适宜的氮硫配施提高基质栽培大蒜鳞茎品质

试验采用蛭石-珍珠岩盆栽方式,研究了不同浓度氮(5、10、20 mmol/L,记作N1、N2、N3)、硫(2、4、8 mmol/L,记作S1、S2、S3)配施条件对大蒜鳞茎品质的影响,并采用隶属函数法对大蒜品质进行综合评价,分析鳞茎品质与氮硫互作水平的响应关系。试验结果表明,氮素、硫素对大蒜主要营养成分含量影响不尽相同,氮硫配施能够不同程度提高大蒜鳞茎中可溶性蛋白、VC、大蒜多糖、游离氨基酸的含量,且氮、硫单一因素对大蒜鳞茎品质影响远低于元素间交互作用。但在氮素适宜水平下(10~20 mmol/L),硫素水平对大蒜鳞茎中大蒜辣素含量有显著影响,提高硫浓度能够显著增加大蒜辣素含量,而在硫素浓度过高时(8 mmol/L)则明显抑制该物质合成。隶属函数法综合评价以N3S2处理组大蒜鳞茎品质最优,隶属函数值为0.81,对照组(CK)最差。综合分析可见,无机基质栽培条件下氮硫配施显著影响大蒜鳞茎品质,氮素浓度20 mmol/L(N3)、硫素浓度4 mmol/L(S2)时最利于大蒜鳞茎品质的提升,为大蒜无机基质栽培最佳氮、硫配施水平,且两元素配施存在明显的互作效应。该结论为大蒜栽培氮、硫元素合理配施提供试验指导。     

氮硫单施及配施对大蒜的效应研究

系统研究了氮硫肥对大蒜产量和品质的影响，结果表明，在河南省潮土区大蒜施硫以６０ｋｇ／ｈｍ＾２为宜；施肥基施的综合效应优于追施和底施加追施处理，大蒜施用氮肥，一般蒜头增产１６．４％～３０．２％，蒜苔增产８．３％～２８．４％，大蒜经济合理施肥量范围为１９３．２～３２８．６５ｋｇ／ｈｍ＾２，此时大蒜产量在１７７４０．２ｋｇ／ｈｍ＾２以上，氮硫配施比对照平均增产３８．７％，呈显著的正交互作用，３个试验点的     

钾硫对大蒜头优质高产的效应及相互关系初探

在浙江省慈溪市潮土旱地进行了大蒜施用钾肥、硫肥效应试验。结果表明，大蒜施用外肥１０－２０ｋｇ／亩，增产蒜头１７．３－４７．４％，获得较高的利润玫产投比。施用 肥增产蒜头５．４１％。施用钾肥、硫肥都明显影响大蒜头的品质。施钾能改善在蒜的外观形态及增加蒜头内溶性碳水化合物、氨基酸含量；施硫砂内蛋白质含量及营养价值提高。施用钾、硫肥料促进大蒜的营养吸收，并影响大蒜值株体内氮钾硫的营养平衡，进而影响大蒜头     

紫色土增施单质硫对大蒜生长发育和硫素营养的影响

对紫色土施用单质硫条件下大蒜生长发育及硫素营养吸收和代谢进行了研究。结果表明,大蒜株高、叶面积、经济产量(蒜头)和经济系数以中等供硫水平最高,而茎粗和生物产量则以高硫水平最大。大蒜能耐高浓度的硫素供应,在0～120kghm-2供硫情况下,其全硫(TS)、水溶性硫(SS)和无机硫(Io-S)含量均随供硫量的增加而上升,小分子水溶性含硫氨基酸含量(Ws-S)以低硫水平最高,而大分子蛋白质硫含量(Wis-S)以中等供硫水平时最高,与大蒜素含量的变化一致。大蒜素含量与不同硫组分比率的关系分析发现,大蒜素含量与Ws-S/TS呈极显著的正相关(r=0.752 ),与Io-S/SS呈显著的正相关(r=0.702 )。全氮含量与全硫含量变化趋势一致,全磷含量以低硫水平时最高,全钾含量以中等供硫水平时最高。     

