施氮对库尔勒香梨树体氮素吸收和积累的影响

以6年树龄库尔勒香梨为试材,采用整体挖掘和分器官解剖的方法,对不同施氮处理库尔勒香梨树体氮素吸收和积累进行分析。结果表明:年生长周期内库尔勒香梨树体干物质形成及氮素累积主要以当年新生器官侧枝、叶和果实为主,其中叶片对香梨树体干物质积累和氮素吸收、积累的贡献较大。施氮对库尔勒香梨树体干物质、氮素积累和产量形成具有显著的促进作用,但并不是氮肥施得越多越好。结合不同施氮处理下库尔勒香梨树体的当季肥料利用率和农学养分效应,推荐6年生库尔勒香梨最佳施氮量为300 kg·hm~(-2)(0.667 kg·株~(-1))。     

氮磷钾肥用量对紫云英产量效应的研究

采用"3414"肥料效应试验设计方案对紫云英氮、磷、钾肥施用效应及养分的交互作用进行了研究,结果表明:与不施肥处理(CK)相比,13个施肥处理紫云英鲜草平均增产21.1 t·hm-2,平均产量为不施肥处理的2.35倍;分别固定磷(P2O5 60 kg·hm-2)、钾(K2O 60 kg·hm-2)肥,氮(N75 kg·hm-2)、钾(K2O 60 kg·hm-2)肥和氮(N 75 kg·hm-2)、磷(P2O5 60 kg·hm-2)肥用量,在施N 0～112.5 kg·hm-2,P2O5 0～90 kg·hm-2和K2O 0～90 kg·hm-2范围内,紫云英产量随相应肥料用量的增加而显著提高,N、P、K各养分施用的最高增产率分别为65.0%、27.8%和44.5%;从养分效率看,中量水平的氮(N 75.0 kg·hm-2)、磷(P2O5 60 kg·hm-2)和低量水平的钾(K2O 30 kg·hm-2)增产效果最好;氮、磷、钾肥之间存在一定的交互作用,互相影响肥效的发挥,中量水平的养分用量(N 75.0 kg·hm-2、P2O5 60 kg·hm-2和K2O 60 kg·hm-2)有利于各养分效果的发挥.结果说明,施肥对紫云英增产效果明显,氮、磷、钾肥用量和配比是影响紫云英产量的重要因素.     

库尔勒香梨土壤主要养分与产量关系的研究

以综合管理水平较高的库尔勒香梨(Pyrus Bretschneideri Rehd,简称香梨)示范园为研究区域,通过测定香梨园土壤主要营养元素含量及标准株的产量,构建库尔勒香梨土壤主要营养元素与产量之间关系模型。结果表明:(1)不同土壤层次,0~20 cm土壤有机质含量和有效磷含量高于20~60 cm,0~20 cm碱解氮含量和速效钾含量低于20~60 cm;(2)0~20 cm和20~60 cm土壤层有机质含量与香梨产量关系显著,分别呈对数(P=0.021)和幂函数(P=0.034);0~20 cm土壤层碱解氮与产量关系不显著,而20~60 cm土壤层碱解氮与产量呈对数函数(P=0.053);0~20 cm和20~60 cm土壤层有效磷与产量关系极显著(P=0.014,0.002),相关模型均为对数函数;0~20 cm土壤层速效钾与产量呈幂函数(P=0.041)。总体而言,库尔勒香梨园20~60 cm土壤有机质、碱解氮、有效磷和速效钾含量与库尔勒香梨产量显著相关,表明香梨施肥应深施为宜,施肥深度应≥20 cm;同时,构建土壤养分(x)和单株产量(y)关系模型,即有机质y=28.56x0.22、碱解氮y=16.02lnx+91.72、有效磷y=16.42lnx+110.11、速效钾y=75.96x0.28,达到通过库尔勒香梨目标产量进行定量推荐施肥的目的。     

