不同供氮水平对水稻/花生间作系统中氮素行为的影响

水稻旱作／花生间作栽培是一种新兴的节水农业技术。用”N稀释标记法在盆栽条件下研究了间作系统在15kghm^-2、75kghm^-2和150kghm^-23个氮素供应水平条件下花生生物固氮以及水稻旱作／花生间作系统中氮素的转移，同时用^15N的富积标记法研究了花生根系腐解对间作系统氮素转移的贡献。结果表明，在15和75kghm^-22个氮素水平下，间作水稻比单作水稻的干物质量分别增加了23．5％和12．2％，在P=0．05的水平有显著差异。间作水稻和单作水稻的氮素吸收量分别为135、143mg株 ^-1和117、131mg株^-1，分别比单作增加14．8％和8．8％。不同栽培方式对花生的干物质积累和氮素吸收影响很小。在3个氮素水平下间作花生和单作花生的固氮量分别为76．1％、53．3％、50．7％和72．8％、56．5％、35．4％，在低氮水平下的生物固氮显著高于高氮条件，间作对花生的生物固氮有一定促进作用。间作系统中的氮素转移率和转移量在3个氮素水平分别为12．2％、9．2％、6．2％和16．3、13．0、10．4mg株^-1，氮素的转移率和转移的数量显著地随氮素水平的增加而减少。用^15N花生叶片标记直接证明了氮素从花生体内向水稻的转移，随刈割时间氮素转移量显著下降，表明花生根系腐解对间作系统的氮素转移有积极作用。     

Uptake of carbon and nitrogen through roots of rice and corn plants,grown in soils treated with 13C and 15N dual-labeled cattle manure compost

Nitrogen and carbon dynamics in paddy and upland soils for rice cultivation and in upland soil for corn cultivation was investigated by using ¹³C and ¹⁵N dual-labeled cattle manure compost (CMC). In a soil with low fertility, paddy and upland rice took up carbon and nitrogen from the CMC at rates ranging from 0.685 to 1.051% of C and 17.6–34.6% of N applied. The ¹³C concentration was much higher in the roots than in the plant top, whereas the ¹⁵N concentration differed slightly between them, indicating that organic carbon taken up preferentially accumulated in roots. The ¹³C recovery in the plant top tended to be higher in upland soil than in paddy soil, whereas ¹⁵N applied was recovered at the same level in both paddy and upland soils. In the experiment with organic farming soil, paddy rice took up C and N from the CMC along with plant growth and the final recovery rates of ¹³C and ¹⁵N were 2.16 and 17.2% of C and N applied. In the corn experiment, a very large amount of carbon from the CMC was absorbed, accounting for at least 7 times value for rice. The final uptake rates of ¹³C and ¹⁵N reached about 13 and 10% of C and N applied, respectively. Carbon emission from the CMC sharply increased by 2 weeks after transplanting and the nitrogen emission was very low. It is concluded that rice and corn can take up an appreciable level of carbon and nitrogen from the CMC through roots.     

用15N富积标记和稀释法研究旱作水稻/花生间作系统中氮素固定和转移

采用花生叶片15N富积标记法和15N同位素稀释法两种标记方法研究了水稻 花生间作条件下花生的生物固氮以及花生向水稻的氮素转移。盆栽结果表明,两种方法都证明在水稻花生间作的共生期内发生了氮素转移,花生固氮量的2%～3.5%转移到水稻体内。同位素稀释试验还表明,间作对花生固氮有促进作用,能提高其固氮效率(BNF)。本文还对两种同位素标记方法的优缺点进行了讨论。     