硫对青蒜生长及品质的影响

以金乡白皮蒜为材料,采用Hoagland营养液水培方法,探究硫对青蒜生长发育、品质及主要矿质元素吸收的影响。结果表明:硫可显著提高青蒜植株的叶片数、叶长和叶面积;当硫处理浓度为1.50 mmol/L时,叶片中大蒜素含量最高,较不施硫处理增加97.96%;假茎中大蒜素含量以硫浓度为2.25 mmol/L时最高;当营养液中硫处理浓度为2.25 mmol/L时,青蒜叶片和假茎内可溶性糖和维生素C含量最大,可溶性糖比不施硫处理分别增加2.64和0.53个百分点,维生素C含量分别增加14.98%和24.57%;青蒜植株（叶片和假茎）中全氮和全硫含量随着营养液硫浓度的升高而增加,呈显著正相关;全磷和全钾含量以硫浓度为2.25 mmol/L时最高。总之,硫能显著促进青蒜叶片生长,提高青蒜的营养品质,增加矿质元素的积累,营养液硫处理浓度为2.25 mmol/L时各项指标表现最好。     

氮钾配施对大蒜增产效应的研究

1999～2001年连续三年多点试验结果表明:在安徽省来安县大蒜产区水稻土上氮钾配施对大蒜产量及品质都有明显的正效应,蒜苔增产24.2%～29.2%,蒜头增产17.3%～18.9%。氮钾肥的产量效应与土壤的氮钾水平和氮钾比例密切相关。氮肥的适宜用量为N300～375kg/hm2,钾肥为K2O150kg/hm2。回归方程计算显示,大蒜产区的土壤临界钾素含量为101μg/ml,氮素临界含量为46μg/ml(ASI法测定)。氮钾配施并能提高蒜苗、蒜苔维生素C及可溶性糖含量。增施钾肥对大蒜的经济效益明显提高,产投比为11.07～13.26。     

氮硫互作对大蒜幼苗生长与抗氧化酶活性的影响

采用蛭石盆栽方式,研究不同浓度氮(5、10、20、40mmol·L-1,记作N1、N2、N3、N4)、硫(1、2、4、8mmol·L-1,记作S1、S2、S3、S4)配施条件对大蒜幼苗生长与抗氧化酶活性的影响。结果表明,随氮硫互作浓度的升高,大蒜幼苗的株高、茎粗、生物量及分配、根系活力以及叶片与根系中过氧化物酶(POD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性整体均呈先上升后下降的趋势。大蒜幼苗期对氮素的需求量较低,N1表现最好;而对硫素有一定的需要,S2表现最佳。氮素含量超过N3或硫素含量超过S3,对大蒜幼苗生长有明显的抑制作用。氮、硫2种元素对幼苗期大蒜的生物量分配与叶片中抗氧化酶活性无显著影响,而氮硫交互作用对幼苗根系以及叶片中抗氧化酶活性影响均达到显著或极显著水平。综合考量,氮素含量在5 mmol·L-1、硫素含量在2 mmol·L-1时最适于大蒜幼苗生长,且2种元素配施存在明显的互作效应。本研究为大蒜幼苗期施肥以及"植物工厂"生产模式提供了理论指导。     

硒钴配施对冬小麦产量品质及籽粒中硒、钴含量的影响

采用盆栽试验研究硒钴配施对冬小麦产量及籽粒中粗蛋白、淀粉及硒、钴含量的影响.结果表明:单施硒或单施钴均可以提高小麦的产量,硒钴配施中,以低浓度(2 mg/kg)钴与低浓度(0.5mg/kg)硒配施处理对产量促进作用最明显,提高了29.7％.单施硒、低浓度的钴或低浓度的钴与硒配施及高浓度的钴与中低浓度的硒配施可显著提高冬小麦籽粒中粗蛋白含量.中浓度的硒与中低浓度的钴配施,对籽粒中淀粉含量有明显的促进作用,高浓度的硒处理与低浓度的钴处理配施促进作用最明显,比对照提高了27.5％.说明中低浓度的硒钴配施可作为改善冬小麦籽粒品质的一条有效途径.单施Se和单施Co及Se、Co配施均可提高小麦籽粒中的Co含量.单施Se,籽粒中硒含量随施硒量的增加显著提高;单施钴时,低浓度的钴有利于籽粒中硒含量的提高,而高浓度的钴则降低了籽粒中硒的含量.硒钴配施处理中,低浓度的钴与各浓度的硒处理均有利于籽粒中硒的积累,中高浓度的钴与中低浓度的硒配施能提高籽粒中硒的含量,以Co3Se2(Co浓度4 mg/kg,Se浓度0.5mg/kg)提高最多,达0.274 mg/kg,比对照提高了238.27％,而高浓度的硒钴配施则有明显的抑制作用.综合考虑对小麦产量、蛋白质、淀粉及硒含量的影响,建议最佳硒钴配施应该是Co2Se3,即Co浓度2mg/kg和Se浓度1 mg/kg配施.     

