耕作措施对农田黑土入渗速率的影响

应用田间长期定位试验，研究了5种耕作措施对东北农田黑土入渗速率的影响。结果表明，传统耕作为代表的平翻和旋松耕作的垄台容重最小，表层土壤稳定入渗速率高于其它3种耕作措施，分别为9．20mm／min和7．31mm／min。免耕垄台和垄沟的容重虽较高，但均具有较高的稳定入渗速率。在夏季进行垄沟深松少耕，可显著提高垄沟的稳定入渗速率。免耕和少耕是高效的水土保持耕作措施。     

不同耕作方式土壤结构季节变化

试验于2011年通过对玉米全生育期土壤容重和团聚体的测定,分析4种黑土农田耕作方式土壤结构季节变化。结果表明:从播种到收获,传统耕作平翻(MT)和旋松(Rot)在0~20 cm土层土壤容重逐渐增大。保护性耕作少耕(RT)垄沟深松后(6月)土壤容重降低且显著低于其他耕作方式,免耕(NT)土壤容重季节差异不显著。各耕作方式1~2 mm与0.25~0.5 mm粒级团聚体季节差异不显著,2 mm团聚体平均含量表现为NTRTMTRot,且NT更容易形成5 mm团聚体。各耕作方式0.25 mm水稳定性团聚体数量(WR0.25)均随时间推移逐渐减少。MT土壤团聚体平均重量直径(MWD)季节差异不显著,10~20 cm土层几何平均直径(GMD)则表现为降低趋势,分形维数随时间推移表现出先增加后降低趋势。Rot的MWD和GMD季节变化均较小。在0~10 cm土层,RT的MWD与GMD先增加后降低,分形维数季节性变幅较大。NT处理8月份土壤团聚体的MWD和GMD最大,在0~20 cm土层,NT方式下WR0.25、MWD和GMD均大于其他耕作方式,而分形维数则小于其他耕作方式且季节变化差异不显著,NT土壤结构季节变化更稳定。     

连续14年黑土坡耕地秸秆覆盖免耕水土保持效应

为探究长期秸秆覆盖免耕对黑土坡耕地土壤结构的影响以及水土保持效应,通过秸秆覆盖免耕(NT)和传统顺坡耕作(CT)2组长期定位田间试验,对土壤结构、土壤保水能力、保土效应作对比分析。结果表明:NT与CT相应性状比较,土壤容重没有显著增加(P＞0.05),在0—20 cm土层,虽总孔隙度和非毛管孔隙度低,但增加了土壤毛管孔隙度和水稳性大团聚体(WR_0.25)含量,WR_0.25含量和平均重量直径(MWD)差异均达到显著水平(P＜0.05);分别提高了垄台土壤初始入渗和稳定入渗速率28.8%,24.7%;0—10 cm土层,饱和含水量和田间持水量差异均达到显著水平(P＜0.05);减少了产流次数、径流量和土壤流失量分别为11次,86.6%和98.9%,有效地遏制了水土流失。研究结果表明,长期连续秸秆覆盖免耕是一项有利于土壤结构稳定和遏制土壤侵蚀的黑土地保护措施。     

黑土坡耕地秸秆覆盖对表层土壤结构和导气性的影响

[目的]调查研究秸秆覆盖对黑土坡耕地表层土壤结构和导气性的影响,揭示秸秆覆盖措施对农田黑土土壤物理性状和功能的影响。[方法]利用黑土农田保护性耕作连续7a的坡耕地长期定位田间试验,系统观测秸秆覆盖免耕处理和传统耕作处理的表层0—10cm的土壤容重、孔隙度、饱和含水量、田间持水量和土壤导气率等指标,并加以分析。[结果](1)与秸秆移除传统耕作相比,秸秆覆盖免耕处理能够显著增加表层土壤容重、饱和含水量以及田间持水量,减少总孔隙度和非毛管孔隙度;(2)秸秆覆盖免耕处理使土壤水稳性团聚体显著增加,水稳性大团聚体(0.25mm)的含量、平均重量直径(MWD)和几何平均直径(GWD)分别提高了10.41%,45.28%和22.58%,且土壤表层导气性降低了30%。[结论]连续7a的秸秆覆盖免耕改善了表层土壤团粒结构,增加了保水能力,但导气性较差。     

