高肥力土壤冬小麦生长季肥料氮的去向研究 Ⅰ.冬小麦生长季肥料氮的去向

用15N示踪微区试验研究了常规灌溉和磷钾供应充足的条件下 ,冬小麦生育期肥料氮的去向。结果表明 ,冬小麦对肥料氮的吸收随施氮量的增加而显著增加 ,收获期冬小麦吸收肥料氮占总吸氮量的比例 45% ,吸收土壤氮占 55%。氮肥在整个作物 土壤体系中的回收率随施氮量的增加而显著减少 ,损失量增加。施氮量为 1 2 0kgN hm2 时 ,氮肥的损失率只有 9% ,在作物中的回收率为 45% ,在 0～ 1 0 0cm土壤中的残留率为 45% ;施氮量为 3 60kgN hm2 时 ,氮肥的损失率为 55% ,在作物中的回收率为2 3 % ,在 0～ 1 0 0cm土壤中的回收率为 2 1 %。残留肥料氮以NH4 N存在的数量很少 ,以NO3 N存在的数量随施氮量的增加而显著升高 ,低量施氮时以有机结合态存在的数量远远高于前两种形态 ,但在高量施氮条件下 ,以有机结合态存在的比例与NO3 N相当。肥料氮在 0～ 1 0 0cm土壤各层次中均有残留 ,随着深度的增加 ,残留量减少。从整体上看 ,肥料氮在收获时往下移动超出 1 0 0cm土体。     

高肥力土壤冬小麦生长季肥料氮的去向研究

用15N示踪微区试验研究了常规灌溉和磷钾供应充足的条件下,冬小麦生育期肥料氮的去向.结果表明,冬小麦对肥料氮的吸收随施氮量的增加而显著增加,收获期冬小麦吸收肥料氮占总吸氮量的比例45%,吸收土壤氮占55%.氮肥在整个作物-土壤体系中的回收率随施氮量的增加而显著减少,损失量增加.施氮量为120kgN/hm2时,氮肥的损失率只有9%,在作物中的回收率为45%,在0～100cm土壤中的残留率为45%;施氮量为360kgN/hm2时,氮肥的损失率为55%,在作物中的回收率为23%,在0～100cm土壤中的回收率为21%.残留肥料氮以NH4-N存在的数量很少,以NO3-N存在的数量随施氮量的增加而显著升高,低量施氮时以有机结合态存在的数量远远高于前两种形态,但在高量施氮条件下,以有机结合态存在的比例与NO3-N相当.肥料氮在0～100cm土壤各层次中均有残留,随着深度的增加,残留量减少.从整体上看,肥料氮在收获时往下移动超出100cm土体.     

长期不施氮肥下稻麦轮作农田残留化肥氮的后效及去向

我国农田化肥氮用量高,造成较多肥料氮土壤残留,残留肥料氮既可被后季作物吸收利用,也可迁移进入环境。稻麦轮作是我国长江中下游农业区代表性种植制度,然而稻麦轮作农田土壤残留化肥氮的作物后效及去向目前尚不清楚。利用15N示踪长期试验,连续追踪了2004年小麦季施用30%的15N标记尿素后其土壤残留15N在之后17个稻麦轮作年的变化动态及被后季作物吸收利用特征。试验起始小麦季设100 kg?hm-2（N100）和250 kg?hm-2（N250）两个施氮量处理,后续作物均不再施用氮肥。结果发现,34.5%~37.9%施入氮被当季小麦吸收,随后各轮作年稻麦作物吸收残留氮量随年限增加呈指数下降;17年中有12.2%~15.8%残留氮被后季作物吸收,其中,水稻对残留氮吸收能力较强,为9.2%~11.8%,小麦为3.3%~4.0%;观测期内化肥氮累积利用率为50.1%~50.3%。氮肥施入小麦当季,0~20 cm土层残留为22.9%~33.5%,之后逐年减少;17年后降至7.8%~9.8%,但仍占0~100 cm土层氮残留量（9.9%~13.4%）的73.5%~78.5%。同位素质量平衡估算的观测期内氮肥累积总损失率为36.3%~39.9%,与基于当季小麦氮肥利用率和0~20 cm土壤残留率计算得出的当季化肥氮总损失率32.0%~39.2%接近。作物籽粒、秸秆及土壤15N丰度在观测期内均随时间呈指数递减;根据预测结果,不施氮下其降至15N自然丰度背景值仍需28~37年。上述结果表明,稻麦农田化肥氮损失主要发生在当季,土壤残留后效持续时间长,但再迁移进入环境数量低。协同化肥氮当季损失的高效阻控和土壤残留的有效调控应是稻麦农田氮肥优化管理的关键环节。     

