高寒草甸非生长季土壤表层水汽传输阻抗的变化特征和水热驱动

土壤表层水汽传输阻抗是估算区域蒸散的关键参数之一,但其与土壤水热参数的数量关系的研究在高寒系统中十分薄弱。利用涡度相关系统观测的2014/2015年度高寒草甸非植被生长季(11月-翌年4月)的土壤蒸发数据,基于Penman-Monteith方程反推得出非生长季土壤表层阻抗的昼(9:00-18:00)变化特征,并研究其与土壤5cm温度和土壤5cm含水量的关系。结果表明,非生长季土壤表层阻抗表现出单峰型日变化特征,其最大值一般出现在15:00前后。逐时土壤表层阻抗与土壤5cm温度呈极显著幂函数阈值关系(R2=0.38,P0.01,N=115),即土壤温度为–4.25℃时土壤表层阻抗最大;与土壤5cm含水量呈极显著指数负相关(R2=0.12,P0.01,N=115)。非生长季逐日土壤表层阻抗的变化无明显季节规律,与土壤5cm温度(R2=0.69,P0.01,N=10)和土壤5cm含水量(R2=0.27,P0.01,N=10)均表现为极显著指数负相关。相关分析表明,非生长季土壤蒸发主要受太阳总辐射(R20.50,P0.01)的控制。研究结果表明土壤温度而非土壤含水量主导着高寒草甸非生长季土壤表层阻抗的变化。     

青藏高原高寒嵩草草甸植被群落特征对退化演替的响应

以空间代替时间的方法,于2012年7月中旬-8月中旬在青藏高原祁连山南麓分别选取原生、轻度、中度和重度4种不同退化梯度的高寒嵩草（Kobresia）草甸,对其土壤理化、水分特征和植被群落进行研究,以探究高寒嵩草草甸生态功能退化过程中植被群落的变化特征.结果表明,中度退化样地的地上生物量、表层（0-10cm）土壤含水量和降水地表入渗速率显著最小（P＜0.01）,表层地下生物量、表层土壤有机质、表层田间持水量和草毡层厚度显著最大（P＜0.01）.基于退化高寒嵩草草甸群落的植被功能群和群落多样性的非度量多维排序结果表明,其退化过程可明确划分为原生植被、轻度退化、中度退化和重度退化4个阶段,冠层高度、地上生物量、草毡层厚度和降水地表入渗速率对群落变化的相对贡献较大.植被群落对退化过程的响应为非平衡型（Non-equilibrium）,群落变化的“分水岭”存在于中度退化和重度退化之间.研究结果对退化嵩草草甸的恢复措施选择具有重要的指导意义.     

不同退化程度下的高寒草甸主要温室气体通量

青藏高原高寒草甸对于气候变化和人类活动敏感而脆弱,以高寒草甸4个退化阶段:原生草甸(NM)、轻度退化草甸(LM)、中度退化草甸(MM)和重度退化草甸(HM)为研究对象,利用静态箱法研究了草甸退化对于草地主要温室气体通量的影响。结果表明:不同放牧强度对于草地温室气体通量影响显著,重度退化草甸相比原生草甸CH_4吸收显著增加(p0.05),CO_2排放能力逐渐降低,N_2O排放能力显著增强(p0.05),放牧活动对于高寒草甸的影响首先表现在植被上,而土壤环境的变化相比植被更加迟滞,因此退化年限对于草地温室气体通量至关重要。通过逐步回归分析得知,草甸甲烷通量主要影响因子为土壤紧实度、有机质、植被盖度;二氧化碳通量主要影响因子为全磷、植被盖度、全氮;氧化亚氮通量主要影响因子为有机质、紧实度、死根,高寒草甸退化演替发展到重度退化阶段时释放大量温室气体。     