保护性耕作对陇中黄土高原雨养农田土壤物理性状的影响

依托设置于陇中黄土高原雨养农田豆麦双序列轮作系统的保护性耕作长期定位试验,探讨不同耕作措施对土壤物理性状的影响。共设6种耕作措施:T(传统耕作)、NT(免耕不覆盖)、TS(传统耕作+秸秆还田)、NTS(免耕+秸秆覆盖)、TP(传统耕作+地膜覆盖)及NTP(免耕+地膜覆盖)。结果表明:保护性耕作可降低土壤容重,提升土壤总孔隙度,NTS处理可显著降低0-30cm各土层土壤容重,并显著提升0-30cm各土层总孔隙度和表层土壤饱和导水率;保护性耕作可增大0-30cm各土层机械稳定性和水稳性团聚体含量(≥0.25mm)、平均重量直径(MWD)和平均几何直径(GMD),NTS效果最好;容重和总孔隙度分别与产量呈极显著负相关、极显著正相关,机械稳定性团聚体的含量、MWD和GMD分别与产量呈极显著正相关、显著正相关、显著正相关;水稳性团聚体的含量、MWD和GMD均与产量呈极显著正相关。说明保护性耕作可以改善土壤结构,进而促进作物增产。     

实施16年保护性耕作下黑土土壤结构功能变化特征

通过东北典型黑土区旱作平地连续16 a保护性耕作田间长期定位试验，研究保护性耕作实施后对土壤结构功能的影响，分析土壤结构功能的生育期动态特征及其与土壤有机碳的相关关系，探究作物产量变化的原因。以玉米-大豆轮作黑土农田为研究对象，设置4个耕作处理：秸秆覆盖免耕（No-tillage with straw returning，NT）和少耕（Reduced-tillage，RT）保护性耕作；平翻（Moldboard-tillage，MT）和旋耕（Rotary-tillage，Rot）传统耕作，探讨大豆幼苗期（Seeding-stage，SS）、开花期（Flowing-stage，FlS）、鼓粒期（Filling-stage，FiS）和成熟期（Maturing-stage，MS）耕层0~20 cm土壤容重、孔隙度、水分状况以及水稳性团聚体含量对耕作方式的响应。在大豆收获后取样测定不同耕作处理土壤有机碳和地表土壤水分入渗速率。结果表明：1）NT改善并稳定土壤结构。NT可以保持容重在生育期内的相对稳定；NT可以有效克服机械压实作用；表层土壤NT水稳性大团聚体（>0.25 mm）含量最多，平均重量直径（Mean weight diameter，MWD）达到0.49 mm，高于其他耕作处理。2）NT提高土壤持水蓄水能力。NT增加表层0~5 cm土壤田间持水量；NT改善地表土壤水分入渗，整体初始入渗速率为其他处理的1.26~1.63倍，非种植带处稳定入渗速率为其他处理的2.24~6.63倍。3） NT显著增加土壤表层0~5 cm有机碳的积累，NT分别比MT、RT和Rot处理高32.59%、30.28%和25.79%。4）NT不会导致作物减产。长期连续保护性耕作尤其是秸秆覆盖免耕在改善土壤的结构功能，并显著增加表层土壤有机碳积累的同时，维持土地生产力，有效克服保护性耕作短期不良效应，提升黑土质量的作用明显。     

紫色土退化旱地的肥力恢复与重建

常规耕作的水土流失造成紫色土坡耕地土层浅薄化、土壤养分贫瘠化、土壤干旱化及土壤结构劣化等土壤肥力退化问题。 1 984～ 1 996年长期田间试验结果表明 ,聚土免耕通过垄沟网状结构可保持水土 ,其多年平均径流与土壤侵蚀模数分别为 65 7.7m3hm- 2 和5 30 .0tkm- 2 ,而常规耕作的相应值分别为 1 75 4 .0m3hm- 2 和 31 2 2 .0tkm- 2 ,通过聚土与改土结合 ,聚土免耕活土层厚度平均增加 1 1 .8cm ,聚土免耕耕作技术还通过垄沟强化培肥降低土壤容重 ,增加土壤有机质及N、P、K含量 ,改善土壤理化性状 ,恢复土壤肥力。聚土免耕作物产量比平作高 1 5 %～ 30 %。 1 996～ 1 998年秸秆覆盖实验结果表明 ,秸秆覆盖增加土壤有机质和养分含量 ,改善并维持土壤结构。聚土免耕与秸秆覆盖结合有利于土壤养分活化、土壤结构形成与维护 ,是紫色土退化旱地肥力恢复与重建的关键技术。     