陕西关中灌区冬小麦施肥指标研究

为建立关中灌区冬小麦施肥指标体系,对关中灌区2008年95个冬小麦“3414”大田试验数据进行整理、分析,以相对产量70％、80％、90％和95％划分土壤养分丰缺指标,并利用一元二次模型对各试验点施肥量与产量关系进行模拟,确定各试验点最佳经济产量施肥量,最终建立了关中灌区冬小麦基于土壤碱解氮(AN)、有效磷(AP)和速效钾(AK)测定值的氮、磷、钾推荐施肥模型,确定了不同肥力水平下的推荐施肥量:当碱解氮含量处于极低(＜ 50 mg kg-1)、低(50～80 mg kg-1)、中(80 ～ 120 ng kg-1)和高等级(＞120 mg kg-1)时,氮肥(N)施用量分别为190 ～230 kg hm-2 、150～190 kg hm-2、110～ 150 kg hm-2和0 ～ 110 kg hm-2;有效磷含量处于极低(＜ 10 mg kg-1)、低(10～20 mg kg-1)、中(20～ 35 mg kg-1)和高等级(＞35 mg kg-1)时,磷肥(P2O5)施用量分别为130～ 160 kg hm-2、110 ～ 130 kg hm-2、90～110 kg hm-2和0 ～90 kg hm-2;速效钾含量处于低(＜90mgkg-1)、中(90～150mgkg-1)、高(150～190 mg kg-1)和极高等级(＞190mgkg-1)时,钾肥(K2O)施用量分别为120 ～150 kg hm-2、90～120 kg hm-2、70 ～90 kg hm-2和0～70kghm-2.示范试验证明推荐施肥处理较农民习惯施肥处理平均增产789 kg hm-2,增收1 227元hm-2,肥料贡献率提高8.2个百分点,每kg氮磷钾肥小麦增产量提高1.7 kg.     

甘蔗对不同基质肥源氮、磷、钾的吸收和利用

对甘蔗进行直接浇灌不同浓度糖蜜酒精废液处理、常规施用化肥和不施肥处理,研究直接浇灌糖蜜酒精废液对甘蔗前期生长的影响.结果表明:苗期糖蜜酒精废液对甘蔗芽萌发、幼苗生长和对氮、磷、钾的吸收有一定胁迫作用,但该抑制作用随甘蔗生长可通过其自身代谢解除;到分蘖盛期,胁迫作用解除后,施用糖蜜酒精废液的甘蔗叶片氮、磷、钾含量高于对照和常规施肥,促进了甘蔗分蘖和伸长,提高了蔗茎产量,最终甘蔗产量显著高于对照,与常规施用化肥处理相当.说明适宜浓度的糖蜜酒精废液可直接施用于甘蔗,新植蔗以浇灌45 t·hm-2糖蜜酒精废液+60 t·hm-2清水最好,宿根蔗则以浇灌105 t·hm-2糖蜜酒精废液最好.     

库尔勒香梨年生长期生物量及养分积累变化规律

以6年树龄的库尔勒香梨为试材,对香梨树生物量及养分吸收规律进行了研究。结果表明,年生长期内香梨单株树体干物质、氮、磷、钾的积累量均随生育期的推进呈增长趋势,与萌芽前期相比,分别增加5804.92 g、75.71 g、27.11 g和103.10 g。其中膨果期的积累量和积累速率都较大,干物质、氮、磷、钾的积累量分别占积累总量的53.52 %、 22.93 %、 44.04%和62.66%。库尔勒香梨每生产1000 kg 果实需要吸收氮（N）7.52 kg、磷（P）4.29 kg和钾（K）6.05 kg。     

不同施氮水平对库尔勒香梨园土壤氨挥发损失的影响

为探究不同施肥处理对库尔勒香梨园土壤氨挥发的影响,选取6年生库尔勒香梨树为研究对象,在香梨年生育期内,设置了不施肥(N_0P_0K_0)、不施氮肥(N_0PK)、低氮量(N_1PK)、中氮量(N_2PK)、高氮量(N_3PK)5个处理,采用密闭式集气法对不同施肥处理的氨挥发进行田间定位测定。结果表明,不同施肥处理氨挥发速率在一天内的表现为:晚上(20:00～08:00)上午(08:00～12:00)中午(12:00～16:00)下午(16:00～20:00)。日积量夜间白天。不同施肥处理氨挥发年生育期累积量表现为:N_0P_0K_0N_0PKN_1PKN_2PKN_3PK。温度、灌水、施氮对库尔勒香梨园土壤氨挥发均有显著影响,施氮对库尔勒香梨园土壤的氨挥发影响最大。施氮处理N_1PK、N_2PK、N_3PK的氨挥发年生育期累积量分别为34.94、36.38、44.42 kg·hm~(-2)·年~(-1),氨挥发净损失率分别为4.48%、2.72%、3.60%。N_2PK处理的库尔勒香梨产量最高,达到6 213.50 kg·hm~(-2),且氨挥发净损失率最小,为2.72%。综合生产及环境效益,推荐本区域库尔勒香梨园的最佳施氮量为300 kg·hm~(-2)。     

