内蒙古自治区鄂尔多斯高原茭蒿种子萌发特性研究

通过对内蒙古自治区鄂尔多斯高原的茭蒿与其他2种蒿属植物种子萌发特性的对比研究。结果表明,茭蒿种子质量很小,千粒重仅为(0.090 1±0.005 1)g,这种特性有利于其种子的传播;茭蒿种子质量虽然很小,但在相同条件下,与其他植物种子发芽率并没有表现出显著差异,即种子质量的大小没有对茭蒿种子的萌发造成影响。茭蒿在拥有小种子的同时又具有高的种子萌发率,是其对黄土丘陵沟谷的有效适应途径。     

沙蒿种子萌发对NaCl及聚乙二醇胁迫的响应

[目的]研究在盐分以及干旱胁迫条件下沙蒿种子的萌发能力,为沙蒿的人工培育和栽种提供参考依据。[方法]以沙蒿种子为试验材料,使用不同浓度的NaCl溶液(0.2%,0.4%,0.6%,0.8%,1.0%,1.2%,1.4%,1.6%,1.8%)和聚乙二醇(PEG)溶液(5%,10%,15%,20%,25%)模拟盐分以及干旱对种子的胁迫条件,测定种子萌发初期的发芽率、发芽势、发芽指数、活力指数。[结果]当NaCl浓度≤0.6%时,上述指标与对照组相比未发生显著变化;但当溶液浓度高于这一范围时,各项指标则随浓度升高而显著降低;说明NaCl溶液浓度为0.6%是种子正常萌发的适宜浓度界限。当PEG浓度≤15%时,沙蒿种子的上述指标与对照组相比未发生显著变化;但当PEG浓度高于15%时,种子各项指标与对照组相比则显著降低;说明PEG浓度为15%是种子正常萌发的适宜浓度界限。[结论]沙蒿种子对轻、中度的盐分及干旱胁迫表现出耐受性,在含盐量较低的土壤以及轻、中度的干旱环境中仍可正常萌发。     

沙埋和种子处理对樟子松贮藏种子萌发出苗的影响

樟子松是我国北方荒漠化地区生态环境建设的重要树种,近年来樟子松人工林出现不同程度的衰退问题,自然更新障碍则是限制樟子松人工林发展演替的关键因子.为探究樟子松人工林自然更新的限制因子,通过不同沙埋深度及不同种子处理方法等室内发芽试验,对樟子松种子萌发出苗的影响进行研究.结果表明:1)在沙埋深度为0 ～3.00 cm范围内,无沙埋时樟子松种子萌发出苗能力最强,随着沙埋深度的增加,种子萌发出苗能力不断降低,沙埋深度显著影响种子的萌发和出苗;2)4℃低温冷藏保存的种子比常温保存和-18℃低温冷冻保存的种子,在萌发出苗上更具优势;3)种子经25～30℃温水浸种24 h处理后,在出苗率和出苗时间等方面优于55 ～ 60℃热水浸种和不浸种处理,表现为樟子松种子较为适宜的处理方式.其研究可为解决樟子松人工林自然更新障碍问题提供参考和借鉴,并为樟子松人工育苗提供技术支撑.     

温度对樟子松和沙地云杉种子萌发特征的影响

通过对不同温度条件下樟子松和沙地云杉种子的发芽特征研究,分析了温度对发芽率、发芽势、发芽指数、平均发芽天数、胚根长、胚芽长、胚根/胚芽比和活力指数的影响。结果表明,温度对发芽率、发芽势、发芽指数、平均发芽天数、胚根长、胚芽长、胚根/胚芽比和活力指数的影响均达到极显著水平。10~25℃温度范围内樟子松和沙地云杉均有较高的发芽率,20~25℃为樟子松和沙地云杉发芽的最适温度;温度超过30℃时发芽种子有腐烂现象,所以温度高于30℃不适合樟子松和沙地云杉种子发芽。在适宜温度下,沙地云杉发芽率大于樟子松,且发芽整齐,但樟子松生长快于沙地云杉,耐高温也优于沙地云杉。     

温度和光照对不同预处理野生甘草种子萌发和幼苗生长的影响

为确定甘草种子萌发和幼苗生长的最佳温度和光照条件,利用生化培养箱研究了不同温度和光照条件对浓硫酸预处理、清水预处理的野生乌拉尔甘草种子萌发及幼苗生长的影响。结果表明:（1）浓硫酸预处理能够显著提高甘草种子发芽率,且发芽更整齐;（2）甘草种子从10~40℃都可以发芽,但过低或过高的温度会延缓甘草种子的发芽进程且抑制幼苗生长,乌拉尔甘草出芽和幼苗生长最适宜的温度是20~30℃;（3）清水预处理的种子适宜在光照10 h/d条件下萌发,浓硫酸预处理能够降低甘草种子萌发对光的依赖性,全黑暗条件能够促进甘草幼苗胚根和胚轴的生长。野生乌拉尔甘草种子适宜在20~30℃、光照10 h/d条件下萌发,20℃最适宜甘草幼苗胚根生长,30℃最适宜胚轴生长     