施氮量对冬小麦氮素吸收、转运及产量的影响

2004至2005年在田间条件下,研究了施氮量0、105、2103、15.kg/hm2对冬小麦氮素吸收、累积、转运、产量及氮肥利用率的影响。结果表明,施用氮肥可显著提高冬小麦的子粒、秸秆产量及成熟期地上部总吸氮量,但过量施用氮肥对子粒和秸秆增产不显著;各施氮处理的氮肥利用率在34.2%～38.3%之间,随施氮量增加而略有降低。植株中氮素含量随生育期的延长而降低,氮素累积量总体呈增加趋势。施氮量对冬小麦氮素吸收有显著影响,同一生育时期,氮素含量和累积量都随着施氮量增加而提高。施氮可显著地促进氮素在子粒中累积,其中69%～87%的氮素是靠营养体的转运而来的。施氮量影响氮素的转运效率,随施氮量增加,转运效率降低。本试验条件下,冬小麦的合理施氮量应控制在105～210.kg/hm2之间。     

Uptake of 15N by wetland rice in response to application of 15N-labelled Sesbania rostrata and urea

 Pot experiments were carried out to evaluate the response of rice to Sesbania rostrata green manure N as compared to urea fertilizer N under flooded conditions. After growing S. rostrata for 21 days with a ¹⁵N-labelled N source, the labelled Sesbania was applied to wetland rice as a green manure and the uptake of ¹⁵N from this substrate was compared to that from labelled urea. Rice was cultivated twice in the same pots. The rice was grown for a period of 49 days in each case, separated by a period of 21 days when the soil was allowed to dry. The ¹⁵N content of the soil and shoots and roots of rice was determined and ¹⁵N balances established. The total N content of the shoots and roots of rice was determined by a non-tracer method. The percentage recovery of ¹⁵N from shoot material which was derived from urea N was more than twice that from S. rostrata. The recovery of ¹⁵N from the pots receiving both green manure and urea was low, and not significantly different from that recovered from the green manure treatment. As much as 64.5–73.5% and 40.1–41% of the ¹⁵N remained in the soil which had received green manure or urea, respectively. The overall recoveries of ¹⁵N varied between 86.5% and 94.4%. At the second harvest, the oven-dry weight of shoots was significantly (P<0.05) higher in green-manure treated pots, but the total N content did not differ significantly. Labelled N remaining in the soil after amendment with the green manure was much more available to the rice crop than that remaining after the addition of urea-N. The total recovery of labelled N (shoots plus roots) amounted to 65.5% and 74%, respectively of the residual labelled N in the two S. rostrata treatments (i.e. 19.55 mg ¹⁵N pot^–1 and 39.10 mg ¹⁵N pot^–1) and 23.2% and 23.2% of the residual labelled N in the two urea treatments (i.e. 19.55 mg ¹⁵N pot and 39.10 mg ¹⁵N pot^–1), respectively. Received: 8 December 1997     

Dynamics of microbial biomass nitrogen as influenced by organic matter application in paddy fields

The effects of annual application of rice straw or cow manure compost for 17–20 y on the dynamics of fertilizer N and soil organic N in Gley paddy fields were investigated by using the ¹⁵N tracer technique during the rice cropping season. The chloroform fumigation-extraction method was evaluated to determine the properties of soil microbial biomass under submerged field conditions at the tillering stage before mid-summer drainage, with special reference to the fate of applied NH₄ ⁺-¹⁵N.

The transfer ratios from applied NH₄ ⁺-¹⁵N to immobilized N in soil and to uptake N by rice during given periods varied with the rice growth stages and were affected by organic matter application. The accumulated amounts of netmineralized soil organic N (net-M_j ), immobilized N (I_j ), and denitrified N (D_j ) during the cropping season were estimated to be 14.0–22.5, 6.3–11.2, and 3.4–5.3 g N m^-2, respectively. Values of net-M_j and I_j were larger in the following order: cow manure compost plot > rice straw plot > plot without organic matter application, and their larger increase by the application of cow manure compost contributed to a decrease of the D_j values, as compared with rice straw application.

Values of E _N extra extractable soil total N after fumigation, increased following organic matter application, ranging from 2.1 to 5.4 g N m^-2. Small residual ratios of applied ¹⁵N in the fraction E _N at the end of the given period indicated that re-mineralization of newly-assimilated ¹⁵N through the easily decomposable fraction of microbial biomass had almost ended. Thus, the applicability to paddy field soils of the chloroform fumigation-extraction method was confirmed.     

