不同栽培管理方式下土壤交换性盐基特征差异分析

为探讨不同栽培管理方式下土壤交换性盐基含量的特征,采用NH4OAC(pH 7.0)浸提-原子吸收分光光度法测定分析了上海郊区大棚及露地栽培体系下有机和常规农业生产系统中土壤不同土层交换性盐基离子(K,Na,Ca,Mg)含量。结果表明,各盐基离子浓度为Ca>Mg>Na>K,有机园艺生产系统K、Na、Ca和Mg/K值及盐基总量(SEB)高于常规生产方式。露地有机园艺管理耕作层各盐基离子浓度高于常规管理,大棚有机生产方式下各盐基含量均显著高于常规生产方式(P<0.05),但容易引起土壤酸化。统计分析结果表明,不同园艺生产系统对Na、Ca和Mg/K值具有显著性影响,且大棚条件下更为明显。因此,不同园艺生产系统的管理方式改变了土壤盐基离子分布及其特性。     

设施蔬菜栽培对土壤阳离子交换性能的影响

以辽宁省沈阳市于洪地区设施菜地及其相邻旱田土壤为研究对象,测定土壤的有机质、阳离子交换量、交换性盐基离子组成和土壤盐基离子饱和度,分析设施蔬菜栽培对土壤阳离子交换量及交换性盐基离子组成的影响。结果表明:(1)与旱田土壤相比,设施土壤有机质含量明显增加,上下层土壤有机质平均含量分别为35.6 g kg-1和18.0 g kg-1,分别是旱田上下层土壤有机质含量的2.1倍和1.8倍;设施土壤阳离子交换量呈上升的趋势,土壤阳离子交换量与有机质含量呈极显著正相关关系(r=0.603**,n=50,r0.01=0.361)。(2)与旱田土壤相比,不同层次设施土壤交换性盐基总量均有所增加,交换性盐基离子中除交换性Ca2+含量变化不大之外,交换性K+、Mg2+、Na+含量均显著增加;不同层次设施土壤交换性K+、Mg2+、Na+饱和度显著高于旱田土壤,但交换性Ca2+饱和度和盐基饱和度呈下降趋势。     

模拟酸雨和几种低分子量有机酸淋溶对土壤交换性盐基的影响

采用原状土柱进行模拟淋溶实验,比较研究了模拟酸雨和几种低分子量有机酸对红壤交换性盐基的影响。结果表明:与去离子水对照相比,pH 3．5和pH 4．5模拟酸雨淋洗后,0-20 cm土层土壤交换性K 、Na 、 Ca2 和Mg2 含量增加了5．19％-14．65％,而这种增加主要发生在10-20 cm土层。100 μmol／L和10 mmol／L的柠檬酸、苹果酸和草酸淋洗后,0-20 cm土层土壤交换性K 、Na 、Ca2 和Mg2 含量与模拟酸雨淋洗后的结果相差不大,有的层次甚至还要稍低;而在20-50 cm土层则增加了10．42％-96.41％。有机酸淋洗后,土壤交换性盐基的增加受矿物溶解和盐基迁移两方面的影响,而下层的增加可能主要是盐基迁移的影响,由此可见有机酸或许加快了盐基离子向下迁移的速度和土壤酸化过程。     

典型岩溶区板栗树下土壤pH值与盐基饱和度关系研究

为研究岩溶区板栗树下土壤pH值的变化及其与盐基饱和度的关系,以广西隆安县典型岩溶区为研究区,分别测定了旱季与雨季洼地2年生、5年生、10年生板栗树和洼地草地、坡地灌木丛的土壤剖面pH值,土壤在20、50、80 cm深处的交换性盐基总量,交换性Ca2+、Mg2+、Na+、K+的含量,阳离子交换量等,并对板栗树下土壤pH值与盐基饱和度和交换性Ca2+、Mg2+、Na+、K+的含量作相关性分析,结果表明:板栗树下土壤pH值偏低,呈弱酸性,这可能与板栗树的种植有关;土壤pH值与盐基饱和度呈极显著正相关(p<0.01,R=0.672),与交换性Ca2+呈极显著正相关(p<0.01,R=0.632),与交换性Mg2+、Na+、K+相关性不明显。     