太湖地区不同轮作模式下的稻田氮素平衡研究

采用田间微区15N示踪,研究了太湖地区稻田不同轮作模式(紫云英-水稻轮作、休闲-水稻轮作、小麦-水稻轮作)和施氮水平(0、120 kg·hm?2、240 kg·hm?2、300 kg·hm?2)下水稻对氮肥的吸收利用效率及土壤氮素残留特征。结果表明,水稻吸收的氮素来自肥料的比例为20.9%~49.6%,休闲-水稻轮作模式下水稻产量的获得更加依赖无机氮肥的大量投入。当季水稻对肥料氮的利用率为25.0%~41.5%,肥料氮的土壤残留率为13.4%~24.6%,其中90%以上的土壤残留肥料氮集中在0~20 cm土层,在土壤剖面中的残留率随土层深度增加而迅速降低,30~40 cm土层的肥料残留量仅占氮肥施用量的0.2%~0.7%。紫云英?水稻轮作和休闲?水稻轮作模式下氮肥利用率和土壤残留率均在施氮240 kg·hm?2时达到最大值,其氮肥利用率显著高于小麦?水稻轮作55.6%和66.0%。稻季施氮240 kg·hm?2时,小麦-水稻轮作模式下的氮肥利用率、土壤残留率以及总回收率显著最低,损失率显著最大;紫云英?水稻轮作模式下的氮肥损失率最小,分别小于休闲?水稻轮作和小麦-水稻轮作13.9%、39.2%。不同轮作模式下,水稻籽粒产量随施氮量的增加而增加,稻季施氮240 kg·hm?2时,紫云英?水稻轮作下水稻籽粒产量显著高于休闲?水稻轮作和小麦?水稻轮作,小麦?水稻轮作籽粒产量虽略高于休闲?水稻轮作,但没有达到显著水平。本研究认为,选择紫云英还田配施氮肥240 kg·hm?2,既可以保证水稻氮肥利用率而获得高产,又能减少氮肥损失而带来的环境风险,是一种值得在当地大力推广的耕作制度。     

冬小麦节水灌溉制度下不同施氮量的氮素平衡

用15N示踪技术研究了节水灌溉条件下冬小麦对不同施氮量的氮素吸收和氮素平衡 ,并比较了两种灌溉制度下小麦对节肥施氮量的吸收动态。结果表明 ,与常规施氮量处理相比 ,节水灌溉条件下节肥施氮量处理的氮肥损失率降低 ,氮肥当季利用率和土壤残留率提高 ;基施氮肥的利用率高于追施氮肥 ;土壤肥料氮的残留率在 2 9%～ 41 %之间 ,分布于 1m土层中 ,其中60 %以上集中在 0～ 2 0cm土层 ;在整个小麦生长季内 ,肥料氮并没有淋洗到 1 30m以下。节肥施氮量在常规灌溉下的当季利用率比在节水灌溉下降低 1 6 6%。     

基于15N同位素示踪盐渍化农田向日葵氮素利用规律

为探明盐渍化农田不同施氮水平下向日葵氮素吸收利用规律,采用¹⁵N同位素示踪技术进行田间微区试验,以不施氮处理(N0)为对照,设计3种施氮水平(N1=150 kg/hm²、N2=225 kg/hm²、N3=300 kg/hm²),于向日葵成熟期测定植株和0—100 cm土层土壤¹⁵N同位素丰度及总氮含量,研究各处理肥料氮素的去向及其利用机制。结果表明:向日葵氮素吸收量随施氮量的增加而增加,成熟期作物氮素吸收量在N2水平较不施氮显著增加38.7%;土壤氮和肥料氮对作物当季氮素吸收的贡献比例为84.9%和15.1%。N2水平下,肥料氮的贡献比例较N1增加35.7%,土壤氮的贡献比例较N1降低4.3%。肥料氮残留量随土层深度增加而减少,土壤中47.4%的残留肥料氮主要集中在0—20 cm土层。不同施氮水平下肥料氮去向均表现为氮肥损失率>氮肥残留率>氮肥利用率,N2施氮水平下氮肥利用率较N1、N3显著提高22.7%和14.6%,土壤残留率较N1、N3减少8.5%和8.6%。综合考虑向日葵氮素吸收利用及土壤中氮素残留情况,225 kg/hm²施氮量下氮肥利用率为27.4%,氮肥残留率为32.3%,氮肥损失率为40.3%,是中度盐渍化农田较适宜的施氮量。     