耕作方法对黄土高原旱作玉米产量和土壤水温特性的影响

全膜双垄沟播是黄土高原旱作玉米主要生产技术,但此技术的土壤耕作主要依赖传统耕作和旋耕,在形成犁底层的同时造成耕层变浅,影响玉米生长、产量形成以及土壤健康。本文以打破犁底层、改善土壤结构、提高黄土高原旱地玉米(Zea may L.)产量和有限降水资源利用效率为目标,布设大田定位试验,比较研究了深松耕、免耕、旋耕和传统耕作对旱地全膜双垄沟播玉米土壤水分、温度、土壤容重、产量以及水分利用效率的影响。结果表明:全膜双垄覆盖条件下,深松耕和免耕较旋耕和传统翻耕能有效增加0~30 cm土壤贮水量,其0~30 cm土层土壤含水量较翻耕、旋耕分别增加50.0%、43.7%和14.8%、10.3%;深松耕能有效降低5~30cm土层土壤容重,其5~10 cm和10~30 cm土层土壤容重,深松耕较传统耕作分别降低10.9%和12.9%,随着土层的加深,深松耕、免耕的土壤容重呈降低趋势,旋耕和传统翻耕呈增大趋势;深松耕在苗期、拔节—抽雄期较传统翻耕分别具有明显的增温和降温作用,有利于玉米生长和产量提高;2个平水年,深松耕处理的玉米生物产量、籽粒产量和水分利用效率分别较传统翻耕增加6.1%~5.6%、18.6%~28.8%和28.1%~32.9%,具有明显的增产和提高水分利用效率的作用。因此,在黄土高原半干旱区同等降雨条件下,深松耕能有效增加全膜双垄沟播玉米的土壤贮水量,改善土壤结构,协调水温关系,有利于增产和提高水分利用效率,是全膜双垄沟播玉米一项理想的土壤耕作方法。     

长期保护性耕作对土壤有机碳和玉米产量及水分利用的影响

【目的】通过研究保护性耕作对旱地春玉米土壤有机碳(SOC)、产量及水分利用的影响,分析保护性耕作的增产机制,为旱作农田耕作技术应用提供理论和技术支持。【方法】采用2003~2013年连续11年的田间定位试验,设传统耕作(CT)、少耕(RT)和免耕(NT)3种耕作措施,分析土壤0-20 cm和20-40 cm土层有机碳含量、土壤0-20 cm含水量、作物耗水量、玉米产量和水分利用效率的年际变化和耕作处理间的差异,并对玉米产量与影响因素的相关性进行分析。【结果】1)保护性耕作能有效提高土壤有机碳含量,少耕、免耕处理0-20 cm土层有机碳含量11年平均值较传统耕作分别提高了11.2%和3.4%;至2013年少耕、免耕20-40 cm土层有机碳含量分别较传统耕作增加了5.53和3.29 g/kg;土壤0-20 cm有机碳储量净增加速率分别为C 0.365和0.754t/(hm2·a)。2)保护性耕作具有明显的增产效果,少耕产量最高,增产效果最好2003~2013年均产量为5.83t/hm~2,较传统耕作提高了14.7%;免耕次之,年均产量为5.39 t/hm~2,较传统耕作增产6.1%。3)各耕作处理玉米产量与土壤0-20 cm土层含水量之间存在显著的二次方程关系,与作物耗水量之间具有显著的乘幂方程关系。4)保护性耕作可以增加土壤水分减少玉米生育期内的耗水量,提高水分利用效率,其中免耕土壤0-20 cm土层水分含量最高2003-2013年平均含水量为15.2%,较传统耕作和少耕提高了1.90和1.66个百分点,且生育期耗水量最少2003~2013年均耗水量为403.5 mm,较传统耕作和少耕减少了16.1 mm和7.6 mm;少耕、免耕的水分利用效率较传统耕作分别提高了16.1%和10.2%,降水利用效率较传统耕作提高13.9%和5.8%。【结论】长期保护性耕作可以有效地提高土壤有机碳含量、增加土壤水分、减少作物耗水量,从而显著提高了玉米产量和水分利用效率,3种耕作措施中以少耕效果最好,免耕次之在旱作农田推广少、免耕保护性耕作措施是一种增产、节水的有效途径。     