贵州烟田土壤pH、交换性钙镁和CaCO3含量分布特征及其相互关系

  目的  明确贵州烟田土壤pH、交换性钙（Ca2+）、交换性镁（Mg2+）和碳酸钙（CaCO₃）的含量分布特征及其相互关系,指导土壤酸碱调节及钙镁肥料施用。  方法  采集贵州全省烟区500个典型烟田耕层（0 ~ 20 cm）土样,采用经典方法测定土壤pH、Ca2+、Mg2+和CaCO₃含量,利用SPSS比较不同成土母质、土壤类型和区域之间pH、Ca2+、Mg2+和CaCO₃的含量差异,定量分析pH与Ca2+、Mg2+和CaCO₃之间的关系。  结果  土壤pH、Ca2+和Mg2+含量偏低的烟田分别占20.0%、18.2%和56.4%,偏高的烟田分别占37.0%、55.8%和29.6%。CaCO₃低于10 g kg?1烟田占88.4%。不同成土母质、土壤类型和烟区土壤pH、Ca2+、Mg2+ 和CaCO₃存在一定差异,不同母岩发育的土壤CaCO₃无显著差异,水稻土和石灰土pH和Mg2+显著高于其他土壤类型,土壤pH、Ca2+和Mg2+在不同烟区间的差异性强于CaCO₃。pH、Ca2+、Mg2+和CaCO₃之间均显著正相关（P < 0.01）,基于全省尺度的pH与Ca2+、Mg2+和CaCO₃含量之间一元线性回归模型为: pH = 5.065 + 0.393Mg2+ + 0.081Ca2+ + 0.001CaCO₃（R2 = 0.578,P < 0.001,MAE = 0.58,RSME = 0.71）,其精度与基于母岩类型、土壤类型和区域的线性模型大致相当。  结论  贵州烟田土壤pH、交换性钙、交换性镁和碳酸钙含量与分布受到成土母质、土壤类型和区域的影响,pH受交换性钙、交换性镁和碳酸钙的共同影响,烟田土壤酸碱调节及钙镁肥料施用应综合考虑土壤的pH、交换性钙、交换性镁和碳酸钙。     

保护地土壤酸度特征及酸化机制研究

在辽宁省沈阳市于洪地区采集保护地及其相邻露地旱田土壤样品,测定土壤交换性酸、交换性盐基离子组成和土壤pH,研究保护地土壤酸化特征以及土壤pH与潜性酸、交换性盐基的关系。结果表明:（1）建成保护地栽培蔬菜后,保护地土壤酸化趋势明显,土壤交换性酸(交换性H⁺和Al³⁺)呈上升的趋势,土壤pH随着交换性酸的增多而降低;Al³⁺在交换性酸中所占比例随交换性酸总量增加而增大,随有机质含量增加而减小;H+在交换性酸中所占比例则呈相反的变化趋势。（2）保护地各土层土壤交换性盐基总量较露地相应层次土壤均有所增加,其中交换性Mg²⁺、K⁺、Na⁺含量均高于露地,而交换性Ca²⁺含量变化不明显;保护地各土层土壤交换性Mg²⁺、K⁺、Na⁺饱和度较露地相应层次土壤均有所增加,但盐基饱和度、交换性Ca²⁺饱和度下降明显。（3）土壤pH与交换性酸、非交换性酸含量呈极显著负相关,而与盐基饱和度呈极显著正相关,且主要受占优势的交换性Ca²⁺制约。     

生物质炭中盐基离子存在形态及其与改良酸性土壤的关系

为研究生物质炭中盐基离子存在形态及其与改良酸性土壤的关系,通过厌氧热解的方法于300、500和700℃下制备了玉米秸秆炭。考察了热解温度对玉米秸秆炭水溶性、交换性和盐基总量的影响。采用室内培养的方法考察了添加玉米秸秆炭对酸性土壤的改良效果。结果表明:热解温度影响玉米秸秆炭各形态盐基离子含量,玉米秸秆炭总K、总Na、总Ca、总Mg、水溶性K、水溶性Na、水溶性Ca、交换性Ca和交换性Mg含量随热解温度升高显著增加;水溶性Mg和交换性K含量随热解温度升高先增加后下降。玉米秸秆炭中的K和Na主要以水溶态存在,约40%的Ca和30%的Mg以交换态存在,约50%的Ca和70%的Mg以其他形态(主要为难溶态)存在。添加玉米秸秆炭能极显著提高酸性土壤pH和降低土壤交换性Al3+含量,提高和降低幅度随热解温度升高极显著增加。总K+总Na+总Ca+总Mg含量可以作为衡量玉米秸秆炭提高酸性土壤pH能力的间接指标。添加玉米秸秆炭能极显著提高土壤交换性K、Na和Mg含量,能显著提高交换性Ca和总盐基离子含量。玉米秸秆炭总K和总Na含量是提高土壤交换性K和Na含量的决定因素,交换性Ca含量在提高土壤交换性Mg和交换性盐基总量中起决定作用。     

