黄土高原典型地区不同植被覆盖下坡面土壤侵蚀阈值研究

为了分析植被覆盖对黄土高原坡面水土流失的影响，量化土壤侵蚀的植被覆盖阈值，基于模拟降雨数据分析了植被覆盖对土壤侵蚀的作用机制，利用绥德、西峰、天水等黄土高原高原典型地区的野外径流小区定位观测资料，探讨了不同覆被类型下植被覆盖控制径流和土壤侵蚀的有效性，确定了不同覆被类型下植被覆盖调控径流和防治土壤侵蚀的植被覆盖下限阈值和上限阈值。结果表明：(1)植被覆盖度的提高增加了土壤入渗、减少了径流量、延缓了径流流速、增加了土壤抵抗侵蚀的能力。(2)坡面径流量随植被覆盖度呈幂函数或指数函数下降，土壤侵蚀量随植被覆盖度呈指数函数、幂函数或者对数函数下降。(3)总体而言，不同地区植被控制土壤侵蚀的下限阈值在20%～30%,上限阈值在50%～70%。(4)土壤质地、植被类型、甚至植被的根系特征对植被控制径流和土壤侵蚀的效益有重要影响。研究结果为黄土高原水土保持工作提供研究依据。     

玉米秸秆覆盖对喀斯特坡耕地产流产沙过程的影响

通过原位小区模拟降雨试验,研究玉米秸秆覆盖对喀斯特坡耕地产流产沙过程的影响,试验处理分为3种典型小区(上坡位、中坡位、下坡位)和4种秸秆覆盖度(0、20%、50%、80%)。试验结果表明：秸秆覆盖能显著加快地表径流产流时间,尤其在土层较厚的小区最为明显,50%秸秆覆盖度的地表径流产流时间显著提前;秸秆覆盖能显著改变径流系数大小,尤其在20%覆盖度时地表径流系数降低效果最显著,同时增加了壤中流,但具有明显的空间异质性;秸秆覆盖下地表径流和壤中流径流强度随降雨时间的变化过程均表现为先迅速增加后逐步稳定,多数情况秸秆覆盖能够有效地降低达到稳定时的地表径流强度,其中20%覆盖度时的稳定地表径流强度最小,同时秸秆覆盖对稳定壤中流径流强度影响的空间异质性较大;玉米秸秆覆盖能够有效减少喀斯特坡耕地的地表侵蚀量,在50%覆盖度时减少地表侵蚀量效果最好,且在砾石较多的小区土壤侵蚀量较小。     

不同降雨强度下坡地覆盖对土壤有机碳流失的影响

采用模拟降雨试验研究不同降雨强度下坡地覆盖对因地表径流泥沙流失的有机碳影响.结果表明:降雨强度越高,土壤覆盖度越低,土壤有机碳流失量越高.影响土壤有机碳流失的因素表现为降雨强度＞土壤覆盖度＞地面坡度.降雨过程中,降雨强度由60 mm/h增至120 mm/h,土壤有机碳流失量增大.覆盖度较小时,降雨强度对土壤有机碳流失起决定作用.降雨强度≤60 mm/h时,植物覆盖层抑制土壤有机碳流失,重度覆盖(覆盖度100％)、轻度覆盖(覆盖度50％)与裸露地(覆盖度0％)相比,土壤有机碳流失量分别减少56.2％和36.3％.同时,土壤有机碳流失量随地面坡度由5°升至10°增加4.6％,初始产流时间提前14s.降雨强度与土壤有机碳流失量呈正相关,土壤覆盖度与泥沙流失量(土壤侵蚀量)以及土壤有机碳流失量呈负相关,径流中土壤有机碳流失量随着土壤侵蚀量同步变化.     

