中的研究进展

近些年来随着对生态学的深入研究,人们认识到土壤动物的群落结构、功能以及在生态过程中积极的不可替代的作用,土壤动物逐渐成为生态学研究的热点之一。本文分析评价了国内关于土壤动物的研究进展。同时对国外土壤动物在土壤环境评价、凋落物分解、土壤健康的指示作用、与污染环境的关系、二氧化碳浓度对其的影响、在农业生态系统中的作用、在城市生态系统研究中的作用、在废弃物处理及土壤改良中的应用、在N循环中的作用、湿地土壤动物研究等10个方面的研究动态进行了综述。并提出了对土壤动物研究工作的几点建议。     

土壤原生动物——研究方法及其在土传病害防控中的作用

原生动物是原生生物的一种,是土壤食物网中的消费者,能捕食细菌和真菌等其他微生物。除了对土壤微生物群落和物质循环产生重要影响外,根际原生动物与细菌、真菌等土壤微生物共同组成生物网络屏障,并在抵御土传病原菌入侵作物根系的过程中发挥着重要作用。然而,相对于根际有益细菌和有益真菌,国内外关于原生动物防控土传病害的效果及作用机制的研究非常有限。本文梳理了土壤原生动物在土传病害防控中的效果、作用机制及其相关研究方法,并对未来原生动物的研究和应用作出了展望。呼吁更多学者关注土壤原生动物及其在生态系统中的功能,挖掘其在土壤健康和农业可持续发展中的重要价值。     

土壤食物网及其生态功能研究进展

土壤食物网可定义为不同功能土壤生物类群之间形成的消费者-资源关系网络,包括腐食食物链和捕食食物链。简述了土壤食物网的研究意义及国内外研究现状,阐明了土壤食物网各结构成分在土壤生态系统中的功能作用。     

基于遗址土壤分析的古人类活动研究进展

古文明兴衰变化多以遗物遗迹保存在土壤中,其影响的特殊土壤理化性质可为后人解密古文明起源、发展和衰亡提供宝贵的科学依据。因此,土壤分析应用于考古研究中由来已久,而且近年来取得了丰富的成果。本研究是从土壤分析主要解译古人类活动角度进行梳理,概括了土壤分析在古人类居住、耕作、用火、制陶研究中所起到的作用。提出了加强土壤特征解读,深化对古人类不同活动内涵探索,加强土壤在考古研究中的规范,制定考古研究中土壤采样规范和分析标准,建立无损探测技术与土壤指标的关联,加强土壤文化历史档案功能研究,为遗址地区的土地利用开发保护提供科学依据。     

一种初步判断细菌类微生物在土壤中定殖能力的方法

为了缩短功能微生物从筛选获得到生产利用的周期，研究一种简便的判断细菌类微生物在土壤中定殖能力的方法。基于功能菌株对 21种抗生素的敏感性计算敏感值，利用盆栽试验检测功能菌株在土壤中的定殖能力，并分析敏感值与在土壤中定殖能力间的关系。结果表明，敏感值和功能菌株在土壤中的定殖能力呈负相关，当敏感值达到 85时功能菌株在土壤中的定殖能力较差，通过功能菌株对 21种抗生素的敏感值来初步判断其定殖能力具有可行性。     

土壤宏基因组学研究方法与进展

土壤微生物驱动着土壤中的物质循环和养分转化。在土壤学的研究中,长期将土壤作为一个黑箱系统来对待,对其中的生物组成及其参与的生化过程知之甚少。土壤中绝大部分微生物目前尚难以分离培养,因此基于传统的培养方法对于认识土壤微生物群落组成和功能有其局限性。宏基因组学直接从环境样品中提取全部微生物的DNA,或通过测序探究环境中微生物的群落结构和功能(序列驱动),或构建宏基因组文库,筛选新的基因或生物活性物质(功能驱动),克服了传统培养方法的缺陷,极大地丰富了对土壤微生物多样性及其功能的认知。本文在综述土壤宏基因组学研究基本流程的基础上,重点介绍了日益重要的第二代测序平台在土壤宏基因组学研究中的应用及其产生的海量数据的分析处理方法,并简要探讨了宏基因组学在土壤微生物生态学中的应用。最后,作者建议在国家层面上展开相关土壤宏基因组学研究,调查微生物群落及其变化,为生物资源开发、农业生产和环境保护作出应有的贡献。     

