利用钼值作为冬小麦缺钼土壤诊断指标的探讨

连续2年的盆栽试验结果说明,冬小麦产量随土壤有效钼含量或钼值提高而增加,当钼值大于8.0时,冬小麦籽粒产量大于最高产量的90％,冬小麦施钼增产不显著;结合多年以各地土壤进行的盆栽、田间试验结果说明,冬小麦施钼增产效果与土壤有效钼含量相关性不大,但冬小麦施钼增产率随土壤钼值提高而下降,钼值作为冬小麦土壤钼有效性指标能适用于不同土壤条件,拟定钼值8.0～8.5是冬小麦施钼的临界值。     

延安地区农作物施钼与人体健康的关系

钼是生命必需的微量元素，我国土壤含钼范围为０．１－６．０ｍｇ／ｋｇ，有效钼含量从痕迹至０．６５ｍｇ／ｋｇ。农作物正常含钼量０．１－２０ｍｇ／ｋｇ。大豆，玉米，小麦，谷子施钼可使籽粒钼的含量比照增加０．０５６－１２．９ｍｇ／ｋｇ。大豆，小麦施钼比对照可降低硝酸盐，亚硝酸盐含量２．７－６．７％。     

施钼对大豆与间作玉米增加氮素及产量的效果

钼是豆科作物固氮酶复合体组成的必需元素。我国有较多土壤的有效钼含量低，不少研究已证明施用钼肥可使豆科作物明显增产。国外近期的研究指出，豆科作物固定的氮可被间作的高梁、玉米等作物吸收。本文介绍了对大豆与玉米间作体系中施钼肥的研究结果，证明施钼不仅增加了大豆的固氮量及产量，而且还增加了玉米对氮的吸收量与产量。因此，推广应用该措施对粮食增产具有重要意义。     

溧阳白土上小麦施钾效应的研究

苏南丘陵及圩区由黄土母质及湖积物发育的水稻土中所占面积很大，仅溧阳市就占总面积的４２％，土壤供钾能力低，是江西省施用钾肥的重点地区之一。近年的研究结果表明，施钾可使小麦增产４０．７ｋｆ／亩－９０．０ｋｇ／亩，增产率达到１９．１％－４２．３％，显著高于７０年代。     

阿勒泰地区土壤微量元素状况与施微肥效果

通过土壤化验证实，阿勒泰地区土壤极度缺钼，大部分土壤缺锌、硼、部分土壤缺锰，铁。田间试验表明，小麦施锰肥可提高单产10．21％玉米施锌可提高单产9．95％，大豆，花芸豆施钼以可分别提高单产16．7％、14．7％。油葵施硼肥可提高单产18．5％。     

河西走廓水浇地定位连施氯化铵对作物产量和质量的影响

６年定位试验表明，河西水浇地上连施扫化铵对作物增产效果与其他非氯氮肥有着等量等效的作用，且在平产范围内增产率略胜一筹，比尿素，硝酸铵增加２．２－５．３个百分点，定位连施６年后测定，土壤中Ｃｌ＾－残留很少，０－４０ｃｍ土层残留率为３．７％－６．６％，所以６年连施对作物生长发育，养分吸收，品质性状无不良影响。     

河西走廊富钾土壤钾肥效应及钾素平衡的长期定位研究

带状间作4年定位试验表明，增施化学K肥平均增产17．0％－20．3％，土粪基础上K肥增产时限推迟2年。连续18年小麦、玉米定位轮作试验表明，土壤K素能保证2个轮作期（每轮3年）作物K素需求，第3－6轮作期施K平均增产10．3％－30．7％，增效与试验历程呈正相关，增施土粪土壤K素平均每年亏缺135．0－335．5kg/hm^2；增施化学K肥平均每年亏缺97．4－335．7kg/hm^2；等量土粪和化学K肥配合施用年均亏缺76．5－268．0kg/hm^2。无K投入时，连续种植作物土壤速效钾年均减少2．6－17mg/kg，施土粪带田速效钾年均下降7.5mg/kg，轮作田略有提高。在土粪基础上增施化学K肥能保持和提高土壤速效钾，土壤缓效钾下降速率是速效钾的6.5-8.2倍。     