硫素与其他营养元素的交互作用对作物养分吸收、产量和质量的影响

养分平衡是养分管理的必要环节,对增加作物产量和提高品质具有重要的作用.本文综述了硫(S)素与其他营养元素之间的交互作用对作物养分吸收、产量和质量的影响.S 与N或Ca、 K、Zn之间交互作用对养分吸收和利用是协同的,而S 与Mg、Mo、Cu、、Se、Fe、Sb、Cd、B、Br之间交互作用对养分吸收和利用是拮抗的.然而,S 与 P或Se之间的交互作用对养分吸收和利用是协同还是拮抗取决于作物种类、生长阶段和养分的浓度.N、S配施可以促进蛋白质的合成,提高作物产量和品质.由于S素与其他营养元素之间存在的这种拮抗作用,因此施用S肥可以减轻污染土壤重金属对蔬菜的毒害作用或加剧缺S土壤上蔬菜B和Mo的缺乏.     

土壤施硒酸钠对盐碱地油用向日葵产量及营养品质的影响

通过大田试验研究了土施不同浓度硒对盐碱地油用向日葵产量及营养品质的影响，为当地盐碱地的综合开发利用及富硒功能农产品的生产提供参考依据。油葵籽仁中全氮含量采用凯氏定氮仪测定，其他矿质元素含量采用原子吸收分光光度计测定，籽仁脂肪酸含量采用气相色谱法测定。结果表明: 土施适宜浓度硒肥(300 g/ha)有利于提高油用向日葵产量，而过低(100～200 g/ha)或过高浓度硒肥(400 g/ha)均降低了油用向日葵产量；土施100～200 g/ha硒，提高了K、S、Fe、Zn、Mn、Cu、Se、油酸和亚油酸含量，降低籽仁Cr、Cd、Pb含量；土施硒300 g/ha左右有利于降低籽仁棕榈酸和硬脂酸含量。综合考虑油葵产量和各营养指标的变化情况，在盐碱地生产富硒油用向日葵的最适宜的土施硒的浓度为200～300 g/ha左右?     

硒对烤烟生长、化学指标及矿质营养元素含量的影响

为探讨不同浓度的硒(Se)对植物生长、化学指标及矿质营养元素含量的影响,本研究以云烟87为试验材料,采用盆栽试验方法,研究了不同硒浓度对烤烟生长、化学指标及烤烟根、茎、叶中矿质元素N、P、K、Ca、Mg、Mn、Zn、Cu累积的影响。结果表明,土壤施硒(亚硒酸钠)4.4 mg·kg-1时,烟叶中烟碱、蛋白和还原糖等含量处于最适范围,根、茎、叶中矿质元素N、P、K、Ca、Mg、Mn、Zn、Cu的含量达到最大值。低硒处理(Se≤4.4 mg·kg-1)显著提高了烤烟各部位对矿质元素的吸收,尤其对N、K、Ca、Mg、Mn的影响最为显著,从而促进了烤烟的生长,烟叶化学成分更加协调;而高硒处理(Se≥11.1 mg·kg-1)则降低了烤烟各部位对矿质元素的吸收,尤其对N、P、K的影响最显著,从而抑制了烤烟的生长。土壤中不同硒浓度通过调控植物对矿质元素的吸收进而影响植物的生长和化学指标,该研究结果为指导富硒烟叶的生产提供了理论依据。     

Quantification of seed ionome variation in 90 diverse soybean (Glycine max) lines

Climate change and rising carbon dioxide (CO₂) levels are expected to reduce the mineral nutrient content of soybean seeds. The main objective of this study was to survey diverse soybean germplasm for variation in seed elemental concentrations and their relationships between elements, protein content, and individual seed weight. Seeds from 90 soybean genotypes were weighed and subjected to inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) ionomics analysis and Carbon/Nitrogen (C/N) analysis to determine protein. The results demonstrated substantial variation with the possibility of significantly improving most mineral nutrients, especially selenium (Se), copper (Cu), iron (Fe), and manganese (Mn). This diverse survey identifies genotypes that can complement existing soybean breeding programs for improving seed nutritional quality. Correlation analysis identified two clusters of co-variant elements: zinc (Zn), phosphorus (P), and sulfur (S) as well as Zn, Cu, