土壤水盐运移的简化数学模型在水盐动态预报上的应用研究

对土壤水盐运移的确定性数学模型 ,采用数值模拟的简化法 ,实现对方程的求解。并引入水分运动原理、质量守恒原理 ,根据地下水、土壤水盐运动的特点 ,建立土壤剖面含水量分布的概化模型和土壤盐储量的预报模型。以期从土壤水盐运动的机制出发 ,提出一种应用简化数值模拟方法来预报土壤水盐动态的途径。同时为适应大面积田间土壤盐分预报的特点 ,希望不通过方程的求解来达到应用简化数学模型实现水盐动态预报的目的。所建简化数学模型可为田间大面积土壤水盐动态预测预报提供参考     

长江河口地区土壤水盐动态特点与区域土壤水盐调控研究

河口地区土壤水盐动态有丰水年份春秋季土壤积盐、枯水年份夏季土壤积盐的季节性特点,且各季节积盐的机理也不同。分析研究了河口地区不同水文年间不同季节的土壤水盐动态调控指标。分析河口区域土壤盐分的分布状况及近几年来河口区域秋冬季咸潮入侵加重和雨季土壤盐化程度加剧的状况,针对性的开展河口区域不同水文年各季节的土壤水盐调控,采取各种水利措施和农耕措施控制区域土壤水盐状况向有利于土壤改良和提高生产率的方向发展。     

冬小麦种植条件下土壤水盐运移特征的数值模拟与预报

种植作物条件下水盐在土壤中的转化和运移构成了一个非常复杂的物理-化学-生物系统。研究种植作物条件下土壤水盐运移的动态规律和运行特征,建立水盐运移的数学模型对于指导盐渍土的灌溉管理及劣质水利用、土壤盐渍化与持续农业和生态环境之间的相互作用及土壤盐渍化预测等方面具有重要的意义。本研究首先提出了自主开发的土壤水盐运移的数学模型SWSTM(Soil Water and Salt Transport Mod-el),然后对冬小麦种植条件下土壤水盐的运动规律和特征进行了数值模拟,最后对不同地下水位和不同气象条件下的土壤水盐运移规律进行了数值预测,以期从土壤水盐运动的规律出发,提出一种应用数值模拟方法来预报土壤水盐动态的途径,同时为种植作物条件下田间大面积土壤水盐动态预测预报提供参考。     

入渗与蒸发条件下土壤水盐运移的研究

土壤水盐运移规律的研究是目前土壤物理学、农田 灌溉学研究的一个重要方面,也是防治盐碱化、改良盐渍土的核心问题。为此,根据各国学者对土壤溶质、水盐运移的研究成果,评述了土壤水盐运移基本理论和入渗、蒸发条件下的土壤水盐动态规律,为进一步的研究提供指导。     

排水在防治土壤盐渍化中的重要作用

半干旱与干旱地带的水分和盐分往往汇聚于不良的地形部位,抬高当地的地下水位,增加其矿化度。这些地区的水盐均衡,主要是通过地表蒸发来调节。这是现代土壤盐漬化的最广泛和最主要的原因,而为目前世界各国大多数学者所公认。     

西葫芦微咸水膜下滴灌土壤水盐运移对产量影响的预测模型

为了定量计算微咸水膜下滴灌对土壤水盐和西葫芦产量的影响,根据微咸水膜下滴灌土壤水盐运移特点和西葫芦生长试验,建立了西葫芦微咸水膜下滴灌土壤水盐运移模型和水盐生产函数,并将二者联立,建立了西葫芦微咸水膜下滴灌土壤水盐运移对产量影响的预测模型。利用西葫芦微咸水膜下滴灌水盐试验数据对模型进行验证,结果表明模型计算的西葫芦微咸水膜下滴灌土壤含水率和土壤含盐量与实测土壤含水率和土壤含盐量的变化趋势一致,模型计算土壤含水率、土壤含盐量和西葫芦产量的均方根误差分别为0.049 cm~3/cm~3、0.065 g/kg和3.83 t/hm~2,土壤含水率、土壤含盐量和西葫芦产量的平均相对误差分别为5.17%、7.42%和5.84%,土壤含水率、土壤含盐量和西葫芦产量的平均绝对误差分别为0.047 cm~3/cm~3、0.062 g/kg和3.95 t/hm~2。所建的模型具有较高的模拟精度,可用于模拟西葫芦微咸水膜下滴灌土壤水盐动态和西葫芦产量。     