土壤剖面微生物群落分布规律研究进展

微生物在土壤有机质转化和养分循环过程中发挥着重要的调节作用。明确微生物在土壤剖面中的变化规律对于了解微生物群落调控生态系统功能的机制至关重要。以往有关土壤微生物的研究多数局限于表层土壤,而对深层土壤微生物群落多样性和形成机制的研究相对较少。然而,深层土壤微生物在土壤形成、碳固存以及元素化学循环等过程中的作用不容忽视。因此,本文综述了不同生态系统中土壤剖面微生物分布格局的研究进展,分析了微生物丰度、多样性和群落组成在土壤剖面中的分布规律及其与土壤理化指标的关系,阐述了土壤微生物相互作用模式以及装配过程随着土壤深度的变化规律,并对未来的研究重点加以展望,以期为深入认识土壤的形成机制和保护利用好土壤资源提供理论依据。     

土壤环境变化对土壤动物群落影响的研究

土壤是环境系统中物质与能量交换的枢纽 ,土壤动物在土壤物质能量迁移转化过程中具有特殊的功能和作用。然而 ,随着人类活动对环境影响的加剧 ,原生植被受到破坏 ,各种污染物质不断在土壤中富集 ,对土壤动物的生存繁衍带来严重威胁 ,目前土壤动物学者的研究 ,主要集中在土壤动物在成长过程中的作用 ,理化性质的改良 ,土壤养分循环以及区系分类等 ,很少涉及土壤动物与环境特别是污染环境关系的研究。农药是目前主要的化学性环境污染物 ,农药污染对自然和农田生态系统的结构和功能都有影响[1] ,有实验表明 ,农药污染对土壤动物新陈代谢及卵的…     

浅谈边坡生态修复中的土壤生态

边坡生态修复是一项复杂的工程,其中土壤条件是边坡生态修复的基础。本文从土壤环境作用和生物学作用的角度简述了土壤在边坡生态修复中的重要生态功能,以及在边坡生态修复工程中如何通过人工措施营造良好的土壤条件,以期提高在边坡生态修复工程中对土壤生态性的关注和维护。     

Tannic acid reduces recovery of water-soluble carbon and nitrogen from soil and affects the composition of Bradford-reactive soil protein

Tannins are plant-derived polyphenolic compounds that precipitate proteins, bind to metals and complex with other compounds. Solutions of tannic acid, or other phenolic compounds, were added to soil samples to determine if they would affect recovery of soluble soil carbon (WSC) or –nitrogen (WSN) or influence the extraction and composition of Bradford-reactive soil protein (BRSP), associated with glomalin. Tannic acid-C added with water was not completely recovered from samples and the amount of total net WSC and WSN recovered was reduced, suggesting formation of insoluble complexes. By comparison, non-tannin phenolics like gallic acid, or methyl gallate, had little effect on extraction of WSC or WSN while a simple gallotannin derived from tannic acid, 1,2,3,4,6-penta-O-galloyl-d-glucose (PGG), inhibited extraction most. The C and N concentrations in BRSP increased when soil samples were treated with tannic acid or PGG before extraction, a procedure that includes autoclaving. Increases were greatest in the 10–20 cm compared to 0–5 cm depth. Accompanying these were declines in the ratio of absorbance at 465 and 665 nm (E4/E6 ratio) of BRSP extracts suggesting formation of larger or heavier molecules. In contrast, C and N composition in lyophilized BRSP was unaffected or even slightly reduced when tannic acid or PGG were added to the BRSP extract solution after the extraction process. We conclude that some tannins can reduce the solubility of labile soil C and N, at least temporarily and given unpredictability of response associated with phenolic substances, the Bradford assay should not be relied on to quantify pools or composition of soil proteins like glomalin.     

Spatial distribution of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi, glomalin and soil enzymes under the canopy of Astragalus adsurgens Pall. in the Mu Us sandland, China

To measure and manage plant growth in arid and semi-arid sandlands, improved understanding of the spatial patterns of desert soil resources and the role of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi is needed. Spatial patterns of AM fungi, glomalin and soil enzyme activities were investigated in five plots located in the Mu Us sandland, northwestern China. Soils to 50 cm depth in the rhizosphere of Astragalus adsurgens Pall. were sampled. The study demonstrated that A. adsurgens Pall. could form strong symbiotic relationships with AM fungi. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal status and distributions were significantly different among the five studied plots. Correlation coefficient analysis demonstrated that spore density was significantly and positively correlated with soil organic carbon (SOC), soil acid phosphatase and to two Bradford-reactive soil protein (BRSP) fractions (P < 0.01). Colonization of arbuscules and vesicles were positively correlated with protease activity. The BRSP fractions were also significantly and positively correlated to edaphic factors (e.g. SOC, available nitrogen, and Olsen phosphorus) and soil enzymes (e.g. soil urease and acid phosphatase). The means of total BRSP and easily extractable BRSP were 0.95 mg g⁻¹ and 0.5 mg g⁻¹ in all data, respectively. The levels of BRSP in the desert soil were little lower than those in native and arable soils, but the ratios of BRSP to SOC were much higher than farmland soils. The results of this study support the conclusion that glomalin could be an appropriate index related to the level of soil fertility, especially in desert soil. Moreover, AM fungal colonizations and glomalin might be useful to monitor desertification and soil degradation.     