放牧模式对内蒙古典型草原生长季土壤呼吸速率的影响

【目的】放牧改变了典型草原生产力和土壤养分循环,影响了植被和土壤微生物的生长状况,进而使草原土壤碳排放量发生变化。本研究通过分析不同放牧措施下内蒙古典型草原生长季土壤呼吸速率 (Rs) 的差异,了解不同放牧管理模式影响草原碳交换和碳平衡的主要途径。【方法】基于内蒙古典型草原全年放牧、休牧及禁牧三种放牧措施,于2014和2015年的7月和9月对Rs进行原位测定,并分析了不同放牧措施下Rs及其影响因子的差异。【结果】1) 三种放牧措施下,Rs表现为休牧样地 [CO₂ 2.00 μmol/(m2·s)] > 禁牧样地 [CO₂ 1.94 μmol/(m2·s)]> 全年放牧样地 [CO₂ 1.56 μmol/(m2·s)]。放牧对Rs的影响还存在季节效应,7月份放牧降低了Rs,而9月份放牧则提高了Rs。2) 与禁牧措施相比,放牧和休牧管理均降低了地上生物量(70.6%和47.3%)、土壤总碳含量(34.5%和32.0%)、土壤总氮含量(37.0%和34.5%),但休牧显著提高了根系生物量(37.2%)。全年放牧样地中土壤可溶性有机碳提高,但微生物磷脂脂肪酸含量下降。3) 7月份Rs主要与土壤湿度和地上生物量显著正相关,而9月份则与土壤温度和土壤PLFAs含量显著正相关。结构方程模型 (SEM) 结果显示,土壤温度 (0.905) 和湿度 (0.188) 通过影响微生物和根系的代谢环境对生长季Rs起主导作用,放牧通过降低土壤湿度和地上生物量对Rs有抑制作用 (–0.137)。【结论】全年放牧通过抑制微生物的生长降低了土壤呼吸速率,休牧通过提高根系生物量增加了土壤呼吸速率,说明放牧对内蒙古典型草原生长季土壤呼吸速率的影响途径因放牧模式的不同而不同。     

模拟降水氮沉降对藏北高寒草甸土壤呼吸的影响

全球范围内大气氮沉降量的升高,增加了陆地生态系统的氮输入,从而影响土壤CO₂的排放。2014年采用生长季（6-8月）喷洒添加定量NH4NO3液体的方式模拟降水氮沉降,参照中国氮沉降分布格局决定氮素添加剂量为40kgN·hm^-2·a^-1（N40）,以喷洒等量清水为对照（CK）。生长季内定期测定植物群落生物量,并利用LI-8100土壤碳通量测量系统,选两个典型晴天进行土壤呼吸速率日动态变化过程测定,同时在6月下旬-9月初定期测定土壤呼吸速率,以探究氮沉降增加对藏北高寒草甸土壤呼吸的影响。结果表明：（1）氮沉降使高寒草甸地上生物量显著增加（P<0.05）。（2）高寒草甸生长季土壤呼吸具有明显的典型日动态变化和生长季变化。典型日动态呈双峰曲线,土壤呼吸速率最大值出现在13：00-14：00和16：00;生长季变化呈单峰曲线,最大值出现在8月,生长季初期和末期土壤呼吸速率较低。（3）氮沉降极显著促进了高寒草甸的土壤呼吸,与对照相比,生长季平均土壤呼吸速率增加66.1%（P<0.001）。（4）土壤呼吸速率与土壤温度、土壤湿度和地上生物量呈极显著正相关关系（P<0.001）。（5）氮沉降对土壤呼吸的温度敏感性无显著影响。研究结果说明在高寒草甸,由于氮沉降导致地上地下生物量增加,从而导致土壤呼吸速率的增加。     