塔中沙漠植物园土壤水盐空间变异性及合理取样数研究

本研究运用经典统计学和地质统计学方法, 分析了塔中沙漠植物园内下层根系土壤水盐的空间变异特性, 结果表明: 塔中沙漠植物园下层根系的土壤水盐分布具有中等空间变异性, 80 cm、100 cm、120 cm、140 cm土层土壤水分变异系数分别为44.16%、41.30%、45.53%、55.44%, 盐分变异系数为41.51%、34.00%、42.28%、30.52%。各层土壤质量含水量分别满足指数、高斯、指数和线性模型, 土壤电导率变异函数的最佳理论模型分别为球状、球状、线性和线性模型。结合经典统计学和土壤水盐变程及空间分布图, 选取并定位了85个土壤剖面监测塔中植物园下层根系的土壤水盐含量。通过结合监测取样容量和土壤水盐分布的空间特性制定出塔中沙漠植物园下层根系土壤水盐变化的监测方案, 为塔中植物园的持久性发展提供科学依据。     

艾比湖湿地不同植物群落下土壤水盐空间变异性

以艾比湖湿地为研究区,运用传统统计学和地统计学相结合的方法对4种典型植物群落下土壤水盐含量变化进行了研究。结果表明:(1)4种植物群落中,碱蓬群落、盐节木群落和梭梭群落土壤含盐量呈中等变异,而芦苇群落土壤水盐则呈现较强的差异性(2)随着土层深度的增加,盐节木群落和梭梭群落中土壤含水量差异性不大,碱蓬群落和芦苇群落则呈下降趋势,而对于土壤盐分,除梭梭群落外,其余3种植物群落各土层盐分呈降低趋势,且表层盐分含量相对较高(3)在空间结构性分析中,不同植物群落下土壤含水量和盐分在一定区域范围内空间特结构性显著,能较好地满足高斯模型分布,由于受气候、距湖距离、湖面积波动及土壤类型等因素作用,4种植物群落中土壤含水量和盐分均具有较强的空间自相关性(4)对土壤水盐含量变化的相关性分析中,4种植物群落下土壤水盐含量与其关联性都相对较小,其中碱蓬群落和芦苇群落呈正相关关系,盐节木群落和梭梭群落呈负相关关系。总体来说,碱蓬群落和芦苇群落土壤水盐总变异趋势大于梭梭群落和盐节木群落,说明距湖远近对土壤水盐空间变化有一定的影响。     

红枣滴灌条件下灌水水质对土壤盐分分布的影响研究

对含盐土壤不同矿化度水滴灌下土壤水盐的运移规律进行研究,为矮化密植红枣微咸水滴灌提供依据。通过对株行距1m×2m矮化密植红枣各处理土壤水盐数据测定分析,探索土壤水盐运移、分布规律。不同矿化度水滴灌均有洗盐效果,洗盐主要集中在表层0-40cm的垂直方向,矿化度越高水平方向的洗盐效果越差;枣树生育期土壤盐分积累主要集中在0-30cm范围内;土壤中各离子含量随土壤含盐量和灌溉水矿化度的增加而增加,尤其是高含盐土壤采用高矿化度水滴灌时更加明显。微咸水灌溉依然具有洗盐效应,微咸水可应用于含盐土壤灌溉。     