2种保护性耕作措施对农田土壤团聚体稳定性的影响

在2种保护性耕作措施(秸秆还田和免耕)的长期定位试验(湖北省武穴市和荆州市)基础上,通过湿筛法测定不同土层(0—20cm和20—40cm)的不同粒径(5mm,2~5mm,1~2mm,0.5~1mm,0.25~0.5mm和0.25 mm)水稳性团聚体的含量,并对土壤团聚体平均重量直径(MWD)、平均几何直径(GMD)和分形维数(PSD)等进行分析,研究2种保护性耕作措施对农田土壤团聚体稳定性的影响。结果表明:秸秆还田和免耕处理均会影响土壤各级团聚体的分布状况,同时其也会增加农田表层(0—20cm)土壤粒径0.25mm团聚体的百分含量、MWD和GMD值,但是会降低PSD值。其中PSD与粒径0.25mm团聚体的含量呈极显著负相关性(武穴处理相关系数为-0.997,荆州处理相关系数为-0.993),但是MWD和GMD与粒径0.25mm团聚体的含量有显著正相关性。表明秸秆还田和免耕均会增强土壤团聚体的稳定性,有利于改善土壤结构。但秸秆还田处理的土壤粒径0.25mm团聚体百分含量、MWD和GMD值均高于免耕处理,说明秸秆还田改善土壤结构的效果要优于免耕的。秸秆还田和免耕措施相结合,土壤结构改良效果最佳。武穴和荆州两地的保护性耕作措施对于粒径0.25 mm团聚体百分含量、MWD、GMD和PSD的影响基本一致。     

No tillage and crop rotation effects on soil aggregation and organic carbon in a Rhodic Ferralsol from southern Brazil

In Brazil, no tillage (NT) is a soil conservation practice now widely adopted by farmers, including smallholders. The effect of NT and conventional tillage (disc ploughing followed by two light disc harrowings, CT) was investigated on the aggregation properties of a clayey Rhodic Ferralsol from southern Brazil under different crop rotations. The same soil type under secondary forest was used as reference. Macro- and microaggregate classes were separated by wet sieving using a series of eight sieves (8, 4, 2, 1, 0.5, 0.25, 0.125, 0.053 mm) at four sampling layers (0–5, 5–10, 10–20, 20–30 cm). The soil in general had high structural stability. At 0–5 cm, meanweight diameter (MWD, 11.1 mm) and total organic C in macroaggregates (TOC, 39 g kg⁻¹ soil) were highest for the forest soil. Soil under NT had a more similar distribution of aggregate size classes and TOC to the forest soil than CT. The most pronounced difference between tillage systems was observed in the surface soil layer (0–5 cm). In this layer, NT had higher aggregate stability (AS_NT: 96%; AS_CT: 89%), had higher values of aggregate size distribution (MWD_NT: 7.9 mm, MWD_CT: 4.3 mm), and had on average 28% greater TOC in all aggregate size classes than CT. Soil under NT had greater TOC in macroaggregates (NT: 22 g kg⁻¹; CT: 13 g kg⁻¹). Crop rotation did not have a significant effect on soil aggregate distribution and TOC. By increasing macroaggregation NT increased organic carbon accumulation in soil.     

耕作方式对长期免耕农田土壤微生物生物量碳的影响

以华北冬小麦-夏玉米两熟区长期免耕土壤为研究对象, 研究不同耕作方式(免耕、翻耕和旋耕)对长期免耕土壤微生物生物量碳(SMBC)的影响, 为制定合理的轮耕制度提供依据。试验结果表明: 长期免耕土壤进行耕作处理后SMBC 的时空分布和稳定性产生显著变化。不同耕作处理SMBC 含量在0~5 cm 和5~10 cm 土层变化明显, 小麦起身期含量最低, 收获期最高; 深层SMBC变化不明显。免耕处理SMBC 随土壤层次明显降低, 且各土壤层次SMBC 差异达显著(P<0.05)水平; 翻耕、旋耕处理0~5 cm 和5~10 cm 土层间SMBC 无明显差异, 其他层次间差异显著(P<0.05)。从生育期平均值看, 0~5 cm 土层免耕处理SMBC 含量较高, 翻耕和旋耕处理则分别比免耕降低6.7%、6.1%; 与免耕相比, 5~10 cm 土层SMBC 翻耕、旋耕处理分别增加30.2%和20.7%(P<0.01),10~20 cm 土层SMBC 翻耕、旋耕处理比免耕增加48.1%(P<0.01)和10.5%(P<0.05)。在冬小麦生育期内, 0~20 cm土层SMBC 稳定性表现为翻耕>旋耕>免耕, 20~30 cm 土层SMBC 稳定性表现为免耕>翻耕>旋耕。     