燕麦花生间作系统作物氮素累积与转移规律

【目的】 研究燕麦‖花生间作系统中燕麦和花生的地上部干物质和氮素积累、花生根瘤固氮酶活性、固氮量及花生向燕麦的氮素转移量,明确间作花生固氮特性及花生向燕麦的氮素转移规律,进一步探索间作体系下氮素的循环机理。 【方法】 本研究在大田不施用氮肥的试验条件下,通过采用随机区组试验设计的方法,设置不同种植模式 (燕麦单作、花生单作、燕麦‖花生间作),采用传统挖根法和15N同位素标记法探索燕麦与花生的干物质积累量和氮素积累量,花生根瘤的生物固氮效率以及花生体内氮素向燕麦的转移规律。 【结果】 与单作燕麦相比,燕麦‖花生间作体系下,燕麦的地上部干物质量和氮素积累量均显著增加 (P < 0.05)。随着生育时期的推移,燕麦的地上部干物质量和氮素积累量在单作和间作模式下均呈现逐渐增加的趋势,成熟期达到最大值。成熟期,间作燕麦地上部干物质积累量比单作两年平均增加了40.6%,地上部氮素积累量平均增加了49.0%。间作花生的地上部干物质积累量与单作相比呈下降趋势,生育前期差异不显著,到成熟期,间作花生的干物质积累量两年平均比单作下降了20.6% ( P < 0.05)。开花结荚期间作花生的根瘤数和根瘤重比单作两年分别降低了21.3%和16.8%,单位质量的固氮酶活性平均降低了26.2% ( P < 0.05)。2011年和2012年,虽然在生理成熟期间作花生的固氮效率与单作相比分别提高了10.3%和37.1%,但花生生物固氮量分别降低了52.3%和26.3% ( P < 0.05)。2012年间作花生向燕麦的氮素转移率达到21.4%,转移氮量为15.3 mg/株。 【结论】 燕麦‖花生间作显著降低了开花结荚期花生单位质量的根瘤固氮酶活性,但提高了成熟期花生的固氮效率,促进了花生固氮能力的发挥,且在燕麦和花生共生期内,花生体内氮素可以转移到燕麦,从而增加了燕麦对氮素的吸收利用,实现地上与地下的相互调节和促进作用,因而,燕麦‖花生间作是东北农区农田生态系统优化氮素管理的重要途径之一。      

Alkaline coal fly ash amendments are recommended for improving rice-peanut crops

Abstract

A field experiment investigating amendments of organic material including farmyard manure, paper factory sludge and crop residues combined with fly ash, lime and chemical fertilizer in a rice-peanut cropping system was conducted during 1997–98 and 1998–99 at the Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur, India. The soil was an acid lateritic (Halustaf) sandy loam. For rice, an N:P:K level of 90:26.2:33.3 kg ha^?1 was supplied through the organic materials and chemical fertilizer to all the treatments except control and fly ash alone. The required quantities of organic materials were added to supply 30 kg N ha^?1 and the balance amount of N, P and K was supplied through chemical fertilizer. Amendment materials as per fertilization treatments were incorporated to individual plots 15 days before planting of rice during the rainy season. The residual effects were studied on the following peanut crop with application of N:P:K at 30:26.2:33.3 kg ha^?1 through chemical fertilizer alone in all treatments, apart from the control. An application of fly ash at 10 t ha^?1 in combination with chemical fertilizer and organic materials increased the grain yield of rice by 11% compared to chemical fertilizer alone. The residual effect of both lime and fly ash applications combined with direct application of chemical fertilizer increased peanut yields by 30% and 24%, respectively, compared to chemical fertilizer alone. Treatments with fly ash or lime increased P and K uptake in both the crops and oil content in peanut kernel compared to those without the amendments. Alkaline coal fly ash proved to be a better amendment than lime for improving productivity of an acid lateritic soil and enriching the soil with P and K.     