施肥模式对茶叶品质、产量构成及土壤肥力的影响

采用田间试验,比较分析了撒施、沟施和沟施覆膜3种施肥模式及沟施覆膜下氮肥施用量对茶叶品质成分、产量构成因子和茶园土壤肥力状况的影响。结果表明:沟施覆膜在一定程度上增加了茶叶产量并改善了品质,提高了茶园土壤的基本肥力状况,沟施次之,撒施效果最差。与沟施相比,沟施覆膜下茶叶的水浸出物、咖啡碱、游离氨基酸含量分别提升2.24%、7.26%、14.68%,茶多酚下降1.88%,芽叶密度、芽叶长度分别提升8.50%、8.15%;土壤表层和深层pH分别下降8.16%和5.30%,表层有机质、全氮、速效氮、速效磷、速效钾分别提升10.87%、26.74%、17.95%、34.69%、25.42%,深层有机质、全氮、速效氮、速效磷、速效钾分别提升10.38%、28.22%、25.64%、15.34%、17.97%。比较沟施覆膜下45 kg·hm-2、60 kg·hm-2、75 kg·hm-2、90 kg·hm-2 4种施氮量对茶叶品质、产量构成以及土壤肥力提高的效果,结果表明随着施氮量的增加,茶叶品质及产量构成和茶园土壤肥力增加,但施氮75 kg·hm-2与90 kg·hm-2处理的茶叶品质及产量构成因子间差异不显著,说明沟施覆膜条件下施氮肥75 kg·hm-2即可满足茶园生产需求。     

不同施肥处理对库尔勒香梨长势与产量的影响

为了掌握库尔勒香梨的生长规律及其对土壤氮素、磷素、钾素的响应,在田间试验条件下,设置不同的施肥处理,对20a树龄的库尔勒香梨进行生育期长势与产量监测。结果表明:与不施肥处理相比,施肥能明显促进香梨的生长和果实发育,改善果形指数,提高产量。不同施肥处理下,香梨基径、树高、梢粗、梢长及叶片的生长施肥效应均表现为:N>P>K,而单果重和产量的施肥效应表现为:N>K>P。     

不同氮钾水平对水稻干物质累积、转运及产量的影响

为探求不同氮钾水平对水稻光合产物累积、转运和产量的影响,设置3个不同氮水平(低氮105 kg·hm-2,中氮150 kg·hm-2,高氮195 kg·hm-2),且每个氮水平下设置4个不同钾水平(不施钾,低钾60 kg·hm-2,中钾105 kg·hm-2,高钾150 kg·hm-2),在田间条件下研究水稻关键生育期干物质的累积特征、花前花后干物质转运、产量及其构成因素。结果表明,随施氮水平提高,水稻干物质快速累积持续期延长,水稻干物质累积量随之增加;且水稻叶片干物质转运量和产量均先增加后降低,在中氮条件下最大,分别为938和7 998 kg·hm-2。随施钾水平提高,水稻干物质最大累积速率先增加后降低,使得水稻干物质累积量先增加后降低,在中钾条件下最大,水稻干物质最大累积速率为236 kg·hm-2·d-1,干物质累积量为14 215 kg·hm-2;水稻茎鞘干物质转运量随施钾水平提高而提高,高钾条件下最大,茎鞘转运量达到1 704 kg·hm-2。水稻产量随施钾水平提高先增加后无明显变化,在中钾条件下最大,为7 780 kg·hm-2。从整体看,中氮高钾处理水稻产量最高,达到8 353 kg·hm-2。综合分析,本地区适宜的氮钾肥用量分别为150和105～150 kg·hm-2。     

