平原区地下水型供水工程建设的土地影响分析及对策

不同类型工程项目对土地的影响不同,针对平原区县城地下水型供水工程建设项目,对土地影响作了土地利用方式、土地结构、土壤、水土流失四方面的分析,并提出来相应保护对策和措施,为减轻工程项目对土地的影响提供了科学依据。     

影响土地利用规划的人文因素透视

社会经济可持续发展的基础在于土地资源的可持续利用，其关键是保护好农用地资源。科学地编制和切实实施土地利用规划是保护好土地资源，并保证其可持续利用的主要措施。然而，由于土地资源和土地利用规划编制、实施的特殊性，影响土地利用规划的自然、历史、社会、人文等因素复杂多样。本文阐述了土地资源、土地利用规划的主要性质，分析了影响土地利用规划的人文因素及其影响，提出了科学地编制和有效实施土地利用规划的人文因素对策和措施。     

元谋盆地土地利用/土地覆盖对冲沟侵蚀的影响

金沙江干热河谷元谋盆地冲沟发育，冲沟侵蚀蚕食耕地、最终形成侵蚀劣地，对土地资源危害很大。根据对9条冲沟17个沟头连续3年的观测与调查资料。分析了元谋盆地土地利用／土地覆盖对冲沟侵蚀的影响，包括冲沟集水区不同土地利用方式、植被群落结构对冲沟溯源侵蚀的影响和沟底植被覆盖度对冲沟溯源侵蚀的影响。     

大西南石山区土地资源保护、利用与农业可持续发展

本文首先简述了大西南石山区土地资源的特点，在此基础上分析了石山区土地开发利用中存在的问题及对农业可持续发展的影响，最后提出了合理开发利用土地资源的农业可持续发展之路。     

"退耕还林"政策驱动下的农户土地转用决策及其土地利用变化影响研究——基于江西省丰城市农户问卷调查的一个分析

在分析“退耕还林”政策驱动下的农户土地转用决策机理的基础上,以江西丰城市的农户调查资料建立了“退耕还林”政策与农户土地利用变化的计量分析模型,结果表明:(1)退耕收益补偿对比值对土地利用变化有显著的影响;(2)“退耕还林”政策中对土地产权的安排对土地利用变化强度影响不大;(3)在不同区域,土地利用变化强度的影响因素不同,土地资源丰度、农户择业行为对土地利用变化强度影响较大。并进一步就推进生态友好的土地利用方式、合理引导土地利用变化提出了相关建议。     

黄河流域资源型城市土地绿色利用效率时空演变及影响因素

如何以最小的城市土地资源投入获得最大的社会经济生态效益是区域可持续利用和高质量发展关注的重点之一。以黄河流域资源型城市为研究对象，构建土地绿色利用效率测算指标体系，利用SSBM（Super Slack Based Measure，SSBM）模型测度2009－2018年黄河流域资源型城市土地绿色利用效率，选取空间自相关模型分析土地绿色利用效率的时空演变特征，借助时空地理加权回归（Geographically and Temporally Weighted Regression，GTWR）模型揭示影响土地绿色利用效率因素。研究结果表明：1）从时序变化来看，2009－2018年，黄河流域资源型城市土地绿色利用效率整体变化趋势不明显。2）从空间差异来看，黄河流域资源型城市整体空间关联性不强，集聚态势不显著，局部表现出"小集聚大分散"的空间分布特征。3）土地绿色利用效率影响因素具有空间异质性特征，经济和产业结构始终是影响区域土地绿色利用效率的核心因素，科技作用逐渐凸显，同时不同类型资源型城市主导因素存在明显差异。研究结果对于促进土地绿色利用效率驱动机制的深入研究具有指导意义，也可为黄河流域资源型城市土地高效可持续利用提供科学参考。     

论土地利用转型与土地资源管理

人类的生存和发展离不开土地资源,作为人类活动的载体,土地资源为经济的发展提供了基础。近年来,随着土地利用转型概念的引入,相关的研究逐渐成为人们关注的重点。基于此,结合土地利用转型和土地资源管理的概念,分析了土地利用转型和土地资源管理之间的关系,并从土地利用转型对土地资源管理的影响和土地资源管理对土地利用转型的影响两个方面进行了具体的分析。     