阿勒泰地区土壤有效钼含量状况与施钼肥效果

豆科植物对土壤中钼的丰缺十分敏感。近几年我区豆科作物面积不断扩大 ,已达到5 0 6 6 6 .7hm2 ,占总播面积 48.41 %。因此有必要对我区土壤有效钼含量及钼肥效果进行探讨。1　土壤有效钼含量状况全地区在阿勒泰、布尔津、哈巴河、吉木乃、福海、官蕴、青河共采集了 77个耕层土     

黄土区旱地长期施用微肥对小麦产量的影响

以已进行18年的微量元素肥料定位试验为背景，研究了长期施用微肥条件下小麦的增产效应。施入微肥后，籽粒，秸秆中微量元素含量增加。长期定位施用硼肥平均增产112.8kg/(hm^2.a)，增产率达4．5％，施用锌肥平均增产110．4kg/(hm^2.a)，增产率达4．4％，施用锰肥平均增产92．2kg/(hm^2.a)，增产率达3．7％，施用铜肥平均增产188．5kg/(hm^2.a)，增产率达7．6％，在不同降水年型微肥的增产作用不同，硼肥在常态年增产作用显著，增产率为8．0％，干旱年增产率为2％，丰水年不增产；锌肥在不同降水年型增产作用较为稳定，常态年增产为4．3％，干旱年增产率为7％，丰水年增产率为5．4％，锰肥丰水年增产显著，增产率为9．0％，常态年，干旱年增产率分别为2．7％、1．3％，铜肥在常态年，干旱年增产率分别为10．7％、9．5％，丰产年不增产，在目前微肥价格下，施用硼，锌，锰，铜微肥有效好的经济效益。     

浙中红壤有效硼水平及油菜硼素营养

１８个供试土壤平均有效硼含量为０．５３ｍｇ／ｋｇ。油菜ＮＰＫＢ处理平均产量为１８７２．３ｋｇ／ｈｍ＾２,ＮＰＫ区（无硼）相对产量为６６．１％,施硼油菜平均增产６１１．４ｋｇ／ｈｍ＾２,增产率达４８．５％,生产百千克油菜籽需硼量为５．０７ｇ,土壤供硼率为６２．７％。硼肥的当季平均利用率为４．３％,土壤有效硼含量与无硼区油菜籽相对产量呈极显著相关,ｒ＝０．５９９１,ｎ＝１８;与油菜施硼增产量之间达极显     

Role of selenium in mitigation of cadmium toxicity in pepper grown in hydroponic condition

Selenium (Se) is an essential element for humans but is not considered as essential for plants. However, its beneficial role in improving plant growth and stress tolerances is well established. In order to study the role of Se in cadmium (Cd) toxicity in pepper (Capsicum frutescens cv. Suryankhi Cluster), this experiment was carried out in greenhouse conditions. Treatments comprised Cd [0, 0.25, and 0.5 mM cadmium chloride (CdCl₂)] and Se [0, 3, and 7 µM sodium selenite (Na₂SeO₃)] with three replications. The result showed that Cd decreased chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and carotenoids, whereas Se supplementation diminished Cd toxicity on photosynthetic pigment. Selenium at 7 µM significantly increased the leaf area in the plants grown at 0.25 mM Cd. The application of Se at 3 µM with 0.25 mM Cd and Se at 3 µM and Se at 7 µM with 0.5 mM Cd increased the activity of catalase (CAT). Selenium at 7 µM decreased the proline content of pepper leaves exposed to Cd at 0.5 mM (30%). Selenium significantly enhanced the antioxidant activity of leaves, which was diminished by Cd toxicity. In general, Se has a beneficial effect on plant growth and is an antioxidant enzyme of pepper cv. Suryankhi Cluster under Cd stress and non-stress conditions.     