聚乙二醇（PEG6000）模拟干旱胁迫抑制矮沙冬青种子的萌发

本研究以新疆特有濒危保护植物矮沙冬青（Ammmopiptanthus nanus（M．Pop．）Chengf）的种子为材料,用不同渗透势浓度的聚乙二醇（PEG6000）模拟干旱胁迫,探讨干旱胁迫对矮沙冬青种子发芽率、平均发芽速度、胚轴和胚根长度及发芽指数、活力指数的影响。结果表明,不同浓度PEG胁迫处理均降低了种子的发芽率,延缓了矮沙冬青种了萌发进程;种子的发芽率、发芽指数和活力指数均随胁迫强度的增加呈明显下降趋势。当-1．20MPa的PEG胁迫处理的种子在试验结束时仍未能萌发,表明-1．20MPa是矮沙冬青种子萌发的临界水势。PEG模拟十旱胁迫中,当PEG处理为-0．2MPa时,虽然最终发芽率与对照一样,但其胚根、胚轴的长度都比对照短,说明矮沙冬青胚根、胚轴的生长比发芽率对干旱胁迫更敏感。干旱胁迫可能是导致矮沙冬青种群天然更新能力弱的原因之一。本研究将为矮沙冬青种质资源的保护和种群的恢复提供科学依据。     

温度对柳枝稷种子萌发的影响

柳枝稷是一种优良的纤维素类草本能源植物,具有优良的牧草特性及水土保持功能,同时又被认为是一种理想的可再生替代能源植物。为研究不同温度处理下柳枝稷种子的萌发特性,利用主成分分析法对发芽总数、发芽率、峰值、日平均发芽率、发芽系数、发芽指数、胚芽干重和活力指数8个种子活力测定指标进行了筛选,结果表明:发芽指数、发芽系数、胚芽干重3个测定指标能够较真实、全面地反映柳枝稷种子活力水平,可作为种子萌发的测定指标;柳枝稷3个品种种子的适宜萌发温度为35℃,在发芽水平上,品种Bay Canada的种子品质要高于Alamo、Common。     

中国特有植物沙地云杉的濒危机制

[目的]探索中国特有植物沙地云杉濒危的原因,为制定沙地云杉天然林保护措施提供理论依据。[方法]通过栖息地不同储藏时间种子质量测定,研究种子萌发对温度、光照和沙埋的响应以及种子萌发和幼苗生长对盐分胁迫耐受性。[结果](1)种子成熟时生活力仅为79%,其中12%的种子遭受了冻害,其余67%种子不同程度遭受了虫害和病害,且种子生活力随着栖息地埋藏每年以9.5%速度下降。(2)种子在大于10℃温度范围内萌发率均大于40%,且在黑暗/光照交替下萌发速度大于其他光照条件,而沙地云杉出苗最适沙埋深度为0.5cm,满足种子萌发温度和光照条件,这增加了在栖息地大量种子萌发后死亡的危险。(3)种子萌发和幼苗生长随着盐分胁迫浓度增加显著降低,当盐分浓度0~100mmol/L时,种子初始萌发率(RIG)由69%降到49%,恢复萌发率(RGR)由0增加到6%,初始幼苗长度(LIS)由7.12cm降到1.16cm,恢复幼苗长度(LRS)仅由0cm增加到0.03cm,当盐分浓度大于100mmol/L时,种子萌发和幼苗生长受到严重抑制(RIG49%,LIS1.16cm)且恢复能力极差(RGR10%,LRG1cm),但土壤含盐量大于100mmol/L的沙地在沙地云杉的栖息地很容易找到。(4)出苗率随着沙埋深度增加显著降低。在0.5cm时出苗率69%,在2cm时降为8.50%,在沙地云杉栖息地沙埋厚度很容易超过2cm,因此,出苗率小于8.5%。而小于8.5%幼苗出土后还要反复遭受虫害、病害、冻害、水盐胁迫和种间竞争等影响。[结论]栖息地自然土壤种子库中沙地云杉种子病虫害严重,生活力低和幼苗存活率低以及环境恶劣是导致沙地云杉濒危主要原因。     