我国土地资源经济学科体系的建设及其展望

土地资源经济学在我国形成时间虽不长，但该学科发展较快，目前已日趋完善。本文在前人研究的基础上，对我国土地资源经济学科体系建设进行了评述。文中提出了土地资源经济学的概念，评价了土地资源经济学与其它学科之间的关系，探讨了土地资源经济学研究的主要内容和方向，并介绍了我国土地资源经济学的研究重点。     

土地资源配置的可拓目标规划模型及其应用初探

从不同角度生成各种决策方案，可为土地资源优化配置提供充分的信息和备选方案，也是实现土地资源优化配置的基础，但目前对如何生成决策方案这一问题却研究得较少。该文通过可拓工程与目标规划模型相结合，建立了从不同角度生成各种方案的可拓目标规划模型方法，并以山西省隰县试区为例，探讨了可拓目标规划模型的应用及其方案生成的方法。结果表明：土地资源配置的可拓目标规划模型及其规划方案生成的方法，可通过变换规划目标、约束条件、决策变量等途径来实现，该方法是从不同角度生成各种土地资源配置方案的较好方法。     

北京山区土地资源评价及可持续发展研究

通过对北京山区土地分异影响因素分析,建立了调查区土地资源评价系统及标准。从构成、质量及潜力三方面分析了该地区土地资源的特点,并提出了北京山区土地资源可持续发展战略措施。     

土地整理的生态环境效应分析

土地整理活动是一个重建生态环境系统的过程，在此过程中将会对区域环境要素及其生态过程产生影响。该文将土地整理的生态环境影响因子归纳为土地整理项目工程的特性、土地整理后土地利用类型结构的变化以及土地整理后土地景观格局的变化。其中土地整理项目工程会对土壤质量、水文环境、生物多样性、农田小气候等产生影响；未利用土地的开发、交通用地的增加以及土地利用类型的单一化会对生态环境产生影响；而土地景观格局的变化可能会影响动物生态行为，同时会提高区域整体的环境美学价值。     

Soil conditions and land use intensification effects on soil microbial communities across a range of European field sites

Intensive land use practices necessary for providing food and raw materials are known to have a deleterious effect on soil. However, the effects that such practices have on soil microbes are less well understood. To investigate the effects of land use intensification on soil microbial communities we used a combined T-RFLP and pyrosequencing approach to study bacteria, archaea and fungi in spring and autumn at five long term observatories (LTOs) in Europe; each with a particular land use type and contrasting levels of intensification (low and high). Generally, due to large gradients in soil variables, both molecular methods revealed that soil microbial communities were structured according to differences in soil conditions between the LTOs, more so than land use intensity. Moreover, variance partitioning analysis also showed that soil properties better explained the differences in microbial communities than land use intensity effects. Predictable responses in dominant bacterial, archaeal and fungal taxa to edaphic conditions (e.g. soil pH and resource availability) were apparent between the LTOs. Some effects of land use intensification at individual field sites were observed. However, these effects were manifest when land use change affected soil conditions. Uniquely, this study details the responses of different microbial groups to soil type and land use intensification, and their relative importance across a range of European field sites. These findings reinforce our understanding of drivers impacting soil microbial community structure at both field and larger geographic scales.     