红壤区不同肥力水稻土根际硝化作用特征

通过根际培养箱(三室)——速冻切片技术研究了红壤地区高、低两种肥力下水稻苗期根表、根际和土体土壤矿质态氮含量和硝化强度,以及水稻生长、氮素积累的差异。结果表明,肥力水平对水稻根表和根际土壤铵态氮(NH4+-N)含量无显著影响,但高肥力显著提高土体土壤NH4+-N含量,以及根表、根际和土体土壤硝态氮(NO3--N)含量及硝化强度。两种肥力水稻土硝化强度最大值均出现在距根表2 mm处,分别为0.20和0.31μmol kg-1 h-1。土体土壤硝化强度随距根表距离增加而降低,低肥力土壤在距根表10～40mm处时硝化强度接近本底值,而高肥力土壤在距根表20～40 mm处时接近本底值。与不种水稻的CK相比,种植水稻显著提高根际土壤硝化强度。高肥力能显著改善水稻生长,增加植株氮素积累量,尤其显著促进根系生长及通气组织发育。由于红壤稻田肥力水平的差异造成水稻根际硝化强度以及水稻吸收NO3-的差异,导致高肥条件下水稻显示出更强的生长势和氮素吸收利用能力。因此,合理提高红壤稻田肥力水平对改善红壤区水稻根际土壤硝化作用及水稻氮素营养具有重要意义。     

自由基在鸡肾病发生中的作用研究

肾病即急性肾小管坏死.鸡肾病在养鸡生产中极为常见,尤其近年来,鸡肾病的发生日益增多,由于其发生机制不清楚,临床治疗鸡肾病的依据不足,致使治疗效果不佳,为此,提出本研究以探讨鸡肾病的发生机制,为本病防治提供理论依据.     

Accumulation of copper in soils and leaves of tomato plants in greenhouses in Turkey

Copper (Cu)‐containing fertilizers, fungicides, and bactericides has been used extensively in the greenhouses in the Antalya province in recent decades with the use of such materials tending to increase year by year. The level of DTPA‐extractable Cu was determined in 210 soils (0–20 and 20–40 cm depth) and 105 leaf samples obtained from 105 tomato greenhouses. The DTPA‐extractable Cu contents of the soils taken from the 0–20 depth ranged between 0.76 and 88.03 mg kg^‐1 (mean 7.79 mg kg^‐1). The percentage of soils containing DTPA‐extractable Cu greater than the critical toxicity level (20 mg kg^‐1) was 8.1. The Cu content of tomato leaf samples ranged between 2.4 and 1,490 mg kg^‐1 (mean 166.5 mg kg^‐1). The Cu concentration in leaf samples was very high due to the intensive use of foliar applied Cu‐containing chemicals. As a consequence, 24.8% of the leaf tomato samples analyzed contained over 200 mg Cu kg^‐1, the maximum accepted tolerance level. Therefore, it may be necessary to reduce the use of Cu‐containing pesticides and fertilizers, or at least reduce the amount of Cu‐containing fertilizers being used in those greenhouses where Cu‐containing pesticides have been or are being used.     

Occurrence of Sexual Hormones in Sediments of Mangrove in Brazil

The presence of sexual hormones (female estrogens) was assessed in sediments of a mangrove located in the urban region of southern Brazil. The estrogens are involved in human sexual reproduction. They act as the chemical messengers, and they are classified as natural and synthetic. The estrogens inputs in the environment are from treated and untreated sewage. The presence of estrogens in sewage is excretion from the female due to natural production and use of contraceptives (synthetic estrogens). With the indiscriminate release of sewage into the environment, estrogens can be found in rivers, lakes, and even in oceans. In this work, the presence of estrone (E1), 17-??-estradiol (E2), and 17-??-ethynilestradiol (EE2) in eight sedimentary stations in Itacorubi mangrove located on Santa Catarina Island, south Brazil, was investigated. Historically, the Itacorubi mangrove has been impacted by anthropogenic activities because the mangrove is inserted in the urban area of the Florianopolis. The estrogen EE2, used as contraceptive, had the highest concentration in mangrove sediment, 129.75?±?3.89 ng/g. E2 was also found, with its concentration ranging from 0.90?±?0.03 to 39.77?±?1.19 ng/g. Following the mechanism, under aerobic or anaerobic conditions, E2 will first be oxidized to E1, which is further oxidized to unknown metabolites and finally to CO₂ and water (mineralized). EE2 is oxidized to unknown metabolites and also finally mineralized. Theoretically, under anaerobic conditions, EE2 can be reduced to E1 even in environments such as mangrove which is essentially anaerobic.     