NITROGEN UPTAKE AND RECOVERY FROM N FERTILIZER AND LEGUME CROPS IN WETLAND RICE MEASURED BY 15N AND NON-ISOTOPE TECHNIQUES

Intensive rice-based cropping systems rely on nitrogenous fertilizer for optimum grain production and legume crops could be used as an alternative nitrogen (N) source for rice. We investigated the fate of N applied to dual cropping wetland rice in the form of legume residue and ¹⁵N labeled fertilizer. In 2001–2002, hairy vetch and broad bean accumulated 131 and 352 kg N ha^?1 of which 41 and 78% was derived from N₂ fixation. In 2002–2003, hairy vetch accumulated 64 kg N ha^?1 and broad bean accumulated 320 kg N ha^?1 of which 21 to 24% was derived from hairy vetch and 31 to 82% N was derived from broad bean by N difference and ¹⁵N-natural abundance method. Our results reveal that hairy vetch and broad bean can supply 50–100% of N required for intensive wetland rice and can be a viable alternative N source to enhance soil fertility.     

不同施氮量对水稻氮素吸收与分配的影响

运用15N示踪法研究了不同施氮量对两个品种水稻（4007和武运粳15）干物质积累量与其对15N吸收及分配的影响。结果表明,当施氮量超过N 150 kg/hm2时, 两个品种水稻子粒产量均不再显著增加。4007在4个施氮量下(N 100,150,200和 250 kg/hm2)分别比无氮区增产22.3%,36.9%,43.2%和38.1%;武运粳15分别增产10.6%,18.8%,27.1%和21.5%。同一施氮量下,4007子粒中15N累积量显著高于武运粳15,但茎叶和根中没有差异。增加施氮量降低了15N在水稻子粒中的分配比例,但提高了茎叶中15N的分配比例。15N在根中的分配比例不受施氮量和品种的影响。研究结果还表明,同一施氮量下,4007对肥料氮的总体利用率要比武运粳15高3～6个百分点。     

Liming reduces nitrogen uptake from chemical fertilizer but increases that from straw in a double rice cropping system

Liming materials are widely applied to alleviate soil acidification and increase rice yield in acidic soils, but their effects on nitrogen (N) use efficiency are still unclear. Here, we conducted a field-, pot-, and micro-plot experiment to investigate how the application of slaked lime (i.e., Ca(OH)₂) affects the fate of chemical fertilizer-N and straw-N in a double rice cropping system. In the field experiment, liming increased grain yield and N uptake by an average of 9.0% and 10.6%, respectively. In contrast, CaCl₂ application did not affect rice yield and N uptake, suggesting that the effects of lime application were not related to the addition of Ca²⁺. Results from a ¹⁵N tracer experiment (i.e., ¹⁵N-labeled urea and straw) indicated that liming reduced N uptake from fertilizer (−5.7%), but increased N uptake from straw (+31.3%). Liming also reduced soil retention of both urea- and straw-N and increased their loss rates. Taken together, our results indicate that although liming increases rice yield and N uptake, it lowers the use efficiency of fertilizer N and facilitates N losses. In addition, our results emphasize the need for long-term studies on the impact of liming on soil N dynamics in paddy soils.     

氮肥用量对花生氮素吸收与分配的影响

为明确花生氮素吸收与分配规律,以花育25号为试验材料进行土柱栽培试验,采用¹⁵N 示踪法研究氮肥用量对花生不同器官氮素同化吸收与积累分配的影响。结果表明,当施氮量超过90 kg·hm^-2(N2)时,花生植株各器官干物质量及氮素积累量基本不再显著增加。籽仁干物重在3个施氮量(N1、N2、N3) 条件下分别较不施氮增加2.61%、5.32%和1.88%,且在施氮量90 kg·hm^-2(N2)时最高,为19.00 g/株。同一施氮量条件下,花生不同器官¹⁵N 积累量表现为籽仁> 叶> 茎>果壳>根;在不同施氮量条件下,¹⁵N 在花生各器官积累量随施氮量增加而增加。N2增加了¹⁵N 在籽仁中的分配比例,降低了茎和叶片中的分配比例,促进氮素由营养器官向生殖器官转运,提高了¹⁵N 在籽仁中的积累量,其氮肥利用率分别较N1、N3和N4提高22.77%、17.56%和28.13%。综上,本试验条件下施用90 kg·hm^-2氮素(N2)可提高花生籽仁干物重,增加氮素积累量和氮肥利用率。一元二次方程模拟结果表明,77.19 kg·hm^-2为花生产量最高的最适施氮量。本研究结果为花生氮肥利用率及氮肥的合理施用提供了理论依据。     