不同改良剂对酸性土壤的修复效应

为明确不同改良剂对酸性植烟土壤的修复效应,采用盆栽试验,分析了施用丰收延酸性土壤改良剂、金叶酸性土壤改良剂及石灰后土壤pH、水解性酸、潜性酸及土壤交换性能的动态变化。结果表明:施用改良剂可提高土壤pH 3.01%~24.11%,降低土壤水解性酸16.08%~50.46%、交换性Al 3+51.80%~64.27%、交换性H+含量84.12%~93.56%,提高土壤交换性盐基总量45.18%~46.16%、阳离子交换量0.33%~20.10%、盐基饱和度21.35%~49.78%。施用土壤改良剂后,土壤pH先升高后下降,至移栽60天后趋于稳定;土壤水解性酸在烤烟移栽后30~90天差异较小,至移栽后120天略有增加。施用石灰的土壤交换性氢、交换性铝一直下降,但施用丰收延、金叶酸性土壤改良剂的土壤交换性铝下降至烟苗移栽后120天略有增加,土壤交换性氢上升至烟苗移栽后120天大幅度下降。施用土壤改良剂后,土壤交换性盐基总量、阳离子交换量、盐基饱和度一直提高,但变化幅度较小。不同土壤改良剂的材料来源及组成成分不同,其对酸性土壤的恢复效果也不同,以施用石灰的效果最好。     

长期施用氮磷钾肥和石灰对红壤性水稻土酸性特征的影响

利用34年的长期定位施肥试验,研究不施肥(CK)、施氮磷钾肥(NPK)和氮磷钾化肥配施石灰(NPK+Ca O)对红壤性水稻土不同形态酸、土壤盐基离子及水稻植株阳离子吸收量的影响,探讨土壤交换性H+和Al3+占交换性酸的比例、土壤盐基离子、植株带出阳离子数量与土壤酸度的关系。结果表明,长期NPK处理早、晚稻土壤p H较CK处理分别降低0.2和0.3个单位,交换性酸提高2.3倍和4.2倍,水解性酸提高35.4%和40.0%;NPK+Ca O处理早、晚稻土壤p H较NPK处理分别提高0.5和0.7个单位,较CK处理分别提高0.3和0.4个单位,交换性酸、水解性酸均显著低于NPK和CK处理(p0.05)。土壤交换性H+、Al3+含量高低顺序均为NPK+Ca OCKNPK。土壤交换性盐基离子以交换性Ca2+所占比例最大(81.8%~89.3%),NPK+Ca O处理交换性Ca2+较CK和NPK处理分别提高40.1%和62.9%。交换性Ca2+、交换性盐基离子、盐基饱和度与土壤p H正相关,与交换性酸、水解性酸负相关,交换性Mg2+与交换性酸、水解性酸负相关,交换性Na+与水解性酸负相关。植株移出带走的钙、镁、钾、钠离子量及其总量对土壤p H、交换性酸和水解性酸有一定影响,但其相关性均不显著。研究表明长期施用化肥条件下通过配施石灰可有效缓解稻田土壤的酸化,促进酸性稻田土壤的生态修复与改良。     

长期施用猪粪对红壤酸度的改良效应

土壤酸化严重限制了我国南方红壤区土壤的农业利用。本研究应用江西鹰潭红壤生态实验站长期猪粪养分淋失试验,分析了不同施肥处理（对照处理：N 0 kg/hm2;低量有机肥：N 150 kg/hm2;高量有机肥：N 600 kg/hm2;高量有机肥+石灰处理：有机肥N 600 kg/hm2 ＋石灰3 000 kg/(hm2·3a)）长期施用对红壤酸度的改良效应。研究结果表明,9年高量有机肥施用中土壤pH值平均每年上升0.085个单位,而低量有机肥施用对土壤pH没有显著影响。有机肥长期施用增加了土壤盐基离子浓度,其中Ca、Mg增加幅度较大,使得长期施肥后土壤盐基以Ca为主,其次是Mg,而K、Na比例较低。长期有机肥施用有效降低了红壤旱地表层土壤交换性酸含量,尤其是对交换性铝含量的降低程度较大,且随施肥量的增加而增大,在施肥4年后可基本消除铝毒。高量施肥基础上的石灰添加进一步提高了土壤pH值,加快了土壤酸度改良。红壤旱地猪粪施用显著提高了玉米产量,达到酸度改良效果的最低猪粪用量为Ca 162 kg/hm2。在施肥初期添加一次石灰,将土壤pH值迅速提高,然后通过有机肥对pH的稳定作用保持和逐步提高土壤pH,可在最短时间、用最少投入消除土壤酸害。     