Meta-analysis in the Selection of Groups in Varieties of Citrus

Brazil is the largest producer of oranges (Citrus sinensis) in the world. The nutrient management of tree orchards is designed from experiments with a limited number of varieties. This knowledge is transferred to other varieties by diagnosing tissue nutrient composition and tree demand. Compositional data analysis has been first applied to tissue analysis of agricultural crops using centered log ratios with compositional nutrient diagnosis (CND-clr). The isometric log ratio (ilr) transformation is a new approach based on binary nutrient ratios and the principle of orthogonality (CND-ilr). We analyzed eleven nutrients: nitrogen (N), sulfur (S), phosphorus (P), potassium (K), calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), boron (B), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), manganese (Mn), and iron (Fe) in leaf tissue samples across 108 commercial plots (thirty-one grow Valencia, twenty-two Hamlim, twenty Pera, and thirty-five Natal). Nutrients were partitioned between macro- and micronutrients as well as anionic and cationic species. The effect size of varieties over Valencia was quantified by the mean and standard deviation of ilr values across ilr coordinates. Specific varietal nutrient profiles and ilr norms were defined. The nutrient profile of orange varieties could be classified into homogeneous groups to take advantage of fertilizer trials conducted on varieties of the same group. The Aitchison distance and a perturbation vector could be instrumental for diagnostic purposes and nutrient management.     

旱地果园水肥管理模式研究进展

分析了旱地果园水肥管理模式的研究进展和存在问题,指出水肥胁迫尤其是水钾已成为旱区果树高产稳产优质化的主要限制因子。在系统探讨旱地果园水分管理、养分管理、综合管理以及果树叶营养综合诊断施肥标准的基础上,提出了旱地果园的高效水肥管理模式。     

Effect of iron-quercetin complex on reduction of nitrite in in vitro and in vivo systems

This study investigated whether reducing agents such as quercetin and iron(II) facilitate formation of nitric oxide (NO) gas from orally ingested nitrite in an vivo study. When 3 mg/kg Na (15)NO2 was orally administered to rats with or without iron(II) or quercetin, Hb (15)NO, which is indicative of systemic (15)NO, was detected in the blood, with the maximum blood concentration of Hb (15)NO at 15 min after nitrite or nitrite plus quercetin treatment, whereas after administration of nitrite plus iron(II) or nitrite plus iron(II) and quercetin, the time was shortened to 10 min. Interestingly, iron(II), quercetin, or iron(II) plus quercetin did not affect the total amount of Hb (15)NO generated from orally administered Na (15)NO2. However, the systemic nitrite concentration was significantly decreased in the presence of iron(II) or iron(II) plus quercetin. These results may indicate that iron(II) is critical to the generation of NO gas from nitrite, whereas quercetin contributed little under the in vivo experimental conditions.     

Role of aldehyde oxidase in the hepatic in vitro metabolism of 3-methylindole in pigs

The metabolism of 3-hydroxy-3-methylindolenine (HMI), a recently discovered metabolite of 3-methylindole (3MI, skatole) produced by porcine liver microsomes, was investigated in vitro using porcine liver cytosol. HMI was rapidly metabolized to a single product, 3-hydroxy-3-methyloxindole (HMOI), by porcine cytosol. By the use of the selective inhibitors menadione and quinacrine, it was shown that the enzyme responsible for the oxidation of HMI into HMOI was aldehyde oxidase (AO; aldehyde:oxygen oxidoreductase, EC 1.2.3.1). The activity of AO in the conversion of HMI to HMOI was measured in a population of pigs (n = 30) with a wide range of 3MI levels in back fat (0.07-0.30 mg/kg). AO activity was found to be negatively correlated (r = -0.70; P < 0.001) with the level of 3MI in fat. The results of the present study suggest that AO plays an important role in the metabolism of 3MI in the pig and that its catalytic activity is related to an adequate 3MI clearance.     

Role of hydrocolloids in the creaming of oil in water emulsions

The influence of guar gum and xanthan gum on the creaming of 10% oil in water emulsions has been investigated. The presence of very low concentrations of the polysaccharides (typically < approximately 0.075%) was found to induce depletion flocculation of the emulsion droplets and increased the rate of creaming. However, at higher polysaccharide concentrations (typically > approximately 0.1%) the creaming rate was reduced due to the increased viscosity of the aqueous phase. For most systems a delay period was noted before creaming started, which was found to be dependent on the zero shear viscosity of the continuous phase and independent of polysaccharide type. The delay period increased significantly at zero shear viscosities approaching 1 Pa s. A mathematical model has been used to fit the creaming rate profiles and a simple exponential relationship obtained between delay time and polysaccharide concentration.