Phytotoxicity of cobalt,vanadium, titanium,silver, and chromium

Abstract

The phytotoxicity of five nonessential elements (Co, V, Ti, Ag, Cr) to higher plants was studied in solution culture experiments with bush beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L. C.V. Improved Tendergreen). All, but in varying degrees, tended to concentrate in roots with a decreasing gradient to stems and leaves. Cobalt was one of the more mobile of the five trace metals. Its toxicity was expressed as severe chlorosis; 43 (with 10^‐5 M) and 142 (with 10^‐4 M) μg Co/g dry weight in leaves resulted in severe chlorosis. Vanadium as 10^‐4 M vanadate resulted in smaller plants but not in chlorosis. Leaf, stem, and root V, respectively, were 13, 8, and 881 μg/g dry weight. Titanium was somewhat mobile with considerable yield decrease at 10^‐4 M; leaf, stem, and root Ti concentrations, respectively, were 202, 48, and 2420 μg/g. Symptoms were chlorosis, necrotic spots on leaves, and stunting. Silver was very lethal at 10^‐4 M AgNO₃; at 10^‐5 M yields were greatly decreased, but plants were grown without symptoms. Leaf, stem, and root concentrations of Ag for this treatment, respectively, were 5.8, 5.1, and 1760 μg/g dry weight. Plants grown with 10^‐5 N Cr₂O₇ were decreased in yield by about 25% with or without EDTA (ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid) while the same level of Cr₂(SO₄)₃ was essentially without effect. For the two salts, the leaf, stem, root concentrations for Cr, respectively were 2.2 and 1.3, 0.7 and 0. 7, and 140 and 104 μg/g. Most of the trace metals studied here had interactions in the uptake and/or distribution of other elements.     

Bioavailability of As,Cd, Co,Cr, Cu,Hg, Mo,Ni, Pb,Se, and Zn from Biosolids Amended Compost

Appropriate compost standards are being considered in Canada. Five aspects of compost safety and quality are being evaluated; probably the most controversial aspect is the standards for metals in compost. In order to assist in the development of appropriate standards, the authors began an extensive research project in October, 1993 to determine the bioavailability of metals from compost and compost-metal mixtures. Swiss chard was grown in compost-amended soils or compost in a growth room using five treatments of increasing percentages of compost in the media (0, 25 percent, 50 percent, 75 percent, 100 percent compost (v/v)). A Truro loamy sand and a race-track manure-biosolids compost (RTM-biosolids) supplemented with a high metal biosolids were used in a completely randomized design with five replicates. Dry matter yield, metal content in plant tissue, and total metal uptake were evaluated as well as the total and DTPA-extractable metal content in the compost-soil mixes. The results of this and five other experiments conducted by the authors will help determine whether the suggested limits for As, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Hg, Mo, Ni, Pb, Se and Zn in composts are appropriate.     

Variation of N,P, K,Ca, Mg,Mn, Zn,and al in slash pine foliage

Abstract

The seasonal patterns of foliage nutrient concentrations and contents were monitored for two growing seasons in an 11‐year—old Pinus el1iottii stand. In the first growing season after needle initiation, N, P, K, Mg, and Zn concentrations decreased, but this was followed by an increase in the fall and winter months. Another drop in concentration of all elements, except P, occurred in the second growing season. Decreases in total contents indicated that this drop was a result of translocation to other tissues. In contrast to the mobile elements, the concentration and fascicle contents of Ca, Mn, and Al increased with aging of the needles.

Between‐tree variability was least for N, P, and Zn and the N, K, Mg, Mn, and Zn in the current foliage had consistently lower variation than that in the 1‐year‐old foliage. Between‐tree variation for K was lower in the winter than the spring.

For pine foliage, recommended sampling period for N, P, Mg, and Zn is mid to late summer and for the other elements it is late fall to late winter.

There are several sources of variation that influence the level of nutrients in tree foliage. The most important of these, apart from the tree nutrient status, are seasonal fluctuations, variation between trees, and age of needles . Smaller sources of variation are associated with position of the needles within the crown, diurnal changes, year to year variation, and analytical errors^1,2. These variables must be studied in order to develop suitable sampling techniques and in Pinus this has been undertaken for P. banksiana ¹, P. taeda ³, P. strobus ⁴, P. resinosa ⁴, P. sylvestris ⁵, and P. radiata ^6,7. However, foliage sampling has not been studied in detail for slash pine (Pinus elliottii Englem var. elliottii) and earlier studies with other pines have been largely confined to temperate or cool climates.

This study reports the variation in elemental concentrations with season, age of foliage, and between slash pine trees growing in a subtropical climate in Florida.     

Thin layer chromatographic determination of aflatoxins, ochratoxins, sterigmatocystin, zearalenone, citrinin, T-2 toxin, diacetoxyscirpenol, penicillic acid, patulin, and penitrem A.