Improvement of the NH2OH-HCl-HOAc method for extracting manganese and iron oxides in Japanese Andisols and other soil types in Japan

Abstract

We evaluated the validity of Tessier’s method as applied to the extraction of manganese (Mn) and iron (Fe) oxides in Japanese Andisols and other soil types in Japan. Using the original Tessier’s extractant mixture, 0.04 mol L^?1 hydroxylamine hydrochloride in 25% acetic acid (0.04 mol L^–1 NH₂OH-HCl in 25% HOAc), we found that substantial amounts of short-range-ordered Fe oxides were not extracted from allophanic Andisol samples and that considerable amounts of total Fe oxides were not extracted from all soil types. Relatively high extraction pH and large amounts of short-range-ordered Fe oxides in the Andisol samples might be responsible for incomplete extraction. Stoichiometric calculation indicated that the concentration of NH₂OH-HCl might be insufficient for complete extraction of Fe oxides. The extracted amounts of Mn and Fe increased with increasing concentration of NH₂OH-HCl in the extractant, and most of the Mn and Fe oxides in the soil samples, including samples with as much as 5.6% Fe, were extracted with 0.6 mol L^–1 NH₂OH–HCl in 25% HOAc. As judged from the simultaneous dissolution of aluminum (Al) and silicon (Si) minerals, extraction selectivity of Fe oxides with 0.6 mol L^–1 NH₂OH-HCl in 25% HOAc was comparable to that of the original Tessier’s method and better than that of a modified Community Bureau of Reference (BCR) sequential extraction procedure or a method using an extractant consisting of a mixture of oxalate and ascorbate, especially for Andisol samples.     

酸性土壤磷分级新方法建立与生物学评价

土壤磷分级方法可用于估算土壤有效磷数量、不同土壤磷组分库数量及其对土壤有效磷的补充能力。以云南赤红壤、黄红壤及湖北棕红壤为供试材料,运用张守敬方法、蒋柏藩方法及本文提出的新方法,对三种酸性土壤和其石灰改良后的土壤磷进行分级研究,探讨石灰改良对酸性土壤磷组分数量及其生物有效性的影响。结果表明:Ca2-P、Al-P和Fe-P是酸性土壤主要的有效磷源,O-P(闭蓄态磷)也是潜在有效磷源,土壤中活性有机磷库相对比较稳定,可转化为高活性有效磷源供植物吸收利用。与两种经典磷分级方法相比,新方法将O-P划分为O-Al-P和O-Fe-P,O-Fe-P较好地反映了石灰处理与对照之间的土壤磷植物有效性差异。     

Distribution of Manganese(Ⅱ) Chemical Forms on Soybean Roots and Manganese(Ⅱ) Toxicity