干旱区滴灌条件下土壤水盐运移规律探析

通过对干旱内陆河灌区田间土壤水、盐及土壤肥力动态监测试验分析,结果表明：在干旱内陆河灌区,棉花全生育期里,灌水前后土壤盐分变化明显,积盐脱盐交替频繁。土壤的肥力对土壤盐分的影响很大。通过对干旱内陆河灌区土壤水盐运移规律的研究和分析,可以为合理灌溉和防止土壤次生盐渍化提供科学依据,为当地农业生产作出指导,具有一定的现实意义。     

半透膜土壤渗析法盐碱地原位淡化实验研究

研究提出了一种将盐碱地原土进行淡化、原位植树绿化的新技术方法。该方法是依据半透膜的单向渗透功能实现的,用半透膜管构建成连续供水系统,连续水流携带盐分不停地向远离根区方向单向运移,最后移至根区之外,在湿润锋处富集,变成无盐害。该过程同时使湿润体内部的土壤淡化,使根区附近土壤含盐量降至正常土壤水平,实现原位淡化,局部淡化处可用于种植乔木、灌木或花丛,实现盐碱地绿化。其主要技术特点是淡化后的土体可永不返盐。该方法在解决了盐碱地利用的同时,也完成了节水灌溉。     

利用放射性I131和S35研究松沙土土体和地下水盐分的运动

盐碱土表土盐分积累的来源,不仅与地下水埋深及其矿化度有关,而且与土体盐分再分配有关。本试验是利用放射性I¹³¹(NaI¹³¹)和S³⁵(Na₂S³⁵O₄)的示踪方法,探讨在含盐地下水正常补给情况下,土体和地下水盐分运行的一些规律,有助于全面了解表土积盐的过程。     

点源供水条件下残膜对土壤水分运移的影响

通过室内模拟试验,研究残留地膜对土壤水分运移的影响,阐明不同残膜污染水平下土壤水分入渗过程。试验共设置6个残膜梯度,采用马氏瓶恒压供水175 min,根据时间间隔记录马氏瓶读数和湿润面积,分析不同残膜污染水平下土壤水分入渗过程的差异。研究结果表明,残膜会阻碍土壤湿润锋的运移,残膜量在0~360 kg/hm2区间时,当湿润锋经过0~10 cm土层,湿润锋横向距离随着残膜量的增加呈现先减小后增加的变化,当湿润锋经过10~20 cm土层,横向距离随着残膜量的增加而逐渐降低。残膜对湿润锋的垂向运移有显著的阻碍作用,但残膜量的多少对湿润锋垂向距离变化没有显著影响。残膜的存在会提高土壤湿润比和稳定入渗率,残膜区土壤湿润体变小,水分滞留在湿润体内,影响水分在土壤中正常运移与分布。当残膜量达到720 kg/hm2时,残膜区土壤大孔隙比例增加,导致土壤优势流明显,与其他残膜处理相比,湿润锋的运移加快,湿润比和稳定入渗率降低。该研究从土壤水分运移角度阐明了残膜污染危害的过程和机理,为残膜污染的防治提供了理论的依据。     

Bestimmung des Wasserentzuges aus dem Boden durch die Pflanzenwurzeln im Gelände als Funktion der Tiefe und der Zeit

Field determination of water withdrawal from soil by plant roots as a function of depth and time . The water flow through roots as a function of depth and time can be determined in homogeneously rooted, level soils with closed plant canopies, provided the total vertical water flow and the capillary water flow are known for the soil profile. Theory, measuring methods and some results on water withdrawal of wheat (fig. 2–4) and sugar-beet (fig. 5) roots on a loess grey-brown podsolic soil profile underlain by gravelly sand (fig. 1) are described. The time averaged rates (2–7 day periods) for water extraction by roots are up till about 12 × 10^?3 \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$ \frac{{{\rm cm}^3 {\rm water}}}{{{\rm cm}^3 {\rm soil} \cdot {\rm day}}} $\end{document} During the growth period variations of the depth of the effective root zone and of the extraction rate in distinct layers were found (fig. 6 + 7). A capillary rise from the subsoil into the effective root zone exists for some time (fig. 3); seepage water within the lower root zone causes a strong increase of extraction rates in these depths (fig. 4). The relative water extraction rate at the depths of 15 and 25 cm decreases with increasing soil water suction in the range between 150 and 10⁴ cm (fig. 8).     