祁连山北坡草甸草原地上生物量与土壤理化性质的关系

为了揭示祁连山北坡草甸草原的地上生物量与土壤理化性质的关系,在祁连山北坡东、中、西部选择了三个典型样地,连续收集了两个生长季的野外采样数据,开展植物地上生物量与土壤理化性质的关系研究。结果表明:（1）2014年生长季每个样地的地上总生物量均大于2013年生长季的,且两个生长季的地上总生物量从东到西均依次增加;（2）土壤含水量、土壤温度、土壤有机质、有效钾、pH值在不同样地、不同生长季、不同土层差异性明显,而土壤碱解氮、有效磷相对稳定,差异性不明显;（3）地上生物量与土壤温度呈显著正相关,与土壤水分相关性不明显,与有效磷呈极显著正相关,与pH值呈显著正相关,对地上生物量影响较大的因子是地温、有效磷以及pH值。土壤养分主要通过影响土壤的理化性质来决定植被的生长,进而影响植物的生物量。     

三江源地区植被覆盖度变化及其与气候因子的关系

为揭示气候变化对三江源地区草地生态系统的影响及适应机制,研究以SPOT-VGT为基础数据,利用像元二分模型估算了三江源地区1998—2012年的植被覆盖度,分析了年最大覆盖度的变异特征,并对植被覆盖度与气候因子之间的响应关系进行了深入探讨。结果表明:在区域尺度上,15 a来研究区生长季植被覆盖度呈极显著增加的趋势（P < 0.01）,平均每年增加0.004。在草地生态系统类型上,高寒草甸植被覆盖度与生长季温度的相关关系更加密切（r=0.802,P < 0.01）;高寒草原植被覆盖度与生长季温度呈显著相关关系（r=0.515,P < 0.05）。与生长季降水量相比较,5—7月降水量对高寒草原植被覆盖度变化的影响更加关键,但在高寒草甸上却不存在这种差异。     

毛乌素沙地生物结皮对水分入渗和再分配的影响

生物结皮的发育影响着干旱半干旱区小尺度土壤水文过程。对两种自然降雨条件下（降雨量为8.5 mm和14.8 mm）的3种放牧管理类型（持续放牧地、围栏5 a禁牧区、围栏15 a禁牧区）有、无生物结皮土壤的降雨入渗速率和再分配规律进行了测定。结果如下：（1）入渗速率禁牧5 a和禁牧15 a样地的有结皮土壤的入渗速率极显著低于无生物结皮土壤。持续放牧样地上,生物结皮发育很差,其对土壤的入渗速率无显著影响。（2）入渗深度自然降雨为8.5mm的次日在持续放牧区能入渗到15～20 cm,而在禁牧5 a和禁牧15 a围栏区仅能入渗到10～15 cm。自然降雨为14.8 mm的次日在持续放牧区能入渗到30～40 cm,在禁牧5 a和禁牧15 a围栏区能入渗到20～25 cm。在无雨条件下,禁牧15 a围栏区50 cm以下土壤水分状况较禁牧5 a和持续放牧区更差。测定结果表明：生物结皮的形成降低了水分的入渗速率和自然降雨的下渗深度,使下渗水分减少,渗透深度变浅,由此可见当地高频率（84.6%）的小降雨（〈10mm）事件只能对浅根系的草本有效,这将使得草本植物生长旺盛而深根系半灌木油蒿生长不良,逐渐衰退。     

冬小麦/大葱轮作体系N_2O排放特征及影响因素研究

采用静态暗箱-气相色谱法研究了冬小麦/大葱轮作体系不同施肥处理下农田N2O排放特征及排放系数,分析了土壤湿度和土壤温度等环境因子对N2O排放的影响。结果表明,农田N2O排放高峰值主要出现在每次施肥＋灌溉或强降雨之后的一段时间,大葱生长季排放峰值高且出现的频率比小麦生长季密集;N2O排放通量变化范围为-3.85～507.11μg N·m-2·h-1,平均值为251.63μgN·m-2·h-1,对于不同施肥处理,其年度N2O排放总量介于1.71 kg N·hm-2到4.60 kg N·hm-2之间。整个轮作体系不同处理N2O排放系数介于0.31%到0.48%之间,均值为0.43%;相对比农民习惯（FP）处理,优化施肥（OPT）、优化减氮（OPT-N）以及秸秆还田（C/N）处理均能显著减少N2O的排放,秸秆还田处理和优化减氮处理N2O排放总量比优化处理分别减少了17%和10%。在10℃〈土壤温度（T）s〈20℃时,N2O排放随温度的升高而增加;整个小麦生长季N2O排放随土壤湿度的增加而增加,且达到0.05的显著水平;大葱生长季在20℃〈Ts〈30℃时,土壤水分含量成为主要限制因素,N2O排放与土壤孔隙含水量（WFPS）呈显著指数正相关关系。秸秆还田处理作物产量高于其他处理,是具有减排增产＂双赢＂效果的农田管理措施。     