北方土石山区坡面水土流失特征研究

[目的]揭示北方土石山区坡面水土流失规律，为山区土壤侵蚀防治和生态建设提供科学依据。[方法]利用1988—1991年坡面径流小区观测数据，运用统计和相关分析等方法，对不同下垫面条件下坡面水土流失特征进行了分析，并探讨了坡面径流深度、土壤侵蚀模数、土壤入渗率与有效降雨量、平均降雨强度、降雨历时、降雨等级的关系。[结果](1)在5°08′～24°08′坡度范围内，坡面径流深度随坡度增加逐渐减小，土壤侵蚀模数和土壤入渗率随坡度增加逐渐增大；(2)在2.18～33.19 m坡长范围内，坡面径流深度随坡长增加逐渐减小，土壤侵蚀模数和土壤入渗率随坡长增加呈现先增后减的变化趋势，存在临界坡长；(3)随着植被覆盖度增加，坡面径流深度、土壤侵蚀模数迅速减小，土壤入渗率逐渐增加；裸地的坡面径流深度和土壤侵蚀模数显著高于30%植被覆盖度坡面，但植被覆盖度由30%增加到60%,90%时，坡面水土流失过程的影响差异并不明显，说明在水土流失治理中存在临界植被覆盖度；(4)坡面径流深度、土壤侵蚀模数主要受到有效降雨量和平均降雨强度影响，且均呈显著正相关；而土壤入渗率主要受到平均降雨强度和降雨历时影响，与平均降雨强度...     

砾石覆盖对紫色土坡面流水动力学参数的影响

地表砾石覆盖可以促进降雨入渗,减少土壤侵蚀。然而,砾石覆盖对紫色土坡面流的影响尚缺乏深入研究。通过室内模拟冲刷试验,在3个冲刷流量(2,4,6 L/min)下,研究不同砾石覆盖度(0,10%,20%,30%和40%)对紫色土坡面流水动力学特性的影响。结果表明:(1)随着砾石覆盖度的增大,流速和弗劳德数呈减小趋势;径流深、水流剪切力、阻力系数和曼宁糙率系数呈增大趋势,雷诺数变化不明显。(2)坡面总侵蚀量随着砾石覆盖度的增加呈负指数减少,且砾石覆盖在冲刷流量较小的情况下,对坡面侵蚀量的减少效果越明显。(3)冲刷流量的大小并不影响砾石覆盖度和坡面总侵蚀量之间的关系。研究结果为探究紫色土坡面流侵蚀过程及机理研究提供一定的理论基础。     

砾石覆盖对坡面产流产沙的影响

采用人工模拟降雨试验的方法,试验中设置降雨强度为30mm/h和60mm/h,坡度为10°和20°,地表砾石覆盖度为0,10%,20%,30%,40%和50%,对北京山区褐土坡面产流产沙特征进行研究。研究结果表明:(1)坡面产流时间随砾石覆盖度的增大而延迟,且两者有着较好的线性关系。(2)坡面总产流量随砾石覆盖度的增大呈线性减小,在雨强为30mm/h,坡度为10°和20°条件下,砾石覆盖度为50%的坡面总产流量比砾石覆盖度为0时的坡面产流总量减少45.19%和49.87%;在雨强为60mm/h时,坡度为10°和20°条件下,砾石覆盖度为50%的坡面总产流量比砾石覆盖度为0时的坡面产流总量减少24.33%和33.46%。(3)坡面土壤侵蚀量随砾石覆盖度的增加呈负指数减小,在雨强为30mm/h,坡度为10°和20°条件下,砾石覆盖度为50%的坡面总侵蚀量比砾石覆盖度为0的坡面总侵蚀量减少92.40%和68.21%;在雨强为60mm/h时,坡度为10°和20°条件下,砾石覆盖度为50%的坡面总产流量比砾石覆盖度为0时的坡面总侵蚀量减少69.65%和65.62%。(4)降雨强度和坡度不影响砾石覆盖影响坡面产流产沙的趋势。     