不同轮耕方式对渭北旱塬麦玉轮作田土壤物理性状与产量的影响

为研究不同轮作模式对渭北旱作冬小麦?春玉米一年1熟轮作田土壤物理性状和产量的影响,于2007—2014年在陕西省合阳县冬小麦?春玉米轮作田连续7年实施了保护性耕作定位试验,测定和分析了免耕/深松、深松/翻耕、翻耕/免耕、连续免耕、连续深松和连续翻耕6种轮耕模式下麦田0~60 cm土层物理性状、0~200 cm土层土壤湿度和小麦产量的变化。结果表明:1)不同轮耕模式0~40 cm土层土壤容重、孔隙度和田间持水量差异显著,其中以免耕/深松效果最显著;0~60 cm土层免耕/深松轮耕处理平均田间持水量较连续翻耕处理提高12.9%;2)轮耕对土壤团聚体特性影响明显,免耕/深松0.25 mm水稳性团聚体含量(R0.25)最高,结构体破碎率和不稳定团粒指数(ELT)最低,水稳性均重直径(WMWD)最高,水稳性和力稳性团聚体分形维数(D)均最低;3)小麦生育期间免耕/深松处理0~200 cm土层土壤蓄水量和小麦产量较连续翻耕分别增加17.7 mm和9.5%。综合可知,轮耕有利于耕层土壤物理结构改善,免耕/深松更有利于耕层土壤大团聚体形成和土壤结构稳定,利于土壤蓄水保墒和作物增产,为渭北旱塬区麦玉轮作田较适宜的轮耕模式。     

Denitrification and nitrous oxide to nitrous oxide plus dinitrogen ratios in the soil profile under three tillage systems

There is a growing interest in the adoption of conservation tillage systems [no-till (NT) and reduced tillage (RT)] as alternatives to conventional tillage (CT) systems. A 2-year study was conducted to investigate possible environmental consequences of three tillage systems on a 2.4-ha field located at Macdonald Research Farm, McGill University, Montreal. The soil was a sandy loam (0.5 m depth) underlain by a clay layer. Treatments consisted of a factorial combination of CT, RT, and NT with the presence or absence of crop residue. Soil NO₃^--N concentrations tended to be lower in RT than NT and CT tillage treatments. Denitrification and N₂O emissions were similar among tillage systems. Contrary to the popular assumption that denitrification is limited to the uppermost soil layer (0–0.15 m), large rates of N₂O production were measured in the subsurface (0.15–0.45 m) soil, suggesting that a significant portion of produced N₂O may be missed if only soil surface gas flux measurements are made. The N₂O mole fraction (N₂O:N₂O+N₂) was higher in the drier season of 1999 under CT than in 2000, with the ratio occasionally exceeding 1.0 in some soil layers. Dissolved organic C concentrations remained high in all soil depths sampled, but were not affected by tillage system.     

免耕和秸秆还田对东北黑土区土壤团聚体组成及有机碳含量的影响

为解决东北黑土区因不合理耕作导致的土壤结构性状变差及有机碳含量下降的问题，该研究于2015年开始，在黑龙江省哈尔滨市东北农业大学向阳试验基地开展。设置免耕+秸秆还田（NTS）、免耕（NT）、翻耕+秸秆还田（CTS）、翻耕（CT）4种处理，于2018、2019年采集土样，研究免耕措施及秸秆还田对东北薄层黑土区0～10、>10～20 cm土壤团聚体稳定性、土壤有机碳含量、各粒径团聚体内有机碳含量影响。结果表明：2018和2019年0～10、>10～20 cm土层NTS处理>5 mm水稳性团聚体百分比含量及平均重量直径（MWD）显著高于其他3种处理，NTS及NT处理土壤有机碳含量显著高于CTS及CT处理（P?<0.05），4种处理各粒径水稳性团聚体有机碳含量峰值总体出现在1～2 mm处，NTS及NT处理>5、2～5、1～2 mm有机碳贡献率整体高于CTS及CT处理。研究表明，免耕与秸秆还田有利于薄层黑土坡耕地耕层土壤团聚体稳定性的提高和各粒级下团聚体有机碳的积累，与其他3种处理相比，免耕+秸秆还田效果更佳。     

Quantifying soil respiration in response to short-term tillage practices: a case study in southern Turkey