A general method is described for determining 16 mycotoxins in mixed feeds and other food products used in the manufacture of these feedstuffs. The mycotoxins are extracted and cleaned up by extracting with solvents of different pH. Thin layer chromatography is used to separate the toxins; toxins are then quantitated by the limit detection method. The minimum detectable concentration of mycotoxins in various products is: aflatoxin B1 or G1, 4--5 micrograms/kg; ochratoxin A or ethyl ester A 140--145 micrograms/kg; citrinin 600--750 micrograms/kg; zearalenone, 410--500 micrograms/kg; sterigmatocystin, 140--145 micrograms/kg; diacetoxyscirpenol, 2400--2600 micrograms/kg; T-2 toxin, 800--950 micrograms/kg; patulin, 750--800 micrograms/kg; penitrem A 14,000--14,500 micrograms/kg; penicillic acid 3400--3650 micrograms/kg.     

Estimation of Reference Values for Cadmium,Cobalt, Chromium,Copper, Nickel,Lead, and Zinc in Brazilian Soils

Abstract

The objectives of this study were 1) to recommend reference values (RVs) and tolerance limits (TLs) for representative Brazilian soils and 2) to propose a model to calculate natural contents of cadmium (Cd), cobalt (Co), chromium (Cr), copper (Cu), nickel (Ni), lead (Pb), and zinc (Zn) in a soil from the silt, clay, manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), and cation exchange capacity (CEC) values. A set of 256 soil samples was classified by similarity in seven groups, and the concentrations corresponding to the upper quarter of data collected were then calculated. These concentrations are proposed as RVs for Brazilian soils. Additionally, TLs were obtained for each group from the antilog expression (m+2s), where m=mean value and s=standard deviation of data transformed in log₁₀. The classification functions of discriminant analysis proved to be suitable to allocate new samples in the established groups. Thus, it is possible to evaluate soils under anthropic activity and, by comparison with reference values, to be aware of pollution risks in a given area.     

Cooking,Roasting, and Fermentation of Chickpeas,Lentils, Peas,and Soybeans for Fortification of Leavened Bread

The effects of cooking, roasting, and fermentation on the composition and protein properties of grain legumes and the characteristics of dough and bread incorporated with legume flours were determined to identify an appropriate pretreatment. Oligosaccharide content of legumes was reduced by 76.2–96.9% by fermentation, 44.0–64.0% by roasting, and 28.4–70.1% by cooking. Cooking and roasting decreased protein solubility but improved in vitro protein digestibility. Mixograph absorption of wheat and legume flour blends increased from 50–52% for raw legumes to 68–76, 62–64, and 74–80% for cooked, roasted, and fermented ones, respectively. Bread dough with cooked or roasted legume flour was less sticky than that with raw or fermented legume flour. Loaf volume of bread baked from wheat and raw or roasted legume flour blends with or without gluten addition was consistently highest for chickpeas, less for peas and lentils, and lowest for soybeans. Roasted legume flour exhibited more appealing aroma and greater loaf volume of bread than cooked legume flour, and it appears to be the most appropriate preprocessing method for incorporation into bread.     

Glucoraphanin and 4-hydroxyglucobrassicin contents in seeds of 59 cultivars of broccoli, raab, kohlrabi, radish, cauliflower, brussels sprouts, kale, and cabbage

The importance of dietary sulforaphane in helping maintain good health continues to gain support within the health-care community and awareness among U.S. consumers. In addition to the traditional avenue for obtaining sulforaphane, namely, the consumption of appropriate cruciferous vegetables, other consumer products containing added glucoraphanin, the natural precursor to sulforaphane, are now appearing in the United States. Crucifer seeds are a likely source for obtaining glucoraphanin, owing to a higher concentration of glucoraphanin and the relative ease of processing seeds as compared to vegetative parts. Seeds of several commonly consumed crucifers were analyzed not only for glucoraphanin but also for components that might have negative health implications, such as certain indole-containing glucosinolates and erucic acid-containing lipids. Glucoraphanin, 4-hydroxyglucobrassicin, other glucosinolates, and lipid erucic acid were quantified in seeds of 33 commercially available cultivars of broccoli, 4 cultivars each of kohlrabi, radish, cauliflower, Brussels sprouts, kale, and cabbage, and 2 cultivars of raab.     