Mycorrhizae activity and diversity in conventional and organic apple orchards from Brazil

The aim of this study was to characterize the impacts of a conventional, an organic apple orchard and a native grassland on the activity and diversity of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) located at the south of Brazil during winter and summer. AMF activity was measured by the mycorrhizal inoculum potential (MIP), mycorrhizal fungal hyphal length (HL), easily extractable and total Bradford-reactive soil protein (BRSP). AMF diversity was represented by richness, Shannon diversity index and number of spores. Orchards reduced the MIP of the soil and increased the HL when compared to the grassland site. The amount of easily extractable BRSP was not different among orchards and between seasons evaluated, with overall mean value of 1.23 mg g⁻¹. However, the amount of total-BRSP was smaller in the conventional orchard (4.55 mg g⁻¹) than in the organic orchard (4.91 mg g⁻¹) and in the native grassland (5.12 mg g⁻¹). T-BRSP and total organic carbon were strongly correlated in the grassland during the winter, suggesting the contribution of this protein for carbon stocks in the native soil of this region. The organic orchard presented the highest AMF richness, but sporulation and Shannon diversity index were larger in the conventional orchard. Our data suggest that the conventional orchard promoted higher impacts on the natural condition of AMF activity, being considered an unadvisable practice to soil conservation.     

Losses of glomalin-related soil protein under prolonged arable cropping: A chronosequence study in sandy soils of the South African Highveld

Residues of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) may be important for agroecosystem functioning due to their ability to promote soil aggregation, especially in coarse textured soils with little biomass input and low capacity to conserve soil organic matter (SOM). Our aim was to assess the fate of AMF residues with prolonged arable cropping in coarse textured soils in a subtropical savannah assuming that glomalin-related soil protein (GRSP), especially the MAb32B11-immunoreactive fraction, mainly constitutes material of AMF origin. In three agroecosystems on the South African Highveld, surface soils were sampled. The former grassland soils had a history of up to 98 yr of cropping. We measured four GRSP fractions: Bradford-reactive soil protein (BRSP) and immunoreactive soil protein (IRSP), and easily extractable fractions of both. The primary grassland sites exhibited generally low contents of SOM and low GRSP contents. Prolonged arable land use of former grassland soils reduced the content of GRSP further. The decline could be described with a mono-exponential function with rate constants ranging from 0.04 to 0.41 yr⁻¹. Depending on the GRSP fraction, steady-state conditions were reached after 11-92 yr on a level of 39-69% of the initial contents. We conclude that even though GRSP fractions had the same hypothesized origin, they comprised pools with different stability or replacement rate. Easily extractable IRSP was lost most rapidly. In contrast to carbon, nitrogen and microbial residue dynamics, GRSP contents were not reduced below a certain steady-state level, despite potentially negative management effects on AMF, such as tillage, inclusion of fallows into crop rotation and fertilization with inorganic phosphorus. The steady-state GRSP contents coincided with low, but steady agroecosystem yields under the given cropping management.     

Spatial distribution of glomalin-related soil protein and its relationships with root mycorrhization,soil aggregates,carbohydrates, activity of protease and β-glucosidase in the rhizosphere of Citrus unshiu

Relationships between the spatial distributions of glomalin-related soil protein (GRSP) and soil aggregates, carbohydrates or relevant enzymes are poorly studied. We found that two categories of GRSP, the easily extractable Bradford-reactive soil protein (EE-BRSP) and total BRSP (T-BRSP), respectively ranged between 0.3–0.6 and 0.5–0.8 mg/g DW soil, and these two BRSPs decreased with the increase of soil depth (0–40 cm) in the rhizosphere of a 22-year-old Citrus unshiu orchard. Both EE-BRSP and T-BRSP were significantly positively correlated with mycorrhization, 0.25–0.50 mm soil water-stable aggregates, water-extractable or hydrolyzable carbohydrates, and β-glucosidase, but significantly negatively correlated with protease. Our results demonstrate that the spatial distribution of GRSP is significantly affected by mycorrhization, soil carbohydrate, β-glucosidase and protease.     