旱地土壤中残留肥料氮的动向及作物有效性

氮素是作物生长最重要的必需元素之一。合理施用氮肥能促进作物生长并提高产量,但是,过多施用氮肥则抑制作物生长并导致大量的肥料氮残留在土壤中,这部分氮素不但会引起土壤养分不平衡,而且为生态环境带来潜在威胁,因此,研究残留氮的动向及作物有效性可为合理施用化肥氮、高效利用土壤残留氮素和减少残留氮素的损失提供依据。应用~(15)N示踪技术,通过4年定位试验,研究了黄土高原南部旱地冬小麦/夏玉米轮作过程中土壤残留肥料氮的变化及作物吸收利用。在冬小麦和夏玉米轮作的第一个周期,为了制造高肥料氮残留背景,于冬小麦播种前向微区施入240 kg hm~(-2)的~(15)N标记氮素;在夏玉米拔节期,为了研究氮肥施入对残留肥料氮的影响,设置0和120 kg hm~(-2)两个氮水平,以普通尿素施入微区。在第2至第4个轮作周期内,为了分析残留肥料氮的动向及其对作物的有效性,微区内不施任何肥料。结果发现,冬小麦播种前施用的~(15)N标记氮肥于收获期在0~200 cm土壤剖面中均有残留,但大部分累积在0~40 cm土层中,累积总量达到200.9 kg hm~(-2),占当季施入量的83.7%。在随后的夏玉米生长季残留的肥料氮迅速减少,之后随生长季的后移缓慢减少,然后保持相对稳定。经过4年的冬小麦/夏玉米轮作,0~300 cm土壤剖面仍残留大量的~(15)N肥料,后季不追施氮肥和追施氮肥处理的残留量分别为47.1 kg hm~(-2)和54.0 kg hm~(-2)。可见,有一部分肥料氮被固定在土壤有机质中。作物对残留氮的回收量逐年减少,且因后季追施氮肥与否而异,4年中作物对肥料氮的总利用率不追施氮肥和追施氮肥处理的分别为46.9%和50.4%,其中在第1个轮作周期中,小麦和玉米的总利用率分别41.6%和42.0%,后3年利用率分别仅有5.3%和8.4%;4年中残留~(15)N的损失率分别达38.1%和29.7%,其损失主要发生在第1个轮作周期的夏玉米生长季节。说明,在旱地土壤上,氮肥的残留是不可避免的,残留肥料氮的有效性较低,只有少量被作物逐年吸收,一部分以有机形态残留在土壤剖面中,另一部分发生了无效损失。后季追施氮肥可促进作物对土壤残留肥料氮的吸收且增加肥料氮在土壤中的保留,减少残留肥料氮的无效损失,但是以自身的大量损失为代价的。     

水稻不同移栽密度的氮肥效应及氮素去向

利用15N示踪技术,研究不同移栽密度对水稻产量、氮肥吸收利用及其氮素去向的差异。结果表明,随移栽密度变大,水稻产量显著增加,穗粒数、结实率和千粒重降低,子粒与秸秆氮肥吸收量、肥料利用率及其残留量增加,而氮素损失降低。水稻所吸收的氮素约2/3来源于土壤氮,1/3来源于当季肥料施的氮。不同处理间,肥料利用率为16.69%～26.69%,氮肥残留率为17.12%～21.08%,有52.23%～66.19%的肥料损失。无论哪种密度下,肥料主要残留在0～20 cm土层中。密度为40 cm×40 cm时,0～20 cm土层氮素残留量高于50 cm×50 cm和30 cm×30 cm处理,为28.54 kg/hm2,占施肥量的12.97%;而在40～60 cm的土层的氮素残留量为7.34 kg/hm2,比50 cm×50 cm和30 cm×30 cm处理同层残留量降低了57.90～59.29%。     