Distribution of Zinc,Manganese, Copper,Cobalt, and Nickel in Andosols Profiles

The distribution of zinc, manganese, copper, cobalt, and nickel in Andosols was investigated. Sixty nine soil samples were collected from different horizons of an Andosols profile in Miyakonojo Basin in south Kyushu, Japan, The total contents of heavy metals were determined by digestion and four extraction solutions, 1 M NH₄Ac (ammonium acetate) pH 4.5, 0.1 M HCl, 0.01 M EDTA (ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid) pH 6.5, and 0.005 M DTPA (diethylenetri-aminepentaacetic acid) pH 7.3 were used to determine the contents of available Zn, Mn, Cu, Co, and Ni in Andosols in relation to the organic carbon content. The results of the extraction analysis showed that by the use of 0.1 M H Cl high value of extracted heavy metals in the upper layers of the humus horizons were obtained while EDTA extraction yielded a large amount of the above mentioned metals in the high humus horizons. The extractable heavy metals contents were high and these metals closely related to the organic carbon content mostly in the humus horizons in the profile. Where, biocycling process may play an important role in the concentration of heavy metals. Based on the study, it was found that the total content of Zn increased towards the C horizons or pumice layers in the soil profile. Such a trend was also found in the case of the Mn content. While the Cu content in the humus horizons was much higher in the upper part of each humus horizon. According to this study the distribution of heavy metals, Cu (organic matter complexes) in the Andosols profile was more stable than that of Zn (organic matter complexes) in soils. It was shown that Zn in the surface humus horizon was enriched but that some amount was leached under buried conditions. The same phenomenon was also observed in the distribution of Mn in the profile. The movement of Co and Ni in the soil profile was limited, as evidenced by the sharp reduction in the concentrations of these two metals in buried soils.

Hence, it is concluded that the distribution of Zn, Mn, Cu, Co, and Ni was considerably higher in the humus horizons of the Andosols profiles.     

Hydrophilic chromatographic determination of carnosine, anserine, balenine, creatine, and creatinine

A new HPLC procedure based on hydrophilic interaction chromatography (HILIC) has been developed for the simultaneous determination of carnosine, anserine, balenine, creatine, and creatinine in meat. This is the first time that HILIC has been directly applied to the study of meat components, having the advantage of not requiring complex cleanup and/or sample derivatization procedures. The chromatographic separation has been developed using a silica column (4.6 x 150 mm, 3 microm), and the proposed methodology is simple, reliable, and fast (<13 min per sample). The method has been validated in terms of linearity, repeatability, reproducibility, and recovery and represents an interesting alternative to methods currently in use for determining the mentioned compounds and other polar substances. The detection limits are 5.64, 8.23, 3.66, 3.99, and 0.06 microg/mL for carnosine, anserine, balenine, creatine, and creatinine, respectively.     

Volatilization of trifluralin,atrazine, metolachlor,chlorpyrifos, alpha-endosulfan,and beta-endosulfan from freshly tilled soil

The volatile and soil loss profiles of six agricultural pesticides were measured for 20 days following treatment to freshly tilled soil at the Beltsville Agricultural Research Center. The volatile fluxes were determined using the Theoretical Profile Shape (TPS) method. Polyurethane foam plugs were used to collect the gas-phase levels of the pesticides at the TPS-defined critical height above a treated field. Surface-soil (0-8 cm) samples were collected on each day of air sampling. The order of the volatile flux losses was trifluralin > alpha-endosulfan > chlorpyrifos > metolachlor > atrazine > beta-endosulfan. The magnitude of the losses ranged from 14.1% of nominal applied amounts of trifluralin to 2.5% of beta-endosulfan. The daily loss profiles were typical of those observed by others for volatile flux of pesticides from moist soil. Even though heavy rains occurred from the first to third day after treatment, the majority of the losses took place within 4 days of treatment, that is, 59% of the total applied atrazine and metolachlor and >78% of the other pesticides. Soil losses generally followed pseudo-first-order kinetics; however, leaching due to heavy rainfall caused significant errors in these results. The portion of soil losses that were accounted for by the volatile fluxes was ordered as follows: alpha-endosulfan, 34.5%; trifluralin, 26.5%; chlorpyrifos, 23.3%; beta-endosulfan, 14.5%; metolachlor, 12.4%; and atrazine, 7.5%.