砾石覆盖条件下盐碱土边坡降雨侵蚀水动力学特征

为了探究砾石覆盖对盐碱土坡面侵蚀的减沙效应,通过室内模拟降雨试验,研究不同坡度和雨强条件下降雨径流水动力学特征及产沙受砾石覆盖的影响。试验坡度选取15°和30°,雨强选取92,119mm/h,坡面砾石覆盖度分别为0,10%,20%,40%,60%,80%,采用染色示踪法测定坡面径流流速。结果表明:不同坡度和雨强条件下,水流产沙率随坡面砾石覆盖度增大先增后减;雷诺数与弗劳德数均随砾石覆盖度增大呈先增后减的抛物线趋势,曼宁糙率、Dracy-Weisbach阻力系数、坡面径流剪切力和径流功率均与坡面砾石覆盖度呈线性正相关;径流功率预测产沙率效果较好,二者呈对数关系(R2=0.47)。     

黄河源区退化草地水土流失规律

为了阐明高寒草甸退化草地水土流失的规律,以黄河源区河南县退化草地为研究对象,采用野外现场原位人工模拟降雨试验方法,对不同降雨条件下土壤径流量、冲刷量随坡度、退化程度、降雨历时和降雨强度的变化规律进行了试验和分析。结果表明:天然退化草甸的含水量及密度均随坡度和退化程度呈递减趋势(P0.05);同等条件下径流量与植被覆盖度呈幂函数负相关关系(y=140.69x~(-0.4667),R~2=0.988 2),与降雨强度呈指数函数正相关关系(y=40.35e~(0.0252x),R~2=0.970 8);泥沙量与植被覆盖度呈指数函数的负相关关系(y=4294.3e~(-0.0418x),R~2=0.990 7),与降雨强度呈指数函数正相关关系(y=62.657e~(0.0201x),R~2=0.968 8);坡度为30°的小区径流量较10°和20°的坡度小区分别增加了3.6倍和1.7倍,泥沙量分别增加了16倍和1.4倍,表明径流量、泥沙量随坡度的增加而急剧增大;植被覆盖度40%以下的区域其径流和泥沙含量变化幅度较大;降雨开始30min内的地表径流量相对稳定,降雨时间30min后地表径流量开始缓慢上升,坡面泥沙流失量主要集中在降雨后的5~15min内,而降雨55~60min后泥沙量急剧降低,因此试验认为降雨历时1h为土壤颗粒流失的敏感期;天然边坡径流产生后坡面出现汇流冲蚀现象,是退化草地水土流失加剧的重要原因。     

秸秆覆盖对西南喀斯特坡地幼龄橘园产流产沙的影响

喀斯特坡地幼龄橘园人为扰动剧烈,容易发生土壤侵蚀。秸秆覆盖是坡地常用的水土保持措施,但其在喀斯特坡地橘园的水土保持效益还不清楚。通过人工土槽模拟降雨试验,研究了水稻秸秆覆盖对喀斯特坡地幼龄橘园产流产沙的影响,试验设置了2个雨强(60 mm/h和120 mm/h)和4种水稻秸秆覆盖度(0,20%,50%和80%)。结果表明:(1)秸秆覆盖减小地表径流的效果受降雨强度控制。在中雨强(60 mm/h)条件下,秸秆覆盖可以有效降低地表径流系数。在大雨强(120 mm/h)下,只有20%覆盖度可以减少地表径流系数;(2)在中雨强(60 mm/h)条件下,20%和50%的秸秆覆盖显著增加壤中流和地下径流量; 在大雨强(120 mm/h)条件下,20%的秸秆覆盖显著增加了壤中流量,50%和80%秸秆覆盖度对壤中流量影响不显著;(3)秸秆覆盖可以有效减少地表土壤侵蚀总量,地表土壤侵蚀总量与秸秆覆盖度呈负相关。(4)秸秆覆盖减弱了地表径流的携沙能力,在50%和80%秸秆覆盖度时地表径流的携沙能力得到显著减弱。结果可为喀斯特坡地幼龄橘园合理布设秸秆覆盖措施提供科学依据。     