15N标记羊粪和稻草还田氮素的转化和效应的研究

本工作通过田间微区试验，研究了＾１５Ｎ标记羊粪和稻草单独施用或分别与尿素配合施用作为水稻基肥时，肥料氮的命运及共对水稻产量的影响。     

不同施肥措施对稻田氮损失和氮肥利用的影响

通过田间原位和微区同位素试验，研究不同施肥措施对水稻生长、氮肥利用和氮素损失的影响，并从土壤氮素转化探究其影响机制。结果表明：（1）与常规表施CT处理相比，尿素深施DT和尿素深施下配施有机肥DT+M显著降低土壤15N-NH3排放，DT和DT+M的15N -NH3排放因子分别为0.19%和0.37%，比CT分别降低95.8%和91.7%。（2）与表施相比，氮肥深施显著提高了植株地上部和根系对15N的吸收，减少了15N的损失。不同施肥措施中，DT+M的15N损失最小，比CT低48.7%。（3）深施能够增强土壤对NH4+-N的固定，显著提高氮肥利用率，DT和DT+M的氮肥利用率较CT分别增加了69.8%和59.1%。此外，深施还有助于水稻产量的提高，但DT处理的增产效果受环境条件的影响，而DT+M处理增产作物较为稳定。     

In situ carbon and nitrogen dynamics in ryegrass-clover mixtures: Transfers, deposition and leaching

Carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) dynamics in a third production year ryegrass-clover mixture were investigated in the field. Cylinders (diameter 29.7 cm) were installed to depths of 20, 40 and 60 cm and equipped with suction cups to collect percolating pore water. Ryegrass and clover leaves were cross-labelled with ¹⁴C- and ¹⁵N-enriched urea and the fate of the two tracers was studied for 3 months during summer. Transfer of ¹⁴C occurred mainly from ryegrass to clover, whereas the largest transfer of ¹⁵N was in the opposite direction. The average transfer of N from clover was 40% (SE±3.1, n=9) of N in ryegrass, whereas the fraction of N in clover donated by ryegrass was 5% (±1.2, n=9). The amount of ¹⁴C transferred from ryegrass to clover was 1.7% (±0.1, n=9) of the ¹⁴C-activity in the total above-ground plant biomass found in the unlabelled clover and with a transfer from clover to ryegrass being 0.4% (±0.1, n=9). ¹⁵N-enriched compounds were not detected in percolating pore water, which may be caused by either dilution from irrigation or low availability of leachable N compounds. ¹⁴C was found solely as ¹⁴CO₂ in the pore water indicating that dissolved organic carbon (DOC) did not originate from fresh root deposits. Transfer of ¹⁴C between the two species in the mixed crop alongside with high transfer of ¹⁵N despite a large percolation of pore water indicates that part of the N transfer occurred in non-leachable N-forms. The amount of N transferred between the two species was found to depend on the ratio between dry matter accumulated in the donating and receiving species, the ¹⁴C-allocation within the receiving species and the root turnover rate in the soil.     