控释氮肥在淹水稻田土壤上的去向及利用率

通过土壤渗漏装置、微区和田间小区试验,研究了15N标记控释氮肥在淹水稻田土壤上氮素的去向和利用率。结果表明,施用控释氮肥能明显地降低氨挥发、淋失和硝化—反硝化的损失。控释氮肥处理的氨挥发量比尿素降低54.0%,氮淋失量降低32.5%。尿素的硝化—反硝化损失量占施入氮量的34.5%,而控释氮肥的只占2.0%;控释肥料与尿素氮在0—80cm土层中的残留率相近。控释氮肥一次性全量作基肥施入土壤,水稻的氮肥利用率平均为65.6%,比尿素(基肥+追肥)高出32.2个百分点。控释氮肥的农学效率显著地高于尿素。     

富士苹果营养转换期肥料氮去向和土壤氮库盈亏研究

运用15 N同位素示踪技术,以5年生烟富3/SH6/平邑甜茶苹果为试材,研究了不同施氮水平(0,50,100,150,200,250kg/hm2)对营养转换期富士苹果肥料氮吸收利用、土壤残留和土壤氮库盈亏的影响。结果表明,随施氮水平的提高,肥料氮的利用率逐渐下降,且树体吸收土壤氮素的比例逐渐降低,而来自肥料氮的比例逐渐升高;施氮1个月后,5.75%~12.99%的肥料氮被树体吸收,29.62%~39.74%的肥料氮残留在0—60cm土体中,47.27%~64.64%的肥料氮通过其他途径损失。随施氮水平的提高,树体吸收的肥料氮量和土壤残留氮量逐渐增加,但肥料氮利用率和土壤残留率却不断降低,同时损失量和损失率不断增加。残留在土壤剖面中的肥料氮主要分布在表土层(0—20cm),各土层15 N丰度随施氮水平的提高显著提高。随施氮水平的提高,土壤氮素总平衡由亏缺转为盈余,表明低施氮水平会造成土壤氮肥力的下降,过量施氮则会加剧土壤氮素累积。施氮水平与土壤氮素总平衡存在较好的正相关关系,其回归方程为y=0.3147x-16.144(R2=0.990 2),当施氮水平达到51.30kg/hm2时,土壤氮库达到平衡。     

黄土高原旱地夏季休闲期~(15)N标记硝态氮的去向

夏季休闲是黄土高原旱地小麦常见的蓄纳雨水、恢复地力的措施。随着氮肥用量的增加,一季小麦收获后,旱地土壤剖面累积的硝态氮量不断增加,休闲期间降雨量高,残留硝态氮的去向是值得研究的问题。利用~(15)N标记法研究小麦收获后残留肥料氮在黄土高原旱地(陕西长武)夏季休闲期间的去向,即小麦收获后在微区土壤表层(0~15 cm)施入~(15)N标记的硝态氮肥(30 kg hm~(-2)(以纯氮计),约相当于当地小麦一季作物收获后土壤残留肥料氮量),休闲结束后,采集0~200 cm土壤样品,测定了土壤全氮、硝态氮含量及其~(15)N丰度。结果表明,小麦收获(即休闲开始)时0~200 cm土壤剖面硝态氮累积量在205~268 kg hm-2之间(平均244 kg hm~(-2)),累积量较高。夏季休闲期间降水量为157 mm,属欠水年,但休闲结束后,~(15)N标记肥料氮向下迁移已达80 cm土层,下移深度在45~65cm之间,说明,旱地休闲期间硝态氮的淋溶作用不可忽视。夏季休闲结束后,加入的~(15)N标记肥料氮平均损失率为28%,损失机理值得进一步研究。     

Effect of rice straw management on nitrogen balance and residual effect of urea-N in an annual lowland rice cropping sequence