太行山区侧柏林地人工降雨下的入渗特性

对降雨入渗的研究是揭示华北地区水源地来水量变化研究的基础。运用人工模拟降雨,在2个2m2的径流小区(编号为P1、P2,坡度分别为19.6°,11.7°)上研究了太行山区侧柏林地的入渗特性,分析了雨强、土壤前期含水量和坡度对入渗的影响。结果表明:(1)入渗过程经历了供水控制阶段和剖面控制阶段,在供水控制阶段,降雨全部入渗,雨强越大,初始入渗率越大;在剖面控制阶段,表观入渗率逐渐降低并直至稳定,而P2小区的首场降雨中表观入渗率却呈现出"先降低后升高"的特点且供水控制阶段时间更短;(2)雨强越大,初始入渗率越大。在P1小区,表观稳定入渗率随雨强增大而增大,这一现象并没有在P2小区出现;(3)土壤前期含水量越大,供水控制阶段的时间越短;对比场次降雨下的土壤负压势变化表明湿润锋运动速度随土壤前期含水量的增加而增快;(4)坡度较大的P1小区(19.6°),其平均表观稳定入渗率较大(0.57mm/min),P2小区(11.7°)的平均表观稳定入渗率较小(0.35mm/min)。     

Simultaneous transport of surface salts and water through unsaturated soils during infiltration and redistribution

Abstract

Certain concepts regarding the simultaneous transport of surface ‐salts and water under transient unsaturated flow conditions vere verified for three soils using laboratory soil columns. Treatments included different water application rates (i.e., continuous ponding and controlled rates) and different initial soil water contents. Calcium chloride, spread on the soil surface to simulate a salt‐affected soil or broadcasting of a fertilizer (or other additive), was leached with chloride free water (0.01 N CaSO₄). Salt and water profiles were determined by destructive sampling at 2 cm depth intervals at two stages: (i) immediately following infiltration and (ii) after Batching infiltration plus redistribution time.

Immediately following infiltration as well as after matching infiltration and redistribution time, chloride was leached more efficiently and to relatively deeper depths with slower than with faster rates of water application only in sandy and sandy loam soils. The results, thus, show that slower rates of water application nay not increase leaching efficiency over faster rates in heavy‐textured and sodic soils with very poor permeability. Regardless of water application rate, initial soil water content, redistribution time and soil type, salt front (i.e., salt peak) did not coincide with the water front but lagged behind it by a few to several centimetres. That is to say that salt peak did not occur at a depth above which total soil water storage in the profile equalled cumulative infiltration. The higher the initial soil water content, the deeper and more complete was the displacement of chloride during infiltration for a given quantity of water applied at different rates. This trend was not modified during post‐irrigation period in sandy soil, but it was entirely reversed in sandy loam soil.     

The dynamics of soil water following single surface wettings

Single rainfall events play an important agricultural and ecological role, especially in dry regions where precipitation is erratic. Infiltration, redistribution and evaporation of single quantities of water are important in this context and have been investigated in the laboratory. Three soils of differing texture were packed at two uniform initial water potentials (– 100 MPa and –1.5 MPa) into columns, after which 12.7, 25.4 and 50.8 mm of water were applied as a single irrigation. The columns were maintained in a controlled hot and dry atmosphere (evaporativity = 16.7 mm d-1) for up to 30 days, during which water-content profiles were measured at intervals. Infiltration was rapid to depths ranging between 35 and 250 mm. Thereafter redistribution was small. Evaporation caused the water profile to develop three zones: dry between the soil surface and the drying front, dry below the wetting front, and an intermediate wetter zone between the drying and wetting fronts. As evaporation continued, the drying front moved deeper into the soil and the water content in the intermediate zone decreased. During the first few hours evaporation was rapid and constant, at the evaporativity of the atmosphere. Subsequently, evaporation was slower. Total evaporation (E) increased with time (t) as Eα tⁿ for t > 1 d, where n = 0.24 for a loamy sand, 0.33 for a clay loam and 0.31 for a silty clay loam. Weighted-mean soil-water diffusivities, averaged over the profile above the wetting front, ranged between 1000–2000 mm² d^?1 at the start of the falling-rate stage and 200–400 mm² d^?1 near air-dryness, in reasonable agreement with the few results in the literature.     