冀北土石山区坡面尺度径流特征及其影响因素

为了揭示区域水土流失规律,以冀北土石山区坡面径流小区定位观测资料为基础,对坡面尺度产流特征与地形因子、降雨因子、植被覆盖、水土保持工程措施等主要影响因素的关系进行分析,拟为该区水土流失防治及生态建设提供科学参考。研究结果表明:坡面径流小区的年径流量随坡度的增加出现先增后减的趋势,坡度临界值在11°00′左右;坡面径流小区的年径流量随坡长的增加而增加;不同坡度和不同坡长条件下,径流量与有效降雨量及平均降雨强度都成正相关,但与有效降雨量的相关系数要大于平均降雨强度的相关系数且在0.01水平上显著,与平均降雨强度的相关系数不显著;坡面径流小区的年径流量随着植被覆盖度的增加而减少,但覆盖度为60%和90%的草地径流小区的年径流量相差甚小,说明在水土保持治理过程中存在着临界植被覆盖度;水平阶、鱼鳞坑、梯田等水土保持工程措施通过改变下垫面状况,可以有效拦蓄径流,从而削弱降雨特征对径流的影响。     

Effects of rock fragment cover on soil infiltration, interrill runoff and erosion

Considerable attention has been paid recently to the influence of surface rock fragments on hydrological and erosional processes, although much of this research has been done on disturbed soils under laboratory conditions. I have studied the effects of rock fragments on soil infiltration, runoff and erosion under field conditions using simulated rainfall on bare areas of natural soils within typical Mediterranean scrubland characterized by patchily distributed vegetation. Sample areas were chosen where rock fragments cover more than half the surface within unvegetated patches. Twenty experiments were carried out by applying rain at an intensity of 55 mm h^?1 for 60 minutes. This approach shows that rock fragments (i) retard ponding and surface runoff, and (ii) give greater steady‐state infiltration rates and smaller interrill runoff discharges, sediment concentrations and interrill erosion rates. A second set of six experiments was carried out by applying rainfall at an intensity of 55 mm h^?1 for two runs of 60 minutes. The second run was initiated 10 minutes after the first. During this interval, surface rock fragments were removed in order to measure their effects on infiltration, interrill runoff and erosion rates. In this way, I showed that water and soil losses are reduced by the rock fragments. After the removal of rock fragments the steady‐state infiltration rate diminished from 44.5 to 27.5 mm h^?1 and the runoff coefficient, sediment concentration and erosion rates were, respectively, 3, 33 and 39 times greater than they were before the rock fragments were removed.     

Relationships between rock fragment cover and soil hydrological response in a Mediterranean environment

Rock fragments are a key factor for determining erosion rates, particularly in arid and semiarid environments where vegetation cover is very low. However, the effect of rock fragments in non-cultivated bare soils is still not well understood. Currently, there is a need for quantitative information on the effects of rock fragments on hydrological soil processes, in order to improve soil erosion models. The main objective of the present research was to study the influence of rock fragment cover on run-off and interrill soil erosion under simulated rainfall in Mediterranean bare soils in south-western Spain. Thirty-six rainfall simulation experiments were carried out at an intensity of 26.8 mm h⁻¹ over 60 min under three different classes of rock fragment cover (<50%, 50–60% and >60%). Ponding and run-off flow were delayed in soils with high rock fragment cover. In addition, sediment yield and soil erosion rates were higher in soils with a low rock fragment cover. The relationship between soil loss rate and rock fragment cover was described by an exponential function. After this first set of experiments, rock fragments were removed from sites with the highest cover (>60%) and the rainfall simulation experiments were repeated. The steady-state run-off rate and soil loss increased significantly, showing that run-off and soil erosion were partly conditioned by rock fragment cover. These results have significant implications for erosion modelling and soil conservation practices in areas with the same climate and soil characteristics.     