Distribution of chemical forms of manganese(Ⅱ)(Mn(Ⅱ))on plant roots may affect Mn(Ⅱ)absorption by plants and toxicity of Mn(Ⅱ)to plants at its high level.The chemical forms of Mn(Ⅱ)on soybean roots were investigated to determine the main factors that affect their distribution and relationship with Mn(Ⅱ)plant toxicity.Fresh soybean roots were reacted with Mn(Ⅱ)in solutions,and Mn(Ⅱ)adsorbed on the roots was differentiated into exchangeable,complexed,and precipitated forms through sequential extraction with KNO_3,EDTA,and HCl.The exchangeable Mn(Ⅱ)content on the roots was the highest,followed by the complexed and precipitated Mn(Ⅱ)contents.Mn(Ⅱ)toxicity to the roots was greater at pH 5.5 than at pH 4.2 due to the larger amount of exchangeable Mn(Ⅱ)at higher pH.The cations Al~(3+),La~(3+),Ca~(2+),Mg~(2+),and NH_4~+competed with Mn(Ⅱ)for cation exchange sites on the root surfaces and thus reduced exchangeable Mn(Ⅱ)on the roots,in the order Al~(3+),La~(3+)Ca~(2+),Mg~(2+)NH_4~+.Al~(3+) and La~(3+) at 100μmol L~(-1) decreased exchangeable Mn(Ⅱ)by 80%and 79%,respectively,and Ca~(2+) and Mg2+at 1 mmol L~(-1) decreased exchangeable Mn(Ⅱ)by 51%and 73%,respectively.Organic anions oxalate,citrate,and malate reduced free Mn(Ⅱ)concentration in solution through formation of complexes with Mn(Ⅱ),efficiently decreasing exchangeable Mn(Ⅱ)on the roots;the decreases in exchangeable Mn(Ⅱ)on the roots were 30.9%,19.7%,and 10.9%,respectively,which was consistent with the complexing ability of these organic anions with Mn(Ⅱ).Thus,exchangeable Mn(Ⅱ)was the dominant form of Mn(Ⅱ)on the roots and responsible for Mn(Ⅱ)toxicity to plants.The coexisting cations and organic anions reduced the exchangeable Mn(Ⅱ)content,and thus they could alleviate Mn(Ⅱ)toxicity to plants on acid soils.     

Comparing Two Extraction Methods to Evaluate the Composition of Substrate Solution of a Burnt Rice Husk Substrate Used for Carnation Crops

Substrates have been increasingly used in recent years for carnation crops. Burnt rice husk (BRH) is widely available and used as a substrate in Colombia. The present work aims to compare the effects of two aqueous extraction methods on the chemical contents. Saturated and 1:1 (v/v) extractions were performed in three replications. Ionic forms of the macronutrients (NO₃^?, NH₄⁺, PO₄H₂^?, K⁺, Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺, and SO₄^2?, in meq L^?1), micronutrients (Fe, Mn, Zn, Cu, and B, in mg L^?1), Cl^?, CO₃ H^? in meq L^?1, electrical conductivity in dS m^?1, and pH were analyzed. Except for NH₄⁺, Cl^?, and B the determination coefficient R² was greater than 95 percent. Average values and standard errors of data have been used to define suitable intervals for 1:1 extractions. Proposed intervals for 1:1 extracts are consistent with the saturated extract and therefore are a good tool to optimize the management of fertigation in those crops.     

Evalution of Acid Deposition in Korea

This study was carried out to evaluate acid depositions and to understand their effect. Wet precipitation has been collected at twenty-four sites in Korea for one year of 1999. The ion concentrations such as H⁺, Na⁺, K⁺, Mg²⁺, NH₄ ⁺, Ca²⁺, Cl^?, NO₃ ^? and SO₄ ^2? were chemically analyzed and determined. Precipitation had wide range of pH(3.5～8.5), and volume-weighted average was 5.2. The contribution amounts of Cl^?, SO₄ ^2? and NO₃ ^? in anion were shown to be 54%, 32%, and 14%, respectively and those of Na⁺ and NH₄ ⁺ in cation were 32% and 25%. The ratios of Cl^? and Mg²⁺ to Na⁺ in precipitation were similar to those of seawater, which imply that great amount of Cl^? and Mg²⁺ in precipitation could be originated from seawater. The concentration of H⁺ is little related with SO₄ ^2?, NO₃ ^? and Cl^? ions, whereas nss^?SO₄ ^2? and NO₃ ^? are highly correlated with NH₄ ⁺, which could suggest that great amount of SO₄ ^2? and NO₃ ^? exist in the form of ammonium associated salt. The annual wet deposition amounts (g m^?2year^?1) of SO₄ ^2?, NO₃ ^?, Cl^?, H⁺, NH₄ ⁺, Na⁺, K⁺, Ca²⁺ and Mg²⁺ were estimated as 0.88～4.89, 0.49～4.37, 0.30～9.80, 0.001～0.031, 0.06～2.15, 0.27～4.27, 0.10～3.81, 0.23～1.59 and 0.03～0.63.     