土壤酶活性对土壤中土霉素的动态响应

采用室内培养试验研究了土霉素（OTC）对土壤过氧化氢酶、磷酸酶、脲酶、蔗糖酶和脱氢酶活性的影响。结果表明,在整个培养期间,土霉素对土壤过氧化氢酶和土壤磷酸酶活性具有明显的抑制作用;对土壤蔗糖酶和脱氢酶活性在培养前期具有轻微的抑制作用,但培养后期（培养第112 d）具有较强的抑制作用;而对土壤脲酶活性的影响则相反,在培养第1 d,OTC 100 mg/kg处理对脲酶具有显著的刺激作用,以后土霉素对脲酶活性影响不明显。土壤过氧化氢酶和磷酸酶对土霉素污染响应比土壤脲酶、蔗糖酶和脱氢酶更敏感,因而可以表征土壤受土霉素的污染程度。     

Effect of soil acidification on the soil microflora

The effects of short and long term acidification on a few Alberta soils were studied with respect to bacterial numbers and total soil respiration. Significant reductions in bacterial numbers were observed in both short and long term acidified soils. Total soil activity was severely affected in an acid soil (pH 3.0, longterm) adjacent to a S block. A soil (pH 6.8) 200 m away from this S block when artificially acidified to pH 2.9 significantly reduced soil activity but not as drastically as found in the long term pH 3.0 soil. A garden soil (pH 7.7) which was also acidified to pH 3.2 showed no significant reduction in total soil respiration rate as compared to its unacidified control soil. These acid soils when amended with organic substrates demonstrated that certain physiological groups of organisms were severely inhibited by this acid condition. The importance of examining more than one parameter when assessing the effect of a potential pollutant on soil activity is discussed.     

黑土区土壤侵蚀厚度对土地生产力的影响及其评价

为了研究黑土区土壤侵蚀厚度对土地生产力的影响,采用盆栽试验,人为剥离黑土表层0、5、10、15、20、25和30 cm土壤以模拟侵蚀厚度不同的耕层土壤,分析土壤侵蚀厚度对土壤理化性质、大豆生物性状和水分利用效率等指标的影响。并对TOPSIS(technique for order preference by similarity to ideal solution)模型进行改进,用于评价侵蚀厚度不同的土壤的土地生产力。结果表明:土壤全N、碱解N、全P、速效P、有机质含量和土壤田间持水率均随侵蚀厚度的增加而递减,土壤容重随侵蚀厚度的增加而递增。土壤侵蚀厚度对大豆生长有显著影响,随着侵蚀厚度的增加,大豆减产率呈"S型"曲线递增,产量、耗水量呈"Z型"曲线递减,水分利用效率呈指数曲线关系递减。改进的TOPSIS模型对不同侵蚀厚度下土地生产力的评价结果较为理想,计算的土地生产力指数随土壤侵蚀厚度的变化呈"Z型"曲线,与大豆产量的变化趋势相同,且二者呈指数函数关系,决定系数达0.996,均方根误差为0.65。研究结果可为黑土区土壤侵蚀防治提供理论依据。     

Shear strength of surface soil as affected by soil bulk density and soil water content

This paper proposes a new method to measure the soil strength parameters at soil surface in order to explain the processes of soil erosion and sealing formation. To simulate the interlocks between aggregates or particles within top 2 mm of the soil, a piece of sandpaper (30 particles cm⁻²) was stuck on the bottom face of a plastic box of diameter of 6.8 cm with stiffening glue and used as shear media. The soil strength for the soils from sandy loam to clayey loam was measured with penetrometer and the new shear device at soil surface at different bulk density and soil water content. The normal stresses of 2, 5, 8, 10 and 20 hPa were applied for the new shear device. The results indicated that significant effect of bulk density on soil strength was detected in most cases though the difference in bulk density was small, ranging from 0.01 to 0.09 g cm⁻³. It was also indicated that the measurement with the new shear device at soil surface was reproducible. The changes in soil shear strength parameters due to changes in bulk density and soil moisture were explainable with the Mohr–Coulomb’s failure equation and the principles of the effective stress for the unsaturated soils. The implications of the method were later discussed.     

有机质对土壤光谱特性的影响研究

为了探明土壤有机质的光谱特征及其影响作用,从而为有机质土壤铁氧化物的定量反演提供理论依据。利用去有机质前后土壤的光谱数据,研究了有机质对土壤反射率、土壤线参数、土壤铁氧化物定量反演的影响。研究结果表明,去除有机质后,能明显提高土壤反射率,变化最明显的为可见光橙黄光波段,即570～630 nm。相关性分析也显示橙黄光波段反射率的相对变化量或差值与有机质去除量之间的相关系数要比其他波段高,相关系数最大值在600 nm。因此,建议采用570～630 nm的光谱数据进行有机质的反演;土壤线斜率在去有机质后明显降低,截距显著增大,二者变化量与有机质去除量呈极显著相关关系,可用土壤线参数预测有机质含量。有机质对铁氧化物的反演具有明显影响,特别是有机质大于20 g kg-1的土壤,在进行反演时应考虑有机质对反演精度的影响,需采取有效地技术手段消减其影响作用,才能达到较好的效果。