砾石覆盖对土壤水蚀过程影响的研究进展

 土壤中砾石的存在对水蚀过程有着重要的影响,有关砾石特别是表土砾石覆盖对土壤水蚀影响的研究结果表明,表土砾石对溅蚀分散、细沟间及细沟侵蚀等坡面侵蚀过程有重要影响:1)泥沙溅蚀分散量与砾石覆盖度呈负相关关系;2)砾石覆盖与细沟间侵蚀的关系较为复杂,这取决于表土的结构、砾石的位置和大小以及坡度等因素,当砾石嵌入结皮表土时,二者呈负相关关系,当砾石置于表土之上或嵌入具有结构孔隙的表土时,二者呈正相关关系;3)砾石覆盖对细沟间侵蚀产沙的作用效率与砾石粒径呈负相关关系,砾石置于表土之上的表土产沙量总低于砾石嵌入表土的产沙量;4)表土砾石覆盖能抑制细沟的形成,增加细沟糙度,降低细沟径流速率以及径流的侵蚀速率。鉴于砾石对水蚀过程的重要影响,RUSLE、WEPP和EUORSEM等土壤侵蚀模型预报含砾石土壤流失量时对相关参数做了修正。     

保护性耕作对农田地表径流与土壤水蚀影响的试验研究

在黄土坡地建立天然降雨径流小区,采用翻斗式自动测试系统同步动态地监测降雨—径流的过程,试验研究了保护性耕作农田水土保持的效果和耕作、覆盖及压实3种因素对农田水土流失的影响。2年的试验表明,雨强和雨型与坡地水土流失密切相关,在暴雨情况下,由秸秆覆盖与少免耕相结合的保护性耕作具有明显的保持水土作用;采用少免耕而无秸秆覆盖配合的情况下,水土流失甚至高于传统翻耕。在试验的6种处理中,免耕覆盖不压实的保水保土效果最佳,相对传统翻耕年径流量减少52.5%,年土壤流失量减少80.2%。在覆盖、压实及耕作3因素中,秸秆覆盖对保持水土的作用最大,可减少年径流量47.3%,减少年土壤水蚀77.6%;压实次之,地表耕作的影响较小。     

Effect of rock fragment cover on interrill soil erosion from bare soils in Western Andalusia, Spain

It is known that rock fragments on the surface of soils can enhance infiltration and protect the soil against rainfall erosion. However, the effect of rock fragments in natural forest soils is less well understood. In this article, we studied the influence of rock fragment cover on run‐off, infiltration and interrill soil erosion under simulated rainfall on natural bare soils in a Spanish dehesa (managed holm oak woodland). We studied 60 plots with different rock fragment cover ranging from 3% to 85% under three simulated rainfall intensities (50, 100 and 150 mm/h). Surface run‐off appeared later and sediment yield values were smaller in soils with greater rock fragment cover. Rock fragment cover also increased infiltration rates. The final infiltration rates were 54–98% at a rainfall intensity of 50 mm/h, 31–88% at 100 mm/h and 20–80% at 150 mm/h. The interrill soil loss rates were decreased by rock fragment cover and increased with rainfall intensity. The soil loss rate was always small (0.02–1 Mg ha/h) when rock fragment cover was 75% or more. Rock fragment cover was related to soil loss rate by an exponential function.     

Impacts of soil tilth on the effectiveness of biological geotextiles in reducing runoff and interrill erosion