黔中喀斯特区典型土地利用方式及耕作措施的水土流失调控效应

[目的]探讨贵州省中部喀斯特地区坡面几种典型土地利用类型及耕作措施对土壤水分、土壤侵蚀及坡面径流的调控效应,探明其差异显著性,为区域坡面水土流失防治提供参考。[方法]采用野外径流小区定位观测法,以贵州省龙里县羊鸡冲小流域及贵阳修文龙场小流域为研究对象,开展坡面不同土地利用及耕作方式水土流失调控效应的研究。[结果]林地、撂荒地及农耕地对土壤水分的调控效应差异不显著(p0.05),对土壤侵蚀的调控效应差异显著(p0.05)。3种土地利用方式对径流的调控效应相对复杂,具体为撂荒地显著低于林地(p0.05),但林地与农耕地间、撂荒地与农耕地间均无显著差异(p0.05);两种典型耕作措施研究结果显示,蔬菜种植(春甘蓝)对土壤水分、水土流失的调控效应优于玉米种植(单作),但两者对土壤水分及水土流失的调控效应均无显著差异(p0.05)。[结论]黔中喀斯特区3种土地利用方式中,撂荒地水土流失调控效应显著高于林地和耕地;蔬菜种植水土流失调控效应高于玉米单作,但是两者无显著差异(p0.05)。     

怀来盆地不同土地利用方式对土壤质量的影响分析

基于对河北省怀来县官厅水库南北两岸8种主要土地利用类型的土壤养分、pH值和土壤容重等的分析,讨论了不同土地利用方式对土壤质量的影响,并评价了不同土地利用方式下的土壤退化程度。结果表明:怀来县官厅水库北岸的防护林地,由于合理的土地利用管理与保护措施,土壤容重最低,土壤养分含量高于其它几种土地利用方式;而由坡耕地撂荒后演替而来的草地,由于当地干旱寒冷多风的气候环境,土壤的母质条件以及缺乏有效的恢复措施等原因引起土壤质量继续退化;在长期不合理的土地管理措施影响下位于水库南岸的防护林地及葡萄园、果园、玉米地等土壤也发生较严重退化,表现为土壤容重、pH值显著增加,大部分土壤养分显著降低。土壤退化指数的计算结果也表明草地及南岸的玉米地、葡萄园的土壤发生了较严重的退化。在对数据进行处理分析过程中发现,土壤有机质、有机碳与全氮之间存在显著正相关关系。     

Ecological standardization of soil and soil quality control

Theoretical bases are offered for the ecological soil standardization presuming the scientific substantiating of the allowable ecological state (quality) of the soil and the allowable anthropogenic impact on it. The modern experience of these bases’ application in regulatory-methodological, nature-control, and managerial practices is presented. The criteria are found for determining the levels of the allowable ecological quality of soil and the anthropogenic impact on it. The sources of the anthropogenic impact on the soil are characterized. A unified system of indices of soil quality and anthropogenic impacts and a mechanism for determining the range of the allowable values of these parameters have been developed taking into account the natural conditions and types of land use. Scientific-methodological approaches are proposed that support a certain balance between the allowable ecological status of the soil and the effects on it in connection with the mechanisms of the soil quality control in particular land plots.     

三种不同利用方式土壤上黄瓜根际微生物群落差异

蔬菜塑料大棚是一种高度集约化利用的设施农业类型,在太湖地区一般由原来的稻麦(或油菜)轮作或露地蔬菜改变而来。稻麦(或油菜)轮作或露地蔬菜改为蔬菜塑料大棚后,土壤养分高度累积,出现了次生盐渍化和酸化的现象[1-2]。可能受土壤酸化和次生盐渍化的影响,蔬菜塑料大棚土壤     

The influence of different types of urban land use on soil microbial biomass and functional diversity in Beijing,China

Soil microbes in urban ecosystems are affected by a variety of abiotic and biotic factors resulting from changes in land use. However, the influence of different types of land use on soil microbial properties and soil quality in urban areas remains largely unknown. Here, by comparing five types of land use: natural forest, park, agriculture, street green and roadside trees, we examined the effects of different land uses on soil microbial biomass and microbial functional diversity in Beijing, China. We found that soil properties varied with land uses in urban environments. Compared to natural forest, soil nutrients under the other four types of urban land use were markedly depleted, and accumulation of Cu, Zn, Pb and Cd was apparent. Importantly, under these four types of land use, there was less microbial biomass, but it had greater functional diversity, particularly in the roadside‐tree soils. Furthermore, there were significant correlations between the microbial characteristics and physicochemical properties, such as organic matter, total nitrogen and total phosphorus (P < 0.05), suggesting that lack of nutrients was the major reason for the decrease in microbial biomass. In addition, the larger C/N ratio, Ni concentration and pool of organic matter together with a higher pH contributed to the increase in microbial functional diversity in urban soils. We concluded that different land uses have indirect effects on soil microbial biomass and microbial community functional diversity through their influence on soil physicochemical properties, especially nutrient availability and heavy metal content.     