15N标记绿肥喂猪后还田的转化和效益的研究

本文用１５Ｎ标记绿肥与无Ｎ淀粉配制成饲料喂猪，猪体平均回收饲料１５Ｎ２３．５１％；猪粪回收１５Ｎ２３．８５％，猪尿回收１５Ｎ２８．７６％；饲料绿肥Ｎ的总回收率为７６．１２％。猪粪，尿还田，水稻全株对Ｎ的回收分别相当于饲料绿肥Ｎ的３．７５％和７．．２５％。其中转化至稻谷的分别为２．５１％和４．８２％。以经济产品计算，猪体和稻谷共回收饲料绿肥１５Ｎ３０．８４％，比１５Ｎ绿肥与尿素配施还田稻回收的绿肥Ｎ     

太湖地区稻麦轮作体系下秸秆还田配施氮肥对水稻产量及经济效益的影响

秸秆还田与配施化肥是未来农业持续发展的方向。为明确秸秆还田条件下获得较高产量和最佳经济效益的氮肥用量, 研究设计了秸秆全量(6 t·hm^-2)还田条件下N0、N1、N2、N3 和N4 5 个氮肥用量的田间试验(肥料N 用量分别为0、120 kg·hm^-2、180 kg·hm^-2、240 kg·hm^-2、300 kg·hm^-2)。两年试验结果表明: 秸秆还田条件下水稻产量随着氮肥用量的增加呈先增加后降低的趋势, 2007 年、2008 年水稻最高产量分别为8 543 kg·hm^-2、7 772 kg·hm^-2, 施氮处理比无氮处理(N0)分别增产9.6%~19.4%、13.0%~17.8%; 当氮肥用量达300 kg·hm^-2 时, 边际产量、氮肥农学利用率、结实率、千粒重、新增纯收益率以及边际成本报酬率均显著低于其余处理(N0~N3), 其中2008 年上述各指标值分别为-4.5 kg·kg^-1、3.0 kg·kg^-1(N)、69.9%、25.1 g、0.91%、1.03 元·元^-1。由水稻产量、经济效益与氮肥用量拟合方程求得最大经济收益时的氮肥用量为218~223kg·hm^-2, 水稻产量和经济收益分别为7 686~8 295 kg·hm^-2 和7 413~8 607 元·hm^-2。因此, 秸秆还田条件下合理配施氮肥, 不仅可以获得最佳经济收益, 还可以获得较高水稻产量和氮肥利用率。     

Excessive nitrogen application decreases grain yield and increases nitrogen loss in a wheat–soil system

Abstract

Excessive use of nitrogen (N) fertilizers in wheat fields has led to elevated NO₃-N concentrations in groundwater and reduced N use efficiency. Three-year field and ¹⁵N tracing experiments were conducted to investigate the effects of N application rates on N uptake from basal and topdressing ¹⁵N, N use efficiency, and grain yield in winter wheat plants; and determine the dynamics of N derived from both basal and topdressing ¹⁵N in soil in high-yielding fields. The results showed that 69.5–84.5% of N accumulated in wheat plants derived from soil, while 6.0–12.5%and 9.2–18.1% derived from basal ¹⁵N and top ¹⁵N fertilizer, respectively. The basal N fertilizer recovery averaged 33.9% in plants, residual averaged 59.2% in 0–200 cm depth soil; the topdressing N fertilizer recovery averaged 50.5% in plants, residual averaged 48.2% in 0–200 cm soil. More top ¹⁵N was accumulated in plants and more remained in 0–100 cm soil rather than in 100–200 cm soil at maturity, compared with the basal ¹⁵N. However, during the period from pre-sowing to pre-wintering, the soil nitrate moved down to deeper layers, and most accumulated in the layers below 140 cm. With an increase of N fertilizer rate, the proportion of the N derived from soil in plants decreased, but that derived from basal and topdressing fertilizer increased; the proportion of basal and top ¹⁵N recovery in plants decreased, and that of residual in soil increased. A moderate application rate of 96–168 kg N ha^?1 led to increases in nitrate content in 0–60 cm soil layer, N uptake amount, grain yield and apparent recovery fraction of applied fertilizer N in wheat. Applying above 240 kg N ha^?1 promoted the downward movement of basal and top ¹⁵N and soil nitrate, but had no significant effect on N uptake amount; the excessive N application also obviously decreased the grain yield, N uptake efficiency, apparent recovery fraction of applied fertilizer N, physiological efficiency and internal N use efficiency. It is suggested that the appropriate application rate of nitrogen on a high-yielding wheat field was 96–168 kg N ha^?1.     