pH对磷钾铝石形成的影响

Effects of column temperature and flow rate on separation of organic acids were studied by determining nine low-molecular-weight organic acids on reversed-phase C18 column using high performace liquid chromatography(HPLC) with a wavelength of UV(ultraviolet)214 nm and a mobile phase of 18 mmol L^-1 KH2PO4 buffer solution (pH2.1).The thermal stabiltiy of organic acids was determined by comparing the recoveries of organic acids in different temperature treatments.The relationships between column temperature,flow rate or solvent pH and retention time were analyzed.At low solvent pH,separatioin efficiency of organic acids was increased by raising the flow rate of the solvent because of lowering the retention time or organic acids.High column temperature was unfavorable for the separation of organic acids.The separating effect can be enhanced through reducing column temperature in organic acid determination due to increasing retention time.High thermal stability of organic acids with low concentrations was observed at temperature of 40℃-45℃,Sensitivity and separation effect of organic acid determination by HPLC were clearly improved by a combination of raising flow rate and lowering column temperature at low solvent pH.     

Extraction of copper,lead, zinc or cadmium ions sorbed on calcium carbonate

The amount of sorbed metal ion released from CaC0₃ by 16 different extractants was found to vary with the chemical nature of the solution and the metal ion involved. In general, acid solutions dissolved a high proportion of both substrate and Cu, Ph, Cd coatings; complexing agents dissolved the same coatings but left most of the calcite; and competing cations (e.g. NH₄ ⁺, Ca²⁺) displaced primarily chemisorbed Cd and Cu. In Zn studies, little metal ion was retrieved by any extractant due to the limited solubility of the coatings formed at pH < 7.7. The diverse behavior observed in the sorption studies has been interpreted in terms of solubility and absorption equilibria. The pH of the CaC0₃ suspensions was high enough to precipitate all added Pb as hydroxy species, and excess Cu tended to precipitate at pH > 6.4 if one increased the soluble carbonate level (e.g. by adding acid). Unlike Cd and Cu, Zn was not chemisorbed; it formed sparingly soluble compounds such as ZnC0₃.2Zn(OH)₂, with excess coming out as Zn(OH)₂ at pH > 7.7. The significance of the results in respect to the mobility of metal ions in calcareous soils, and the evaluation of available levels, has been considered.     

Influence of N and non-N salts on atmospheric methane oxidation by upland boreal forest and tundra soils

 The short-term (24 h) and medium-term (30 day) influence of N salts (NH₄Cl, NaNO₃ and NaNO₂) and a non-N salt (NaCl) on first-order rate constants, k (h^–1) and thresholds (C_Th) for atmospheric CH₄ oxidation by homogenized composites of upland boreal forest and tundra soils was assessed at salt additions ranging to 20 μmol g^–1 dry weight (dw) soil. Additions of NH₄Cl, NaNO₃ and NaCl to 0.5 μmol g^–1 dw soil did not significantly decrease k relative to watered controls in the short term. Higher concentrations significantly reduced k, with the degree of inhibition increasing with increasing dose. Similar doses of NH₄Cl and NaCl gave comparable decreases in k relative to controls and both soils showed low native concentrations of NH₄ ⁺-N (≤1 μmol g^–1dw soil), suggesting that the reduction in k was due primarily to a salt influence rather than competitive inhibition of CH₄ oxidation by exogenous NH₄ ⁺-N or NH₄ ⁺-N released through cation exchange. The decrease in k was consistently less for NaNO₃ than for NH₄Cl and NaCl at similar doses, pointing to a strong inhibitory effect of the Cl^– counter-anion. Thresholds for CH₄ oxidation were less sensitive to salt addition than k for these three salts, as significant increases in C_Th relative to controls were only observed at concentrations ≥1.0 μmol g^–1 dw soil. Both soils were more sensitive to NaNO₂ than to other salts in the short term, showing a significant decrease in k at an addition of 0.25 μmol NaNO₂ g^–1 dw soil that was clearly attributable to NO₂ ^–. Soils showed no recovery from NaCl, NH₄ ⁺-N or NaNO₃ addition with respect to atmospheric CH₄ oxidation after 30 days. However, soils amended with NaNO₂ to 1.0 μmol NaNO₂ g^–1 dw showed values of k that were not significantly different from controls. Recovery of CH₄-oxidizing ability was due to complete oxidation of NO₂ ^–-N to NO₃ ^–-N. Analysis of soil concentrations of N salts necessary to inhibit atmospheric CH₄ oxidation and regional rates of N deposition suggest that N deposition will not decrease the future sink strength of upland high-latitude soils in the atmospheric CH₄ budget. Received: 30 April 1999     

Development of a New Soil Extractant for Simultaneous Phosphorus,Ammonium, and Nitrate Analysis