Two field experiments were conducted in 1999 (wet season) and 2000 (dry season) on a Ustic Endoaquerts in central Thailand to examine the impact of rice straw management practices on rice yield, N uptake and fertilizer-N use efficiency. Treatments included a combination of urea broadcast at a rate of 70 kg N ha^у with either straw or compost which were incorporated at a rate of 5 Mg ha^у. At maturity of the wet season rice, ¹⁵N recovery by the grain was low (11-14%) as well as straw-N derived from labeled N (5-7%). After harvest, 25-29% of applied N still remained in the soil, mainly in the 0 to 5-cm layer. Large amounts of fertilizer-N (53-55%) were lost (unaccounted for) from the soil/plant system during the first crop. Residual fertilizer-N recovery in the second rice crop was less than 3% from the original application. During both fallow seasons NO₃^m-N remained the dominant form of mineral N (NO₃^m + NH₄⁺) in the soil but its concentration was low. In the wet season grain yield response to N application was significant (P =0.05). Organic material sources did not significantly change grain yield and N accumulation in rice. In terms of grain yield and N uptake at maturity, there was no significant residual effect of fertilizer-N on the subsequent rice crop. These results indicated that the combined use of organic residues with urea did not decrease total N losses or increase crop yield or uptake of N compared to urea alone.     

Effect of Long-Term Fertilizer Management and Crop Rotations on Accumulation and Downward Movement of Phosphorus in Semi-Arid Subtropical Irrigated Soils

Crop species and their varieties vary in phosphorus (P) requirements for optimum production and response to P application. As crop recovery of added P often ranges from 10 to 40%, the rest accumulates in soil and may create potential for P leaching, depending upon the soil characteristics, duration of P applications, and cropping systems. Accumulation and distribution of Olsen P (plant-available labile P), total inorganic P, and total organic P were investigated in soil profiles of three field experiments differing in rate (9–44 kg P ha^–1), frequency (applied once or twice annually), and duration (4–34 years) of fertilizer P applications, crop rotations, soil characteristics, and irrigation pattern (upland irrigated and flooded-rice crop) in a subtropical region. Profile samples were collected from soil depths of 0–15, 15–30, 30–60, 60–90, 90–120, and 120–150 cm of different treatments in these experiments and analyzed for different forms of P and soil characteristics. The results revealed that (i) annual applications of fertilizer P either to one crop (alternative-applied P) or to both crops (cumulative) led to the accumulation of residual fertilizer P in the form of Olsen P, varying from 44 to 148 kg P ha^–1, and the magnitude of accumulation was proportional to applied fertilizer P rate, frequency, and duration; (ii) majority of residual fertilizer P accumulated as inorganic P (74–89%) followed by organic P (11–26%) and Olsen P (9–19%), illustrating that the inorganic P pool is a major sink for fertilizer P; (iii) application of fertilizer nitrogen (N) and potassium (K) alone or in combination with fertilizer P did not affect residual fertilizer P accumulation in soil profile; (iv) incorporation of farmyard manure enhanced the P enrichment of soil profile; (v) irrigation pattern, soil pH (7.1–7.7), and calcium carbonate (CaCO₃) (trace–0.33%) did not influence P movement to deeper soil layers; silt, clay, and soil organic C (SOC) showed strong relationships with Olsen P (r = 0.827, 0.938, and 0.464, P < 0.01) and enhanced the retention of labile P in the plow layer; and (vi) only 6–29% total residual P moved beyond 30 cm deep in fine-textured soils under 22-year rice (Oryza sativa L.)–wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and 34-year maize (Zea maize L.)–wheat rotations, whereas 41, 27, 20, 9, and 3% were located in soil layers 0–30, 30–60, 60–90, 90–120, and 120–150 cm deep, respectively, in coarse-textured soil profile under 4-year peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.)–sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) field. These findings confirmed that interplay between the fertilizer P management (alternative vis-à-vis cumulative P application and optimal vis-à-vis excessive rates of fertilizer P in different crop rotations), amount of labile P accumulated in soil profile, and soil characteristics (silt, clay, and SOC) largely controlled the downward movement and resultant potential for P leaching in subtropical irrigated soils.     