重金属在不同温度和光照下对骆驼蓬种子萌发特征的影响

应用正交试验设计研究了不同浓度的Ni2+,Cu2+,Co2+和温度、光照组合下对骆驼蓬种子萌发特征的影响。结果表明,低浓度的Ni 2+,Cu2+,Co2+混合溶液有利于提高骆驼蓬的发芽势、发芽率和发芽指数,高浓度则表现出明显抑制性;不管混合溶液中重金属离子浓度的高低,都会不同程度地影响骆驼蓬幼苗生长,但浓度较低时抑制不显著;在Ni 2+浓度5mg/L,Cu2+浓度800mg/L,Co2+浓度400mg/L,温度25℃,光照12h处理下骆驼蓬的种子萌发快,发芽率相对较高;在不同条件作用下,骆驼蓬幼苗生长的最佳条件是Ni 2+浓度100mg/L,Cu2+浓度100mg/L,Co2+浓度50mg/L,温度25℃,光照12h。     

沙埋和水分对3种灌草植物种子萌发及出苗的影响

选取柠条、紫花苜蓿和披碱草3种沙区常见灌草植物进行大田盆栽实验,研究种子在不同沙埋深度和供水条件下的萌发及出苗特性.结果表明：1）柠条和紫花苜蓿种子主要在2.5 ～5.0 mm供水量条件下出苗,柠条种子的最大出苗率为59.00％±7.21％,紫花苜蓿种子出苗率未超过40％,2.5 mm供水量条件下紫花苜蓿幼苗死亡率较大,存在萌发后大量死亡的现象,披碱草种子在5.0～9.0mm供水量条件下出苗较好,最大出苗率为52.67％士10.67％;2）柠条和紫花苜蓿种子的适宜沙埋深度分别为0.5～1 cm和0.5cm,随着埋深的增加,二者的出苗率显著降低,在4.5cm埋深时,柠条种子萌发后未出土幼苗数最多,披碱草种子对沙埋的适应性较好,4.5 am沙埋深度时出苗率最大.     

Agricultural potential of Mediterranean grain and forage legumes: Key differences between and within Vicia species in terms of phenology, yield, and agronomy give insight into plant adaptation to semi-arid environments

In order to identify key adaptive traits which affect productivity in Mediterranean grain and forage legumes and simultaneously determine the agricultural potential of a wide range of Vicia species, germplasm collected from the wild throughout the eastern Mediterranean was grown under semi-arid conditions in Tel Hadya, Syria (313 mm growing season rainfall). These included species currently in use in Mediterranean agriculture, such as V. sativa L., as well as those more widely used in the past-such as V. ervilia L., but also a broad selection from Section Narbonensis (B. Fedtsch. ex Radzhi) Maxted, including V. narbonensis L, V. johannis Tamamsch., V. hyaeniscyamus Mout., V. serratifolia Jacq., and V. kalakhensis Khattab et al. V. faba, a near relative of the taxa in Section Narbonensis, was included as a domesticated control. Where applicable, a representative range of subspecies was used. Accessions were chosen from a wide range of habitats in terms of latitude (31.02–40.72 decimal^o), longitude (27.1–43.17 decimal^o), altitude (20–1510 m), rainfall (180–1700 mm/yr) and soil depth (5–50 cm) in order to maximise diversity within species. Agricultural potential was determined by measuring seed, hay and biological yield, as well as agronomic traits such as harvest index, standing crop height, and seed size. The comparative influence of phenology and key agronomic traits such as plant habit and seed size on productivity varied tremendously between species, depending on their reproductive strategies. In V. sativa and V. ervilia, the smaller seed species which rely on long vegetative phases and growing seasons to accumulate sufficient biomass to set seed, and in which there was comparatively little agronomic variation, phenology had a large impact on yield. In early emerging taxa such as V. ervilia and V. s. subsp. sativa, with built-in long vegetative phases and growing seasons, seed yield was negatively correlated with flower ing (r = –0.86 to –0.88), whereas the opposite was the case for later emerging taxa such as V. s. subsp. nigra (L.) Ehrh. (r = 0.95). Within V. narbonensis and relatives, the larger seeded Vicia species which rely on more conservative reproductive strategies where high seedling vigour associated with large seeds enables the species to enter reproductive phases relatively early, phenology had a much smaller impact on yield than did variation of key traits such as seed weight, plant habit and pod shattering. Among the undomesticated germplasm harvest indices ranged from 0.09–0.31, hay yields from 0.1–3.4 t/ha, seed yield from 0–2.0 t/ha, and dry matter at maturity from 1.6–6.5 t/ha. Sub-specific taxonomy was crucial in determining agronomic potential. V. narbonensis var. aegyptiaca Kornhuber ex Asch. et Schweinf. showed the most potential, combining an upright habit, large seeds (212 mg) and tendency to retain intact pods after maturity, with the highest yield, harvest index and crop height of all the wild Vicia species. V. sativa subsp. sativa, V. ervilia and V. narbonensis var. narbonensis were less productive, but still showed agricultural potential. The smaller seeded V. narbonensis, var. affinis, var. jordanica H. Schäf. and var. salmonea (Mout.) H. Schäf., and their close relatives V. johannis, V. hyaeniscyamus, V. serratifolia and V. kalakhensis have little to offer Mediterranean agriculture on the basis of poor agronomy.     