长期围栏封育对天山中部草地土壤有机碳及微生物量碳的影响

以天山中部中科院巴音布鲁克草原生态观测站三种类型草地长期（26 a）围栏封育样地为研究对象,通过野外调查取样结合室内分析的方法,研究了长期（26 a）围栏封育对草地土壤有机碳和微生物量碳含量的影响,结果表明：（1）围栏外（自然放牧条件下）,表层的土壤有机碳含量为高寒草甸（165.29 g·kg-1）〉高寒草甸草原（98.73 g·kg-1）〉高寒草原（83.54 g·kg-1）,微生物量碳含量依次为高寒草甸草原（181.70 mg·kg-1）〉高寒草甸（146.37 mg·kg-1）〉高寒草原（43.06 mg·kg-1）。围栏封育后,高寒草甸、高寒草甸草原、高寒草原表层土壤有机碳含量分别提高了11.37%、3.26%和2.21%;高寒草甸草原和高寒草甸微生物量碳含量分别增长2.89%和12.04%,而高寒草原降低40.36%。（2）从围栏内外土壤剖面来看,土壤有机碳、微生物量碳含量随着土壤深度的增加依次降低,微生物熵也随土壤深度的增加呈现降低的趋势。（3）微生物量碳含量与土壤速效钾、全磷含量达到极显著负相关（P〈0.01）,与速效磷含量达到极显著正相关（P〈0.01）,与土壤有机碳、全氮、全钾含量呈显著正相关（P〈0.05）与土壤速效氮含量正相关,但不显著。     

Response of ecosystem respiration to warming and grazing during the growing seasons in the alpine meadow on the Tibetan plateau

Intensive studies reveal that there is much uncertainty regarding how ecosystem and soil respiration will respond to warming and grazing, especially in the alpine meadow ecosystem. We conducted a first of its kind field-manipulative warming and grazing experiment in an alpine meadow on the Tibetan plateau to determine the effects of warming and grazing on ecosystem and soil respiration for 3-years, from 2006 to 2008. Generally, warming and grazing did not affect seasonal average ecosystem respiration (Re), and there was no interaction between grazing and warming. However, they significantly affected the Re early in the growing season and by the end of the growing season. Warming significantly increased seasonal average soil respiration (Rs) by 9.2%, whereas the difference mainly resulted from data gathered early in the growing season, before June 2007. Positive correlations between soil temperature and Re and Rs were observed, and soil temperature explained 63-83% of seasonal Re variations during the 3-year study and 19-34% of Rs variations in 2007. Seasonal Re in 2008 and Rs in 2007 were slightly negatively correlated to soil moisture, but interannual average Re decreased with a decrease in precipitation for all treatments. Warming and grazing reduced the Q₁₀ value of Re in 2007 and 2008 but did not affect the Q₁₀ value of Rs. The Q₁₀ values of Rs were much lower than the Q₁₀ values of Re in 2007. These results suggest that grazing may reduce the temperature sensitivity of Re and that Re was mainly controlled by soil temperature rather than moisture which varied with timescale in the alpine meadow.     