肥料和稻草氮利用率的三年定位研究

对氮肥和稻草氮的利用率进行了3年6季同位素15N田间定位研究。结果表明,首季单季水稻对氮肥的利用率为37.02%,050cm土壤中15N的残留率为25.81%。经过连续3年6季的种植,作物肥料N的累计回收率分别为40.15(秸杆还田)41.63%(秸杆不还田),050cm土壤中15N的残留率仍达到23.62(秸杆不还田)28.33%(秸杆还田)。在不施氮肥条件下,小麦对稻草氮的吸收率为4.46%,第二季单季稻对稻草氮的吸收率为4.78%。5季作物累计吸收稻草氮11.76%,而土壤残留率为70.37%。     

Residual value of 15N-labelled fertilizer applied to a maize-cowpea intercropping system

Summary We studied the residual effect of ¹⁵N-labelled fertilizer N, applied to a maize-cowpea intercropping system, on the succeeding crops of maize/wheat and its balance in the crop sequence, in greenhouse and field experiments. The N uptake by succeeding crops was always higher following sole or intercropped cowpea. Under field conditions with fertilizer N applied to first-crop maize, the residual N uptake by the succeeding crop of wheat was 5.8% and after maize-cowpea intercropping it was 7.8%.     

中国西北旱地小麦和玉米提高产量与水分利用率的氮肥管理效果

A field experiment with four treatments and four replicates in a randomized complete block design was conducted at the Changwu Experimental Station in Changwu County, Shaanxi Province, of Northwest China from 1998 to 2002. The local cropping sequence of wheat, wheat-beans, maize, and wheat over the 4-year period was adopted. A micro-plot study using ^15N-lahelled fertilizer was carried out to determine the fate of applied N fertilizer in the first year. When N fertilizer was applied wheat （years 1, 2 and 4） and maize （year 3） grain yield increased significantly （P 〈 0.05） （〉 30%）, with no significant yield differences in normal rainfall years （Years 1, 2 and 3） for N application at the commonly application rate and at 2/3 of this rate. Grain yield of wheat varied greatly between years, mainly due to variation in annual rainfall. Results of ^15N studies on wheat showed that plants recovered 36.6%-38.4% of the N applied, the N remained in soll （0-40 cm） ranged from 29.2% to 33.6%, and unaccounted-for N was 29.5%-34.2%. The following crop （wheat） recovered 2.1%- 2.8% of the residual N from N applied to the previous wheat crop with recovery generally decreasing in the subsequent three crops （beans, maize and wheat）.     

黄土高原旱地冬小麦/夏玉米轮作体系土壤的氮素平衡

在黄土高原南部旱地,通过田间小区试验研究了传统施肥方式下冬小麦/夏玉米轮作体系中土壤的氮素平衡。结果表明:土壤残留矿质态氮(Nmin)对作物产量和施用氮肥效果有重要影响,前季作物残留土壤Nmin可以促进后季作物生长,使氮肥增产效应不明显;冬小麦生长季节施氮240.kg/hm2可以增加产量和作物吸氮量,但其氮肥利用率只有39.7%,大部分以Nmin残留于0200cm土壤中或以其他途径损失;由于冬小麦季节残留肥料氮的后效,使夏玉米生长季节的氮肥利用率很低,施氮120和240.kg/hm2的氮肥利用率分别只有22.4%和3.9%,而在0200cm土层残留率则达到51.1%和87.2%;经过冬小麦、夏玉米一个轮作周期后,施氮量为240、360和480.kg/hm2时作物的氮肥利用率平均为52.2%4、2.2%和28.0%,而相应的土壤残留率平均为12.4%、25.3%和49.8%,表观损失率平均为35.4%、32.5%和22.2%。表明在土壤残留Nmin较高的条件下,夏玉米生长季节施氮量较低时盈余氮素以表观损失为主,施氮量高时大部分氮素残留于土壤剖面。     