Changes in trace element speciation in kola north surface waters during snow melt

The powerful mass-flow of melt water during the brief period of spring thaw provides a surge of pollutants and causes extremely toxic short term conditions. Together with the increase in total metal concentrations during this period, a redistribution in metal speciation occurs that increases the proportion of more toxic forms. Concentrations of ion-exchangeable fractions of nickel (Ni), copper (Cu), aluminium (Al), and manganese (Mn) show strong negative correlations with pH. The sum of complex metal species shows a strong positive correlation with total organic carbon (TOC). A data analysis model based on relationships observed between key parameters and metal behaviour together with gidrological data allowed an assessmrnt of the metal impact on waterbodies from accumulated airborne pollution (Ni, Cu) as well as from accelerated leaching from watersheds (Al, Mn).     

On the Taxonomy of the Members of ‘Saccharum Complex’

The difficulty and problems encountered in the study of cultivated plants, in general and sugarcane, in particular has been indicated. In order to understand these problems, a brief review on the taxonomy of Saccharum and closely related taxa, namely, Erianthus, Sclerostachya, Narenga and Miscanthus (generally known as ‘Saccharum complex’) has been given. A short account on the important morphological features that are specific to sugarcane has also been stated as classification is commonly based on such morphological characters. A note has been added on the chromosome number, origin, and distribution of the species of ‘Saccharum complex’ members. Taxonomic keys have been devised for identification of the genera of Saccharinae and for the species of Saccharum and Erianthus occurring in India. A new combination, Sclerostachya fallax (Balansa) Amalraj et Balasundaram, has also been proposed.     

The effects of feeding by Oniscus asellus on leaf litter sulfur constituents

Summary Feeding by the isopod, Oniscus asellus, produced changes in the sulfur constituents of leaf litter substrates (Acer negundo, A. saccharum, Fagus grandifolia, Picea rubens, and Tsuga canadensis). Isopod consumption of leaf litter generally accelerated the mineralization of carbon-bonded S and increased the formation of ester sulfate in all substrates. After the isopod egestion of A. negundo leaves, fecal decomposition over 6 weeks increased total S concentration from 68 to 120 mol S/g due to the catabolism of organic carbon. During the same period sulfate decreased from 34 to 20 mol S/g and carbon-bonded S increased from 34 to 100 mol S/g. Thus the total S pool in aged feces became enriched with organic S (83% of total S). Macroinvertebrate consumption accelerated the transformation of S constituents and the carbon-bonded S concentration approached that of the Oa organic horizon of a northern hardwood forest.Dedicated to the late Prof. Dr. M.S. Ghilarov     

Polymorphism of high molecular weight glutenin subunits in three species of Aegilops

A collection of 136 accessions of Aegilops umbellulata (39), Ae. comosa (75) and Ae. markgrafii (22) was analysed for high-molecular-weight (HMW) glutenin subunits composition. The homogeneity of the accessions was studied and 55.1% of the collection was homogeneous for HMW glutenin subunits (29 Ae. umbellulata, 33 Ae. comosa and 14 Ae. markgrafii). The HMW glutenin subunits of Ae. umbellulata are encoded by the Glu-U1 locus; in Ae. comosa results showed that this proteins are encoded at the 1M chromosome, and the locus was named Glu-M1. In Ae. markgrafii it was assumed that HMW glutenin subunits were encoded by an homoeologous locus and it was named Glu-C1. All the accessions of Ae. umbellulata and Ae. markgrafii expressed both, x-type and y-type subunits. Among the Ae. comosa accessions, only one expressed an x-type subunit alone. All the accessions of Ae. umbellulata and some of Ae. comosa had x-type glutenins of higher molecular weights than those commonly present in bread wheat. A total of 8 alleles were detected at the Glu-U1 locus, 11 at the Glu-M1 and 4 at the Glu-C1. The new HMW glutenin variation found in this work suggests their possible utilisation in breeding for wheat quality.     