15N示踪法研究生物炭施用对水稻—土壤系统氮肥去向的影响

为探究施用水稻秸秆生物炭对水稻产量、氮肥利用率、氮肥残留及损失的影响,采用盆栽试验结合¹⁵N示踪技术,分析了施用水稻秸秆生物炭对水稻生物量、氮素积累量、肥料氮去向以及氨氧化微生物的影响。研究共设置5个处理:不施氮肥(N0)、单施化肥(CF)、施化肥配施0.5%生物炭(BC1)、施化肥配施1%生物炭(BC2)和施化肥配施2%生物炭(BC3)。结果表明:与CF处理相比,BC2和BC3处理均显著提高水稻产量,增产率分别为19.3%和22.0%。施用生物炭显著增加水稻氮素积累量和表观利用率。施用生物炭的水稻籽粒肥料氮积累和总肥料氮积累量较CF处理分别提高18.6%~23.4%和18.5%~26.5%。然而,施用生物炭处理与CF处理之间的籽粒土壤氮吸收量没有显著差异。BC1、BC2和BC3处理的氮肥利用率分别为30.4%,28.5%和29.3%,均显著高于CF处理(24.1%)。施用生物炭有利于肥料氮在土壤中的 残留,从而减少损失。因此,施用生物炭的肥料氮损失率(25.7%~27.5%)显著低于单施化肥处理(38.4%)。与CF处理相比,高量施用生物炭(BC3)显著降低氨氧化细菌的amoA基因拷贝数,但施用生物炭对氨氧化古菌丰度没有显著影响。综上表明,施用水稻秸秆生物炭是提高水稻产量和氮肥利用率,同时还是有效减少氮素损失的一种有效措施。     

稻鱼共作下氮肥减量后移对水稻生长和氮肥利用效率的影响

为了探索稻鱼模式下水稻氮肥高效施用技术，实现减肥增效的生产目标，以杂交籼稻隆两优1206为试验材料，在稻鱼共作模式下设置了4个水稻施氮处理，分别为：N0不施氮肥处理、CK当地常规施氮处理(纯氮用量为 180 kg/hm²，按分蘖肥∶促花肥∶保花肥=5∶2.5∶2.5施用)、N1氮肥减量处理(纯氮用量为 120 kg/hm²，按分蘖肥∶促花肥∶保花肥=5∶2.5∶2.5施用)、N2氮肥减量后移处理(纯氮用量为 120 kg/hm²，按分蘖肥∶促花肥∶保花肥=0∶5∶5施用)，研究了不同处理下水稻生长特性、产量和氮肥利用率的变化规律。结果表明：与CK处理相比，N2处理显著降低了有效分蘖叶龄期水稻的分蘖数和倒4叶期水稻的干物质积累量，但在有效分蘖叶龄期的分蘖数达到了CK处理有效穗数的88.54%，已经够苗。施穗肥后N2处理增加了水稻的干物质积累量、有效穗数和穗粒数，同时显著降低了水稻的高峰苗，提高了成穗率，两年的水稻产量比CK处理分别增加了6.39% 和8.57%。同时，N2处理降低了水稻成熟期土壤水解氮的残留，水稻氮素收获指数、氮素干物质生产效率、氮素谷物生产效率、氮肥偏生产力和氮肥农学利用率分别比CK处理提高了5.63%、12.99 kg/kg、12.91 kg/kg、28.45 kg/kg和7.79 kg/kg，增幅分别达9.33%、15.56%、29.14%、59.57% 和120.77%，差异均达到显著水平。可见，水稻氮肥减量后移施用，能够显著降低水稻高峰苗，提高水稻成穗率、后期干物质含量、有效穗数、穗粒数和氮肥农学利用效率，从而提高产量。在西南地区烟后稻田养鱼模式下，茬口土壤全氮和水解氮分别在1.79 g/kg和160.02 mg/kg以上，水稻采用总施氮为 120 kg/hm²，按分蘖肥∶促花肥∶保花肥=0∶5∶5比例的施用，可以实现水稻减氮33.3%、增产6.39% 以上的目标。