水平微润灌湿润体HYDRUS-2D模拟及其影响因素分析

为探索土壤质地、初始含水率、压力水头和埋深对水平微润灌土壤湿润体特性的影响机理,利用试验数据验证了水平微润灌HYDRUS-2 D模拟结果的可靠性,模拟值与实测值非常吻合。在此基础上,模拟研究了3种土壤质地(砂壤土、壤土、粉壤土)以及壤土中不同初始含水率(0.085、0.106、0.130 cm~3/cm~3)、压力水头(0.6、1.2、1.8 m)和埋深(20、30、40 cm)条件下土壤湿润体动态变化规律。结果表明:土壤湿润锋运移距离皆符合垂直向下水平方向垂直向上的规律,湿润体在形状上差异不大,土壤含水率等值线均为近似"同心圆";土壤质地对湿润体特性有显著影响,土壤质地越黏重,湿润锋运移速率越慢,湿润体体积越小,土壤含水率等值线越密集,其"圆心"越靠近微润管,灌水结束时,壤土和砂壤土湿润体体积分别是粉壤土的1.3倍和2.5倍;在确定的土壤质地条件下,初始含水率和压力水头对湿润体特性有较大影响,湿润锋运移距离及湿润体体积均随土壤初始含水率、压力水头的增大而增大,初始含水率为0.106和0.130 cm~3/cm~3的湿润体体积分别是0.085 cm~3/cm~3的1.2倍和1.5倍,压力水头为1.2和1.8 m的湿润体体积分别是0.6 m的1.6倍和2.2倍;微润管埋深对湿润体分布位置有显著影响,埋深较浅时,湿润锋容易到达地表,埋深较深时,土壤湿润体随埋深下移而同步下移。     

Soil acidification gradients: Mode of development,status quo and classification

Studies on soil profiles down to a depth of 3.5 m were carried out in the catchment area of the Söse River (western Harz Mts. Germany). The results show that the presence of an acidification front in the soil or unsaturated zone is a normal occurrence. Acidification fronts can be classified on the basis of water flow paths: Type A: front developed under vertical flow conditions, Type B: front developed under conditions of different flow directions, Type C: front developed in the presence of layers of different permeability. Knowledge of the type of acidification front and its depth allows a simple ion-budget calculation to be used to predict whether and when acidification of fresh waters will take place.     

北京潮土NO3—N在土体中的移动特点及其淋失动态

利用养分渗滤池研究了北京潮土地区春小麦夏玉米连作期间NO3N在土壤剖面中移动的时空动态。结果表明,NO3N的移动同降雨、灌水以及整个土壤系统中的水分状况密切相关。在春小麦期间只有个别处理在020cm和20-40cm中有显著移动,而夏玉米期间在0130cm的土体中NO3N发生了波浪式的移动。淋失量同当时的降雨量线性相关。130cm深处NO3N含量在淋失高峰期可达10mgN.L-1以上。此外,NO3N的移动同尿素施用量的多少有着密切关系,而尿素、硝铵和硫铵等肥料品种之间差异则不明显。15N示踪结果表明,在春小麦前期尿素中的酰胺态氮或NH4N在0-20cm土层中直接移动,而来自肥料的NO3N在4060cm处移动;夏玉米生长期间,在60cm以下深处有大量来自尿素和硝铵等残留标记氮的NO3N移动。