人工管理措施改善了我国西部高寒沙化草甸土壤水分和碳、氮、磷含量

Regeneration of degraded grassland ecosystems is a significant issue in restoration ecology globally. To understand the effects of artificial management measures on alpine meadows, we surveyed topsoil properties including moisture, organic carbon (SOC), nitrogen (N), and phosphorus (P) contents five years after fencing and fencing + reseeding management practices in a sandy meadow in the eastern Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau, northwestern China. Both the fencing and fencing + reseeding management practices significantly increased soil moisture storage, SOC, total N, available N, total P, and available P, as compared to the unmanaged control. Fencing plus reseeding was more effective than fencing alone for improving soil C, N, and P contents. These suggested that rehabilitation by reseeding and fencing generally had favorable effects on the soil properties in degraded sandy alpine meadows, and was an effective approach for restoration of degraded meadow ecosystems of the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau.     

藏北高寒草甸温室气体排放对长期增温的响应

为深入认识高寒草甸温室气体通量对长期气候变暖的响应,利用开顶式生长室（OTC,Open Top Chamber）模拟增温2a（2Y,2015-2016年）和6a（6Y,2011-2016年）对藏北高寒草甸生长季CO₂、CH₄和N₂O通量的影响。结果表明：与对照相比,生长季（6-8月）增温6Y处理和增温2Y处理分别增加和降低高寒草甸土壤CO₂排放通量,其中7月增温6Y处理CO₂排放通量显著高于增温2Y处理;增温6Y和2Y处理增加了高寒草甸CH₄吸收通量,但是处理间差异均不显著;高寒草甸N₂O排放通量表现为增温6Y＞2Y＞CK,处理间无显著差异。环境因子与温室气体排放通量的相关分析表明,CO₂、CH₄和N₂O排放通量与0～5cm土壤温度相关不显著;土壤湿度、植物地上生物量、微生物生物量碳和蔗糖酶是影响高寒草甸CO₂排放通量的关键因子;NO₃--N是影响CH₄吸收通量的关键因素;脲酶和NO₃--N是影响N₂O排放通量的主要因子。因此,增温6Y处理通过增加植物地上部生物量、蔗糖酶活性,从而提高了土壤CO₂排放通量,增温6Y和2Y处理通过增加土壤脲酶和NO₃--N含量,从而促进了土壤N₂O排放和CH₄的吸收通量。     

Grazing intensity alters soil respiration in an alpine meadow on the Tibetan plateau

Grazing intensity may alter the soil respiration rate in grassland ecosystems. The objectives of our study were to (1) determine the influence of grazing intensity on temporal variations in soil respiration of an alpine meadow on the northeastern Tibetan Plateau; and (2) characterise the temperature response of soil respiration under different grazing intensities. Diurnal and seasonal soil respiration rates were measured for two alpine meadow sites with different grazing intensities. The light grazing (LG) meadow site had a grazing intensity of 2.55 sheep ha⁻¹, while the grazing intensity of the heavy grazing (HG) meadow site, 5.35 sheep ha⁻¹, was approximately twice that of the LG site. Soil respiration measurements showed that CO₂ efflux was almost twice as great at the LG site as at the HG site during the growing season, but the diurnal and seasonal patterns of soil respiration rate were similar for the two sites. Both exhibited the highest annual soil respiration rate in mid-August and the lowest in January. Soil respiration rate was highly dependent on soil temperature. The Q₁₀ value for annual soil respiration was lower for the HG site (2.75) than for the LG site (3.22). Estimates of net ecosystem CO₂ exchange from monthly measurements of biomass and soil respiration revealed that during the period from May 1998 to April 1999, the LG site released 2040 g CO₂ m⁻² y⁻¹ to the atmosphere, which was about one third more than the 1530 g CO₂ m⁻² y⁻¹ released at the HG site. The results suggest that (1) grazing intensity alters not only soil respiration rate, but also the temperature dependence of soil CO₂ efflux; and (2) soil temperature is the major environmental factor controlling the temporal variation of soil respiration rate in the alpine meadow ecosystem.     