Abstract

The study aimed at quantifying the rates of soil CO₂ efflux under the influence of common tillage systems of moldboard plow (PT), chisel plow (CT), rotary tiller (RT), heavy disc harrow (DT), and no-tillage (NT) for 46 days in October and November in a field left fallow after wheat harvest located in southern Turkey. The NT and DT plots produced the lowest soil CO₂ effluxes of 0.3 and 0.7 g m^?2 h^?1, respectively, relative to the other plots (P < 0.001). Following the highest rainfall amount of 87 mm on the tenth day after the tillage, soil CO₂ efflux rates of all the plots peaked on the 12th day, with less influence on soil CO₂ efflux in the NT plot than in the conventional tillage plots. Soil evaporation in NT (64 mmol m^?2 s^?1) was significantly lower than in the PT (85 mmol m^?2 s^?1) and RT (89 mmol m^?2 s^?1) tillage treatments (P < 0.01). The best multiple-regression model selected explained 46% of variation in soil respiration rates as a function of the tillage treatments, soil temperature, and soil evaporation (P < 0.001). The tillage systems of RT, PT, and CT led, on average, to 0.23, 0.22, and 0.18 g m^?2 h^?1 more soil CO₂ efflux than the baseline of NT, respectively (P≤0.001).     

Soil physical properties and wheat root growth as affected by no-tillage and conventional tillage systems in a Mediterranean environment of Chile

No-tillage systems affect soil properties depending on the soil, climate, and the time since its implementation. In heavy no-tilled soils a surface compacted layer is commonly found. Such layer can affect root growth and soil water infiltration. In several cases, surface organic carbon can buffer these problems. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of 4- and 7-year-old conventional (CT) and no-tillage (NT) treatments on soil physical properties, root growth, and wheat (Triticum turgidum L. var. durum) yield in an Entic Haploxeroll of Central Chile. In both tillage treatments we study soil water retention, bulk density (ρ_b), soil particle density (ρ_s), soil water infiltration, mean-weight diameter of soil aggregates (MWD), penetration resistance, grain yield, and root length density (L_v) up to a depth of 15 cm. The MWD and the penetration resistance were higher under NT as compared to CT. For the top 5 cm of soil, L_v was greater under NT as compared to CT. Differences of L_v between NT and CT were 2.09, 7.60, and 4.31 cm root cm⁻³ soil during the two leaves, flowering and grain filling phenological stages, respectively. Generally, the effect of NT on these properties was more evident near the soil surface. In contrast, fast drainage macropores, ρ_s, and soil water infiltration rates were higher under CT than under NT. Tillage treatments did not significantly affect ρ_b and yield. A longer time under no-tillage enhanced aggregate stability, however, other soil physical properties were negatively affected.     

Least limiting water range for different soil management practices in dryland farming in Iran

Integrated evaluation of soil physical properties using the least limiting water range (LLWR) approach may allow a better knowledge of soil water availability. We determined the LLWR for four tillage practices consisted of conventional tillage (CT), reduced tillage (RT), no-tillage (NT) and fallow no-tillage (NT_f). In addition, LLWR was determined for abandoned soils (i.e. control), compacted soils, ploughed compacted soils and abandoned soils with super absorbent polymers (SAPs) application. Soil water retention, penetration resistance (PR), air-filled porosity and bulk density were determined for the 0–5 and 0–25-cm depths. Mean LLWR (0.07–0.08 cm³ cm^?3) was lower in compacted soils than the soils under CT, NT, NT_f, RT, tilled, abandoned and SAP practices but it was not different among tillage practices. The values of LLWR were 0.12 cm³ cm^?3 for NT and CT. LLWR for tilled plots (0.12 cm³ cm^?3) became greater than compacted soils by 1.3 times. Analysis of the lower and upper limits of the LLWR further indicated that PR was the only limiting factor for soil water content, but aeration was not a limiting factor. The LLWR was more dependent on soil water content at permanent wilting point and at PR.     

Long-term impact of no-till conservation agriculture on abundance and order diversity of soil macrofauna in continuous maize monocropping system

Unsuitable soil management in agriculture is known to results in the deterioration of soil health and the decline of biodiversity. The experiment tested whether no-tillage with mulch (NT), could boost biological activity of soil macrofauna population in continuous maize monocropping system compared with rotational tillage with mulch (RT) and conventional tillage (CT). Soil macrofauna was sampled at the end of the 2014/2015 growing season using 25?×?25?×?25?cm steel monoliths. The mean density of individual orders was higher (p?p?相似文献