转基因植物释放Bt毒素的土壤环境行为与生物学效应

Bt(Bacillus thuringiensis)杀虫晶体蛋白基因是植物抗虫基因工程中应用最广泛的基因,随着大批转Bt基因作物的商品化,Bt毒素对土壤生态系统的影响已引起了人们的高度关注。本文对转基因植物释放Bt毒素的土壤环境行为与生物效应进行了综述,包括Bt毒素蛋白进入土壤的途径、在土壤中的运动、与土壤颗粒的结合与存留及其对土壤生物和土壤酶的影响。     

转CryIAb水稻对稻田杂草群落组成及多样性的影响

尽管基因工程技术可以增加作物产量, 但转基因作物是否对农田生态产生影响受到广泛关注。本研究通过田间定位试验, 应用群落生态学方法研究了转CryIAb基因抗虫水稻"Mfb"连续2年在传统栽培和半野生条件下对稻田杂草群落组成及多样性的影响。调查结果显示: 转CryIAb基因稻"Mfb"与非转基因稻"明恢86"田间杂草种类没有显著差异。稻田杂草的频度和密度与栽培方式有关, 半野生稻田杂草的频度和密度显著高于传统稻田, 但相同栽培条件下, 转基因稻"Mfb"与非转基因稻"明恢86"田间杂草频度和密度在整个生长期内均无显著差异。半野生稻田物种丰富度(Sr)指数明显大于传统稻田; 相同栽培条件下, 相同生长时期抗虫转基因水稻"Mfb"与其非转基因对照"明恢86"对稻田杂草群落丰富度的影响差异不显著。稻田杂草群落优势度(D)、均匀度(J)以及多样性(H)各处理、各生长时期内转基因稻与非转基因稻相比均没有显著差异。稻田杂草Shannon-Wiener多样性指数变化无明显规律, 相同栽培方式相同生长期的抗虫转基因水稻"Mfb"与其非转基因对照"明恢86"的Shannon-wiener指数差异不显著。综合上述分析, 转CryIAb基因抗虫稻对稻田杂草群落的组成及多样性没有显著影响。     

作物转Bt抗虫基因育种研究进展

本文概述了Bt抗虫基因的特性及其人工合成和转导技术 ,并根据转Bt基因作物种质的特点和遗传缺陷 ,总结了进行转Bt基因作物育种改良的策略 ,介绍了国内外转Bt基因植株鉴定、筛选技术和育出的优良品系及商业化生产状况 ,讨论了Bt抗虫基因在育种应用中存在的问题及其解决途径     

转Bt基因作物对丛枝菌根真菌的影响研究进展

在过去的十年里，世界范围内转基因作物尤其是抗虫性转Bt基因作物的品种和种植面积迅速增加。同时，转Bt基因作物的环境安全性评价问题成为人们关注和研究的热点。丛枝菌根真菌（AMF）是生态系统中普遍存在的土壤微生物，能与绝大多数植物种类形成共生关系，在农业生态系统中起重要作用。转Bt基因作物环境释放后，其与AMF问的共生关系是否受所转入Bt基因的影响，以及影响机制需要及时研究。为此，综述了转Bt基因作物与AMF共生特征方面的研究进展，并根据Bt毒素发生的空间和时间规律提出了危害机制以及转Bt基因植物的规模化种植将降低农田系统中的AMF的生物多样性的观点。     

Bt毒蛋白抗虫植物基因工程研究（综述）

本文简要回顾了苏云金芽孢杆菌杀虫晶体蛋白基因在抗虫植物基因工程研究中的进展情况。包括Ｂｔ基因分类,Ｂｔ基因的结构和特性,Ｂｔ毒蛋白的杀虫机理,昆虫对Ｂｔ产生抗性的机制以及抗虫转基因植物的研究,并对其农业生产上的应用进行了展望。     

转基因食品与食品安全

(一)中国市场上会出现带转基因标识的食 品吗 农业转基因生物,即利用基因工程技术改 变基因组构成,用于农业生产或者农产品加工 的植物、动物、微生物及其产品。目前,我国转 基因作物耕种面积已有100多万亩,继美国、阿 根廷、加拿大之后列第4位,但主要种植的是抗 病毒的烟草和抗虫棉。到目前为止,国内还没 有一例大宗转基因粮油作物获准进入商品化生 产,只有一些科研机构有小面积的转基因作物     