Effects of seasonal grazing on soil respiration in alpine meadow on the Tibetan plateau

Little research has been conducted on how to balance plant production and soil respiration (Rs) under seasonal grazing patterns in alpine meadows. Our results from 2009 to 2012 showed that warm season grazing (WG) from June to September significantly increased aboveground net primary production compared with no‐grazing (NG), except in 2010, and compared with cold season grazing (CG) except in 2012, while there were no significant differences between NG and CG except in 2009. In both WG and CG treatments, grazing increased root biomass at 0–40 cm depth compared with NG, except in 2011. WG and CG only significantly increased seasonal Rs in 2009. Daily Rs was mainly affected by soil temperature, which explained 40–49% of the variation in daily Rs for all grazing treatments. Seasonal Rs from July to September was significantly influenced by soil temperature and root biomass, which explained 55% of the variation in seasonal Rs for all grazing treatments. Therefore, relative to NG, regardless of WG and CG, moderate grazing significantly increased plant production and had little influence on soil respiration in this alpine region.     

Temporal variability in plant and soil nitrogen pools in a high-Arctic ecosystem

This study determined temporal variability in N pools, both aboveground and belowground, across two contrasting plant communities in high-Arctic Spitsbergen, Svalbard (78°N). We measured N pools in plant material, soil microbial biomass and soil organic matter in moist (Alopecurus borealis dominated) and dry (Dryas octopetala dominated) meadow communities at four times during the growing season. We found that plant, microbial and dissolved inorganic and organic N pools were subject to significant, but surprisingly low, temporal variation that was controlled primarily by changes in temperature and moisture availability over the short growing season. This temporal variability is much less than that experienced in other seasonally cold ecosystems such as alpine tundra where strong seasonal partitioning of N occurs between plant and soil microbial pools. While only a small proportion of the total ecosystem N, the microbial biomass represented the single largest of the dynamic N pools in both moist and dry meadow communities (3.4% and 4.6% of the total ecosystem N pool, respectively). This points to the importance of soil microbial community dynamics for N cycling in high-Arctic ecosystems. Microbial N was strongly and positively related to soil temperature in the dry meadow, but this relationship did not hold true in the wet meadow where other factors such as wetter soil conditions might constrain biological activity. Vascular live belowground plant parts represented the single largest plant N pool in both dry and moist meadow, constituting an average of 1.6% of the total N pool in both systems; this value did not vary across the growing season or between plant communities. Overall, our data illustrate a surprisingly low growing season variability in labile N pools in high-Arctic ecosystems, which we propose is controlled primarily by temperature and moisture.     

Influence of nitrogen fertilization on soil ammonia oxidizer and denitrifier abundance,microbial biomass,and enzyme activities in an alpine meadow

Terrestrial ecosystems are predicted to experience an increasing level of atmospheric nitrogen (N) deposition, which may cause significant shifts in plant community composition and concomitantly stimulate soil acidification. However, little is known concerning the effects of N deposition on belowground microbial communities in alpine grassland ecosystems such as on the Tibetan Plateau. This study examined the responses of soil N-transforming microbes (measured after DNA extraction and quantitative PCR), soil microbial biomass C (SMBC) and N (SMBN), and soil enzyme activities to different forms (NH₄ ⁺-N, NO₃ ^?-N, and NH₄NO₃-N) and rates (1.5 and 7.5 g N m^?2 year^?1, denoted as low and high N, respectively) of N fertilization (addition) in two successive plant growing seasons. The N rate, not N form, influenced the abundance of ammonia-oxidizing archaea (AOA). High N addition significantly increased ammonia-oxidizing bacteria (AOB) abundance which differed across different N form treatments. Nitrogen addition had no significant impact on the abundance of soil denitrifiers. The SMBC and SMBN were significantly decreased by high N additions, but no difference was found among different N forms. Despite higher urease activities being detected in the late plant growing season, the activities of invertase and alkaline phosphomonoesterase stayed unchanged irrespective of the different N amendments and plant growing season. Significant positive correlations were found between potential nitrification rates and AOB abundances. These results highlight that AOB seemed to respond more sensitively to different N fertilization and might have prominent roles in soil N cycling processes in this Tibetan Plateau alpine meadow than AOA.