The effectiveness of a surface cover material (e.g. geotextiles, rock fragments, mulches, vegetation) in reducing runoff and soil erosion rates is often only assessed by the fraction of the soil surface covered. However, there are indications that soil structure has important effects on the runoff and erosion-reducing effectiveness of the cover materials. This study investigates the impact of soil pre-treatment (i.e. fine tilth versus sealed soil surface) on the effectiveness of biological geotextiles in increasing infiltration rates and in reducing runoff and interrill erosion rates on a medium and steep slope gradient. Rainfall was simulated during 60 min with an intensity of 67 mm h⁻¹ on an interrill erosion plot having two slope gradients (i.e. 15 and 45%) and filled with an erodible sandy loam. Five biological and three simulated geotextiles with different cover percentage were tested on two simulated initial soil conditions (i.e. fine tilth and sealed soil surface). Final infiltration rates on a sealed soil surface (7.5–18.5 mm h⁻¹) are observed after ca. 10 min of rainfall compared to ca. 50 min of rainfall on an initial seedbed (16.4–56.7 mm h⁻¹). On the two tested slope gradients, significantly (α = 0.05) smaller runoff coefficients (RC) are observed on an initial seedbed (8.2% < RC < 59.8%) compared to a sealed soil surface (75.7% < RC < 87.0%). On an initial seedbed, decreasing RC are observed with an increasing simulated geotextile cover. However, on an initial sealed soil surface no significant effect of simulated geotextile cover on RC is observed. On a 15% slope gradient, calculated b-values from the mulch factor equation equalled 0.054 for an initial fine tilth and 0.022 for a sealed soil surface, indicating a higher effectiveness of geotextiles in reducing interrill erosion on a fine tilth compared to a sealed soil surface. Therefore, this study demonstrates the importance of applying geotextiles on the soil surface before the surface tilth is sealed due to rainfall. The effect of soil structure on the effectiveness of a surface cover in reducing runoff and interrill erosion rates, as indicated by the results of this study, needs to be incorporated in soil erosion prediction models.     

Controls of infiltration–runoff processes in Mediterranean karst rangelands in SE Spain

Semiarid karst landscapes represent an important ecosystem surrounding the Mediterranean Basin for which little is known on runoff generation. Knowledge of the sources and patterns of variation in infiltration–runoff processes and their controls is important for understanding and modelling the hydrological functions of such ecosystems. The objectives of this paper are to determine the infiltration rates and their controls in a representative mountain karst area (Sierra de Gádor, SE Spain) at micro-plots and to investigate the integrated response of rainfall on a typical hillslope. Rainfall simulations in micro-plots and natural rainfall-runoff monitoring on a hillslope were carried out complementarily. We investigated the role of soil surface components (vegetation, rock outcrop, fracture, and soil crust), topographic position, antecedent soil moisture, and rainfall characteristics in regulating infiltration–runoff processes. Results of rainfall simulation revealed the importance of vegetation cover and the presence of rock fractures in promoting the infiltration in the limestone karst landscape, while bare patches and rock outcrops acted as sources for runoff. All plots with > 50% vegetation cover had no runoff with up to 55 mm h^− 1 of simulated rain. In contrast, nearly all bare plots had runoff under the same simulated rain, with runoff coefficients ranging from 3.1 to 20.6% on dry soil surface conditions, and from 2.0 to 65.4% on wet soil surfaces. Runoff coefficients amounted to 59.0–79.5% for rock outcrops without cracks, but were drastically reduced by the presence of cracks. The surfaces with rock fragments resting on the soil (generally located in the middle of the slopes) prevented more effectively the runoff generation than those surfaces where rock fragments were embedded in the top soil. Antecedent soil moisture had significant impact on runoff generation, with wet soil having doubled runoff coefficient, shortened time to runoff, and increased runoff rate compared to the same but dry soil. Linear regressions indicated that the main controls for constant infiltration rate were the cover percentages of vegetation and litter, plus rainfall intensity; while the major controls for runoff coefficient were the bare soil and vegetation coverage, plus rainfall intensity. High infiltration rates measured at the micro-plots agreed with low intra-event runoff coefficients (mostly below 1%) observed under natural rainfalls at the hillslope. Runoff depth and coefficient at the hillslope was significantly correlated with rainfall depth, maximum hourly rainfall intensity and antecedent precipitation over 20 days (AP₂₀). During the 1.5-year monitoring period from Sep-2003 to Mar-2005, the overall infiltration was 41% of the total rainfall amount and the maximum infiltration rate was almost 94% of the largest single rainfall event. The results from this study contribute to improved understanding of the magnitude and controls of the surface runoff in semiarid karst mountain areas.     