转基因水稻秸秆还田对土壤硝化反硝化微生物群落的影响

转基因作物可能通过根系分泌物和植株残体组成的改变及外源基因的转移释放令土壤微生物群落产生变化,影响土壤微生物的生态功能。氨氧化细菌和反硝化细菌是驱动土壤硝化和反硝化过程的关键微生物,其群落结构的变化直接关系土壤氮素的转化与利用。本研究利用荧光定量PCR和PCR-DGGE技术分析了转cry1Ac/cpti双价抗虫基因水稻‘Kf8’秸秆还田降解过程中,土壤氨氧化细菌和反硝化细菌群落丰度与组成的变化,探讨转基因水稻是否存在影响稻田土壤氮素转化与N2O排放的可能。结果显示:无论是氨氧化细菌amo A基因还是反硝化细菌nirS基因,其丰度在转基因水稻‘Kf8’与非转基因水稻‘Mh86’的秸秆还田土壤中都没有显著差异;转基因水稻‘Kf8’和非转基因水稻‘Mh86’秸秆还田降解过程中0~10 cm土层中的amo A基因丰度均显著高于10~20 cm及20~30 cm土层(P0.05);各深度土层中的nirS基因丰度均存在随秸秆还田时间延长而增加的趋势。水稻秸秆还田降解过程中,转基因水稻‘Kf8’的土壤氨氧化细菌和反硝化细菌的群落多样性指数及组成,均与非转基因水稻‘Mh86’没有显著差异。相关分析结果表明土壤氨氧化细菌和反硝化细菌群落组成均与水稻秸秆还田时间存在显著相关性(P=0.002),反硝化细菌群落组成还与土层深度显著相关(P=0.024)。本研究表明转cry1Ac/cpti抗虫基因水稻秸秆还田对稻田土壤硝化和反硝化关键微生物群落不会产生明显影响。就土壤微生物群落而言,转cry1Ac/cpti抗虫基因水稻秸秆还田不存在影响土壤氮素转化与N2O排放的可能。     

导入外源Bt基因与受体作物次生代谢物质的交互关系研究

转Bt基因作物是目前商品化进程最快的转基因作物之一,外源Bt基因的导入为培育有效控制有害生物的作物品种提供了新的手段,但外源基因的导入一定程度上改变了作物自身的基因序列,可能引起作物的代谢过程发生改变。本文对转Bt基因作物中导入的Bt基因所产生的杀虫蛋白与作物自身次生代谢物质含量及其效应的关系进行简要综述,结果表明基因的改造和重组已经影响到转Bt基因作物的一些代谢过程。     

福建省转基因抗虫稻田节肢动物群落多样性研究

试验研究转MH86^CpTI基因抗虫水稻和转MH86^CpTI＋Bt双价基因抗虫水稻稻田节肢动物群落的多样性，结果表明：转基因稻田节肢动物群落可分为先锋群落、郁闭未稳定群落和郁闭稳定群落3个阶段；在水稻灌浆期到蜡熟期，转基因水稻稽田中每次采得的节肢动物的物种数为CK〉MH86^CpTI〉MH86^CpTI＋Bt，个体数量大小为CK〉MH86^CpTI〉MH86^CpTI＋Bt，总体多样性指数与均匀性指数均为CK〉MH86^CpTI〉MH86^CpT＋Bt；转基因水稻稻田节肢动物群落的多样性与常规稻相比未见明显差异。在水稻生育前期与后期，转基因抗虫水稻田害虫优势度最高的分别为电光叶蝉和褐飞虱。     

中国批准转基因水稻商业化迈出全球农业生物技术一大步

2009年12月1日在中国生物安全网上公布的"2009年第二批农业转基因生物安全证书批准清单"上,华中农业大学申报的转抗虫基因水稻品种榜上有名.经过严格的实验研究、中间试验、环境释放、生产性试验和申请生产应用安全证书等阶段的多年安全性评价,华中农业大学申报的转抗虫基因水稻品种华恢1号和杂交种Bt汕优63获得了中国农业生物安全委员会的批准.这一事件被美国生物技术信息委员会组织的相关专家评选为2009年度对未来全球农业生物技术具有重要意义和影响的三件大事之一.<华尔街日报>声称这一批准意味着中国政府在亚洲数十亿人的主食作物中允许使用生物技术迈出了重要一步.     

Excretion of (14)C-fumonisin B(1), (14)C-hydrolyzed fumonisin B(1), and (14)C-fumonisin B(1)-fructose in rats.