Abstract

A new soil extractant (H³A) with the ability to extract NH₄, NO₃, and P from soil was developed and tested against 32 soils, which varied greatly in clay content, organic carbon (C), and soil pH. The extractant (H³A) eliminates the need for separate phosphorus (P) extractants for acid and calcareous soils and maintains the extract pH, on average, within one unit of the soil pH. The extractant is composed of organic root exudates, lithium citrate, and two synthetic chelators (DTPA, EDTA). The new soil extractant was tested against Mehlich 3, Olsen, and water for extractable P, and 1 M KCl and water‐extractable NH₄ and NO₂/NO₃. The pH of the extractant after adding soil, shaking, and filtration was measured for each soil sample (5 extractants×2 reps×32 soils=320 samples) and was shown to be highly influential on extractable P but has no effect on extractable NH₄ or NO₂/NO₃. H³A was highly correlated with soil‐extractable inorganic N (NH₄, NO₂/NO₃) from both water (r=0.98) and 1 M KCl (r=0.97), as well as being significantly correlated with water (r=0.71), Mehlich 3 (r=0.83), and Olsen (r=0.84) for extractable P.     

Reclamation of Alkali Soils: Influence of Amendments and Leaching on Transformation and Availability of Phosphorus

Abstract

Phosphorus (P) availability to plants in reclaimed alkali soils was the main objective of this study, which was also focused on P transformations, decrease in Olsen‐P content, and magnitude of P lost in leachate in course of amendment application and leaching. Liquid sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO₃) was added to nonalkali soils to set up four ESP (exchangeable sodium percentage) levels (viz., 2.9, 25.0, 50.0, and 75.0), but actual ESP levels obtained were 2.9, 24.6, 51.2, and 75.3. Amendments (viz., gypsum and pyrites) and P treatments (viz., 0 and 50 mg P Kg^?1) were mixed with dry, sieved soil before filling into PVC (polyvinyl chloride) drainage columns, which were then compacted to uniform bulk density and leached with deionized water for 30 days. Results indicated that the pH and electrical conductivity (EC) of the soils increased with increase in ESP level of the soil but decreased with amendment application. Phosphorus addition to alkali soils decreased the pH on day 30, but it could not affect the EC of the soils. Successive increase in the ESP level of the soil increased the pH and EC off the leachate. Gypsum‐amended soils exhibited lower pH and EC values than pyrite‐amended soils. The EC of the leachate decreased sharply with time in amended soils, but the pH decreased slowly. Phosphorus addition affected the leachate pH earlier than the soil pH. Cumulative volume of leachate decreased with increasing ESP levels, but it increased with amendment and phosphorus application. Leaching of P increased with increase in ESP levels, and the maximum cumulative loss of P was 11.2 mg Kg^?1 in the 75.3 ESP soil. Cumulative P lost in the pyrite‐amended soils was higher than the gypsum‐amended soils. Phosphorus leaching in the gypsum‐amended soils stopped at day 10 and beyond, but it continued until day 30 in the pyrite‐amended soils. Part of the applied P in alkali soils was also lost along with the native P, whereas it was protected in the nonalkali soils. OlsenP increased with increasing ESP levels, and alkali soils invariably contained higher Olsen P than nonalkali soils. At day 30, alkali soils contained much higher Olsen P (12.6 mg Kg^?1) than nonalkali soils (5.9 mg Kg^?1). In general, there was a decrease in the Olsen P with both of the amendments, but it decreased more with pyrites than with gypsum. Phosphorus added through monopotassium phosphate (KH₂PO₄) remained extractable by Olsen's extractant up to day 30. Results also indicated that percent distribution of ammonium chloride (NH₄Cl)‐P, calcium (Ca)‐P, and unknown P increased with rising ESP levels but iron (Fe)‐aluminum (Al)‐bound P and residual P decreased. Percent distribution of Ca‐P and unknown P exhibited an increase with time also. Unamended alkali soils contained more NH₄Cl‐P than amended ones. Iron and Al‐ bound P and residual P increased more with pyrites, whereas formation of Ca‐P and unknown P was enhanced with gypsum. Applied P tended to convert more into NH₄Cl‐P, Ca‐P, and residual P than to Fe‐Al‐bound P or unknown P fractions. Models developed to estimate Olsen P and P concentration in leachate, through pH or EC, have application value for P management in alkali soils that are leached after application of amendments.