华北潮土冬小麦-夏玉米轮作包气带氮素淋溶机制

合理水氮管理可以实现作物目标产量和品质、维持土壤肥力和降低环境污染。然而,自20世纪90年代以来,我国农田过量施氮和大水漫灌等问题突出,引起农业面源污染日趋加重,地下水硝酸盐污染成为一个普遍现象。本文以华北潮土区冬小麦-夏玉米体系为研究对象,采用数据整合和文献分析的方法,阐明了典型农田硝态氮淋溶的时空特征及影响因素,研究了地表裂隙和土壤大孔隙对硝态氮淋溶的影响,定量了氮素在地表-根层-深层包气带-地下水的垂直迁移通量及过程。结果表明,农户常规管理的冬小麦-夏玉米轮作体系氮素盈余较高(299～358kg·hm~(-2)·a~(-1)),导致土壤根区和深层包气带累积了大量的硝态氮。冬小麦季硝态氮的迁移主要受灌溉影响,以非饱和流为主,且迁移距离较短;春季单次灌溉量低于60 mm,可以有效控制水和硝态氮淋溶出根区。冬小麦耕作和灌溉引起的地表裂隙对水氮运移的贡献不大。雨热同期的夏玉米季,土壤水分经常处于饱和状态,再降雨就可以导致硝态氮淋溶出根层进入深层包气带。夏玉米季极易发生硝态氮淋溶事件(占全年总淋溶事件的81%左右),硝态氮淋溶量占全年总淋溶量的80%左右,且单次淋溶事件的淋溶量较高。大孔隙优先流对夏玉米季根区硝态氮淋溶的贡献率在71%左右,这些硝态氮脱离了作物根系吸收范围,反硝化作用对硝态氮去除具有一定作用。在华北气候-土壤条件下,特别应注意冬小麦收获后土壤不应残留过多硝态氮,以避免夏玉米季降雨发生大量淋溶;夏玉米季需要注意施氮与作物需氮的匹配。由于夏玉米追肥困难,生产上提倡一次性施肥措施,控释肥应该能够发挥更大作用。未来气候变化,导致夏季极端高强度降雨事件的频率增加,将会加剧包气带累积硝态氮通过饱和流或优先流向地下水的迁移。合理的水氮管理是从源头上减少硝态氮向深层包气带和地下水迁移的主要措施。     

Denitrification, N2O and CO2 fluxes in rice-wheat cropping system as affected by crop residues, fertilizer N and legume green manure

Use of renewable N and C sources such as green manure (GM) and crop residues in rice-wheat cropping systems of South Asia may lead to higher crop productivity and C sequestration. However, information on measurements of gaseous N losses (N₂O+N₂) via denitrification and environmental problems such as N₂O and CO₂ production in rice-wheat cropping systems is not available. An acetylene inhibition-intact soil core technique was employed for direct measurement of denitrification losses, N₂O and CO₂ production, in an irrigated field planted to rice (Oryza sativa L.) and wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) in an annual rotation. The soil was a coarse-textured Tolewal sandy loam soil (Typic Ustochrept) and the site a semi-arid subtropical Punjab region of India. Wheat residue (WR, C:N=94) was incorporated at 6 t ha^-1 and sesbania (Sesbania aculeata L.) was grown as GM crop for 60 days during the pre-rice fallow period. Fresh biomass of GM (C:N.=18) at 20 or 40 t ha^-1 was incorporated into the soil 2 days before transplanting rice. Results of this study reveal that (1) denitrification is a significant N loss process under wetland rice amounting to 33% of the prescribed dose of 120 kg N ha^-1 applied as fertilizer urea-N (FN); (2) integrated management of 6 t WR ha^-1 and 20 t GM ha^-1 supplying 88 kg N ha^-1 and 32 kg FN ha^-1 significantly reduced cumulative gaseous N losses to 51.6 kg N ha^-1 as compared with 58.2 kg N ha^-1 for 120 kg FN ha^-1 alone; (3) application of excessive N and C through applying 40 t GM ha^-1 (176 kg N ha^-1) resulted in the highest gaseous losses of 70 kg N ha^-1; (4) the gaseous N losses under wheat were 0.6% to 2% of the applied 120 kg FN ha^-1 and were eight- to tenfold lower (5-8 kg N ha^-1) than those preceding rice; (5) an interplay between the availability of NO₃^- and organic C largely controlled denitrification and N₂O flux during summer-grown flooded rice whereas temperature and soil aeration status were the primary regulators of the nitrification-denitrification processes and gaseous N losses during winter-grown upland wheat; (6) the irrigated rice-wheat system is a significant source of N₂O as it emits around 15 kg N₂O-N ha^-1 year^-1; (7) incorporation of WR in rice and rice residue (C:N=63) in wheat increased soil respiration, and increased CO₂ production in WR- and GM-amended soils under anaerobic wetland rice coincided with enhanced rates of denitrification; and (8) with adequate soil moisture, most of the decomposable C fraction of added residues was mineralized within one crop-growing season and application of FN and GM further accelerated this process.