14C-Fumonisin B(1) (FB(1)) was produced by Fusarium proliferatum M-5991 in modified Myro liquid medium and purified to >95% purity with a specific activity of 1.7 mCi/mmol. Nine male and nine female F344/N rats were each dosed by gavage with 0.69 micromol of (14)C-FB(1), (14)C-hydrolyzed FB(1), or (14)C-FB(1)-fructose/kg body weight. Urinary excretion of (14)C-FB(1) and (14)C-FB(1)-fructose was 0.5% and 4.4% of the total dose, respectively, and was similar between male and female rats. Urinary excretion of (14)C-hydrolyzed HFB(1) was significantly greater (P > 0.05) in female rats as compared with male rats (17.3% vs 12.8% of the total dose, respectively). There were no significant (P > 0.05) differences in biliary excretion of the three fumonisin compounds with a mean of 1. 4% of the dose excreted at 4 h after dosing. Lesser amounts continued to be excreted up to 9.25 h after dosing. Although biliary excretion of the (14)C-FB(1), (14)C-hydrolyzed FB(1), and (14)C-FB(1)-fructose was similar, increased urinary excretion of the (14)C-hydrolyzed FB(1) as compared to (14)C-FB(1) and (14)C-FB(1)-fructose indicated a greater absorption of the hydrolyzed form.     

Identification of oxidation products of (-)-epigallocatechin gallate and (-)-epigallocatechin with H(2)O(2)

(-)-Epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) and (-)-epigallocatechin (EGC) are two important antioxidants in tea. They also display some antitumor activities, and these activities are believed to be mainly due to their antioxidative effects. However, the specific mechanisms of antioxidant action of tea catechins remain unclear. In this study are isolated and identified two novel reaction products of EGCG and one product of EGC when they were reacted separately with H(2)O(2). These products are formed by the oxidation and decarboxylation of the A ring in the catechin molecule. This study provides unequivocal proof that the A ring of EGCG and EGC may also be an antioxidant site. This study also indicates an additional reaction pathway for the oxidation chemistry of tea catechins.     

Zinc regulation in Blackbeans (Phaseolus vulgaris (L.))

Abstract

Blackbeans (Phaseolus vulgaris (L.) var ‘Black Turtle') were grown on a Lakeland soil in a factorial growth chamber experiment with 0 and 8 ppm added Zn; 0, 20, 40, 80, and 160 ppm added P; and under two temperature regimes ‐ a 28°C/23°C (day/night) temperature and a 20°C/15°C (day/night) temperature. Blackbeans were also grown at two field sites in Southern Manitoba which were selected for their low supply of available zinc. Zinc, at 0 and 15 kg/ha, and phosphorus, at 0, 100, 200, 400, and 800 kg P₂0₅/ha vere disced into the soil in a factorial experiment.

Blackbean zinc uptake was much greater at the higher temperature, while phosphorus uptake was not similarly affected by temperature. Blackbean phosphorus uptake was regulated by the plant when sufficient Zn was present but was not regulated at low plant Zn levels. At low blackbean Zn levels, plant uptake of phosphorus further decreased blackbean Zn uptake. Blackbean Zn uptake was not affected by phosphorus concentration as long as Zn levels remained sufficiently high.     

Ahipa (Pachyrhizus ahipa (Wedd.) Parodi) in Bolivia

A field survey/collection trip to Bolivia was carried out in 1994 in order to examine the present status of the leguminous tuber/root crop Pachyrhizus ahipa. The germplasm available prior to the field trip was very limited, only one accession of known origin and two of unknown origin were available for genetic analysis and agronomic evaluation. However, in order to ensure that information on cultivation practices, genetic variation and the need for conservation initiatives would become available to the biosystematic Yam Bean Project (funded by the EU/STD3 Programme), a detailed questionnaire was developed and used in the survey. The field trip succeeded in establishing the urgent need for conservation measurements, the considerable genetic variation available within the extant landraces, and the objectives of any future breeding programme. This species possesses numerous agronomically attractive traits.     

PCR-RFLP authentication of meats from red deer (Cervus elaphus), fallow deer (Dama dama), roe deer (Capreolus capreolus), cattle (Bos taurus), sheep (Ovis aries), and goat (Capra hircus)

PCR-RFLP analysis has been applied to the identification of meats from red deer (Cervus elaphus), fallow deer (Dama dama), roe deer (Capreolus capreolus), cattle (Bos taurus), sheep (Ovis aries), and goat (Capra hircus). PCR amplification was carried out using a set of primers flanking a conserved region of approximately 712 base pairs from the mitochondrial 12S rRNA gene. Restriction site analysis based on sequence data from this DNA fragment permitted the selection of MseI, MboII, BslI, and ApoI endonucleases for species identification. The restriction profiles obtained when amplicons were digested with the chosen enzymes allowed the unequivocal identification of all domestic and game meat species analyzed in the present work.     