Rock fragments I. Their effect on runoff, erosion and soil properties under field conditions

Abstract. The effects of different sizes, amounts, and positions of rock fragments on soil properties and erosion were studied in experimental plots (10 treatments including bare soils and soils under natural vegetation, with 3 replicates each) installed on a hillslope.
Over five events, the largest amounts of runoff were from bare soils containing abundant rock fragments, either partially embedded on the surface or incorporated in the upper part of the soil. Stoneless soils gave smaller amounts, and the smallest runoffs were measured on soils under natural vegetation. Generally, large rock fragments (cobbles) caused greater runoff than smaller fragments (coarse gravel). However, soils with appreciable amounts of coarse gravel on the surface generated considerable runoff under rainfalls of low intensity and long duration, but smaller amounts at greater rainfall intensities.
Sediment loss was greater from soils with cobbles than from soils containing coarse gravel; vegetation greatly decreased sediment loss from both.
In a 12-month period, the organic matter content of the soils decreased by 15.5 to 23.0%, decreasing soil aggregate stability. The organic matter content was greater in the collected sediments than in the soil.     

降雨侵蚀因子和植被类型及覆盖度对坡耕地土壤侵蚀的影响

为探讨降雨和植被对辽西褐土区农耕坡地土壤侵蚀的影响,2006-2010年采用坡面径流小区观测法研究了天然降雨条件下降雨侵蚀因子、植被覆盖度、植被类型对坡耕地地表径流量、土壤侵蚀量的影响。设5°和10°两个坡度水平,以甘薯和谷子为供试作物,2006-2007年对照区为天然荒草地,2008-2010年为裸坡地。结果表明,甘薯地径流量和侵蚀量与降雨量(R)、最大30 min雨强(I_(30))、R×I(平均雨强)、R×I_(30)正相关显著(P0.05);裸坡地径流量与R、R×I_(30)正相关显著(P0.05),侵蚀量与I_(30)、R×I_(30)正相关显著(P0.05),与降雨量相关不显著(P0.05)。甘薯地和裸坡地的径流量和侵蚀量与平均降雨强度正相关均不显著(P0.05)。回归分析表明,降雨量主要影响径流量,最大30 min雨强主要影响侵蚀量。中、高雨强下,侵蚀量与径流量显著正相关(P0.01)。甘薯地径流量和侵蚀量与植被覆盖度呈显著负指数关系(P0.05)。5°坡耕地,不同植被类型侵蚀量为甘薯地荒草地谷子地;10°坡耕地,荒草地侵蚀量总体最少。多元回归分析表明,对土壤侵蚀的影响为地表径流降雨侵蚀力(R×I_(30))植被覆盖度。通过连续5 a坡面径流小区观测,初步探明降雨和植被对辽西褐土区农耕坡地土壤侵蚀的影响,可为该区坡耕地土壤侵蚀的有效防治提供一定的理论依据和技术支撑。     

坡地开垦的径流泥沙响应

Land use and land cover change is a key driver of environmental change. To investigate the runoff and erosion responses to frequent land use change on the steep lands in the Three Gorges area, China, a rainfall simulation experiment was conducted in plots randomly selected at a Sloping Land Conversion Program site with three soil surface conditions: existing vegetation cover, vegetation removal, and freshly hoed. Simulated rainfall was applied at intensities of 60 (low), 90 (medium), and 120 mm h 1 (high) in each plot. The results indicated that vegetation removal and hoeing significantly changed runoff generation. The proportion of subsurface runoff in the total runoff decreased from 30.3% to 6.2% after vegetation removal. In the hoed plots, the subsurface runoff comprised 29.1% of the total runoff under low-intensity rainfall simulation and the proportion rapidly decreased with increasing rainfall intensity. Vegetation removal and tillage also significantly increased soil erosion. The average soil erosion rates from the vegetation removal and hoed plots were 3.0 and 10.2 times larger than that in the existing vegetation cover plots, respectively. These identified that both the runoff generation mechanism and soil erosion changed as a consequence of altering land use on steep lands. Thus, conservation practices with maximum vegetation cover and minimum tillage should be used to reduce surface runoff and soil erosion on steep lands.