试验研究中尺度流域土地利用变化对土壤侵蚀的影响——以孤山川流域为例

[目的]探究中尺度孤山川流域土地利用／覆盖变化对土壤侵蚀的影响,为认识理解黄河泥沙变化,完善土壤侵蚀模型提供理论支持.[方法]根据TM影像及中国土壤流失方程(CSLE)获取流域土地利用／覆盖数据与表征土壤侵蚀的植被作用因子,通过土地利用变化转移矩阵,重点分析流域土地利用／覆盖变化引起的植被作用因子的变化.[结果] 1975-1997年间,孤山川流域植被作用因子随着草地减少,耕地增加和植被覆盖度降低而增大,而在1997-2012年间,流域植被作用因子随着草地增加,耕地减少和植被覆盖度升高而增大.[结论]林地和草地是重要的林草措施,因此增加林草种植面积,对于减少土壤侵蚀具有重要意义.     

EFFECT OF SOIL BUNDS ON RUNOFF,SOIL AND NUTRIENT LOSSES,AND CROP YIELD IN THE CENTRAL HIGHLANDS OF ETHIOPIA

The effects of soil bunds on runoff, losses of soil and nutrients, and crop yield are rarely documented in the Central Highlands of Ethiopia. A field experiment was set up consisting of three treatments: (i) barley‐cultivated land protected with graded soil bunds (Sb); (ii) fallow land (F); and (iii) barley‐cultivated land without soil bund (Bc). For 3 years (2007–2009), the effect of soil bunds on runoff, losses of soil and nutrients, and crop productivity was studied. Daily runoff and soil and nutrient losses were measured for each treatment using standard procedures while barley yield was recorded from the cultivated plots. The results showed that Sb brought about significant reduction in runoff and soil losses. Plots with Sb reduced the average annual runoff by 28 per cent and the average annual soil loss by 47 per cent. Consequently, Sb reduced losses of soil nutrients and organic carbon. However, the absolute losses were still high. This implies the need for supplementing Sb with biological and agronomic land management measures to further control soil erosion. Despite these positive impacts on soil quality, Sb do not increase crop yield. Calculated on a per‐hectare basis, Sb even reduce crop yield by about 7 per cent as compared with control plots, which is entirely explained by the reduction of the cultivable area by 8·6 per cent due to the soil bunds. Suitable measures are needed to compensate the yield losses caused by the construction of soil bunds, which would convince farmers to construct these land management measures that have long‐term beneficial effects on erosion control. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Large‐scale Modeling of Soil Erosion with RUSLE for Conservationist Planning of Degraded Cultivated Brazilian Pastures

Pasture degradation is one of the major environmental and economic problems of Brazilian livestock production. Based on the estimates of soil loss in 140,297 km² pasturelands of Goiás State and the Federal District, the effects of land use and management and conservation practices on soil erosion by water were evaluated. Soil loss was estimated with the empirical revised universal soil loss equation model under four scenarios of land use and management of pastures and the implementation of terraces. The effects of converting hilly areas into permanently preserved areas were also evaluated. Well‐managed pastures planted in terraces and highly sloped areas with native vegetation featured a reduction of 709% in the rate of soil erosion by water in comparison with poorly managed pastures without soil conservation practices. The environmental consequences of pasture degradation become particularly important when they are associated with land use in the Amazon and Cerrado biomes because farmers in these regions are forced to open new natural areas. In addition, the high indices of bare soil in degraded pastures contribute significantly to sediment deposition in rivers and dams. The modeling of soil loss is demonstrated to be an important tool for land use planning and supporting public policies focused on the sustainable use of natural resources. The results of these simulations demonstrate the importance of actions to recover degraded pastures, such as the Federal Government's program known as ABC (Low Carbon Agriculture). Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.