(三唑基-~(14)C-)粉锈宁的标记合成

本文报道了(三唑基-14C)-粉锈宁的制备。由14C-甲酸和重碳酸氨基胍形成(5-14C)-3-氨基-1,2,4-三唑,再经重氮化脱氨得到(5-14C)-1,2,4-三唑,最后再与对氯酚和二氯片呐酮反应得到(三唑基-14C)-粉锈宁。放化收率为26％(从甲酸-14C计),放化纯度大于95％。     

Chemoenzymatic synthesis of homochiral (R)- and (S)-karahanaenol from (R)-limonene

Terpinolene oxide, a monoterpene belonging to the p-menthane group, is easily derived from naturally abundant (R)-limonene. It was isomerized with montmorillonite clay catalyst to karahanaenone (2,2, 5-trimethylcyclohept-4-en-1-one) by ring enlargement. The enantiomers of the corresponding alcohol, karahanaenol (2,2, 5-trimethylcyclohept-4-en-1- ol), known for their individual organoleptic properties, were resolved through Pseudomonas cepacia lipase mediated enantiospecific alcoholysis of its acetate derivative.     

Competition from Cu(II), Zn(II) and Cd(II) in Pb(II) Binding to Suwannee River Fulvic Acid

This is a study of trace metal competition in the complexation of Pb(II) by well-characterized humic substances, namely Suwannee River Fulvic Acid (SRFA) in model solutions. It was found that Cu(II) seems to compete with Pb(II) for strong binding sites of SRFA when present at the same concentration as Pb(II). However, Cd(II) and Zn(II) did not seem to compete with Pb(II) for strong binding sites of SRFA. These two metals did compete with Pb(II) for the weaker binding sites of SRFA. Heterogeneity of SRFA was found to play a crucial role in metal–SRFA interactions. The environmental significance of this research for freshwater is that even at relatively low Pb(II) loadings, the metals associated with lead in minerals, e.g. Cu(II), may successfully compete with Pb(II) for the same binding sites of the naturally occurring organic complexants, with the result that some of the Pb(II) may exist as free Pb²⁺ ions, which has been reported to be one of the toxic forms of Pb in aquatic environment.     

Synthesis of (Diethyl-d(10)) coumaphos and related compounds

Two deuterated insecticides were prepared for use as internal standards for gas-liquid chromatographic-mass spectrometric analyses. Diethyl chlorothiophosphate-d(10) was prepared by reaction of ethanol-d(6) with P(2)S(5) to give labeled diethyldithiophosphoric acid, followed by chlorination. Treatment of the acid chloride with 3-chloro-4-methyl-7-hydroxycoumarin and potassium carbonate in acetone at reflux gave labeled coumaphos. An analogous reaction with 4-methyl-7-hydroxycoumarin gave labeled potasan, and the technique should be usable for synthesis of labeled forms of other dialkyl thiophosphate insecticides.     

Theoretical speciation of ethylenediamine-N-(o-hydroxyphenylacetic)-N'-(p-hydroxyphenylacetic) acid (o,p-EDDHA) in agronomic conditions

The presence of ethylenediamine-N-(o-hydroxyphenylacetic)-N'-(p-hydroxyphenylacetic) acid (o,p-EDDHA) as the second largest component in commercial EDDHA iron chelates has recently been demonstrated. Here is reported the speciation of o,p-EDDHA by the application of a novel methodology through the determination of the complexing capacity, protonation, and Ca(2+), Mg(2+), Cu(2+), and Fe(3+) stability constants. The pM values and species distribution in solution, hydroponic, and soil conditions were obtained. Due to the para position of one phenol group in o,p-EDDHA, the protonation constants and Ca and Mg stability constants have different values from those of o,o-EDDHA and p,p-EDDHA regioisomers. o,p-EDDHA/Fe(3+) stability constants are higher than those of EDTA/Fe(3+) but lower than those of o,o-EDDHA/Fe(3+). The sequence obtained for pFe is o,o-EDDHA/Fe(3+) >/= o,p-EDDHA/Fe(3+) > EDTA/Fe(3+). o,p-EDDHA/Fe(3+) can be used as an iron chelate in hydroponic conditions. Also, it can be used in soils with limited Cu availability.