Genetic diversity of rhizobia associated with indigenous legumes in different regions of Flanders (Belgium)

We investigated the diversity of rhizobia isolated from different indigenous legumes in Flanders (Belgium). A total of 3810 bacterial strains were analysed originating from 43 plant species. Based on rep-PCR clustering, 16S rRNA gene and recA gene sequence analysis, these isolates belonged to Bradyrhizobium, Ensifer (Sinorhizobium), Mesorhizobium and Rhizobium. Of the genera encountered, Rhizobium was the most abundant (62%) and especially the species Rhizobiumleguminosarum, followed by Ensifer (19%), Bradyrhizobium (14%) and finally Mesorhizobium (5%). For two rep-clusters only low similarity values with other genera were found for both the 16S rRNA and recA genes, suggesting that these may represent a new genus with close relationship to Rhodopseudomonas and Bradyrhizobium. Primers for the symbiotic genes nodC and nifH were optimized and a phylogenetic sequence analysis revealed the presence of different symbiovars including genistearum, glycinearum, loti, meliloti, officinalis, trifolii and viciae. Moreover, three new nodC types were assigned to strains originating from Ononis, Robinia and Wisteria, respectively. Discriminant and MANOVA analysis confirmed the correlation of symbiosis genes with certain bacterial genera and less with the host plant. Multiple symbiovars can be present within the same host plant, suggesting the promiscuity of these plants. Moreover, the ecoregion did not contribute to the separation of the bacterial endosymbionts. Our results reveal a large diversity of rhizobia associated with indigenous legumes in Flanders. Most of the legumes harboured more than one rhizobial endosymbiont in their root nodules indicating the importance of including sufficient isolates per plant in diversity studies.     

The major features of an infestation by the invasive weed legume gorse (Ulex europaeus) on volcanic soils in Hawaii

Gorse (Ulex europaeus) infestation occupies over 4,000 ha of agriculture and conservation lands on the southeastern slope of Mauna Kea on the Island of Hawaii. The aim of this investigation is to identify ecological features associated with this weed invasion by comparing the gorse-infested areas to the surrounding uninfested areas of this landscape. The soils within the gorse infestation are more acidic, resulting in higher levels of KCl-extractable Al and lower levels of Mehlich III-extractable Ca, Mg, Mn, and Zn. Yet, gorse accumulates higher concentrations of Ca, Zn and, Cu than the kikuyu grass (Pennesitum clandestinum), which is ubiquitous throughout the site. The Ca:Al and Mg:Al molar charge ratios of the soils are lowest within the epicenter of the gorse infestation, while the molar ratios are highest in the gorse apical stem tissues. All gorse plants are nodulated and have higher nitrogen contents than the surrounding kikuyu grass. Furthermore, the δ¹⁵N of the gorse stem tissues approaches 0‰, suggesting that nitrogen is being symbiotically fixed from the atmosphere. Characterization of the Bradyrhizobium isolated from gorse nodules shows similarities and distinctions to Bradyrhizobium isolated from the endemic legume koa (Acacia koa) within the same location. Population densities of the indigenous Bradyrhizobium are higher within the gorse rhizosphere than the kikuyu grass. Soil acidification, nutrient depletion, and symbiotic nitrogen fixation distinguish gorse-infested areas from the surrounding uninfested areas. These observations suggest that gorse has a competitive advantage over kikuyu grass under conditions of soil nutrient deficiency.     

Genetic Diversity within and Between Populations of Lathyrus genus (Fabaceae) Revealed by ISSR Markers

In order to evaluate the genetic diversity in Lathyrus genus, the Inter Simple Sequence Repeats method (ISSR) was exploited in five populations. These consisted of two cultivated species belonging to section Lathyrus (L. sativus L. and L. cicera L.) and a wild one belonging to the section Clymenum (L. ochrus DC.). Two 3′anchored ISSR primers and two unanchored ones, generated a total of 60 useful polymorphic DNA bands. Our data provide evidence of high molecular polymorphism at the intra- and the inter-specific levels showing that both wild and cultivated forms constitute an important pool of diversity. Moreover, among the generated DNA bands, a 500 bp band, totally absent in the banding patterns of the section Clymenum, appears to be a molecular marker of section Lathyrus. Results provided for lineage and suggest recent origin of these species that might have evolved from a common ancestor producing both L. ochrus species and the two other species L. sativus and L. cicera. These relationships support previous studies based on morphological variation and molecular analysis.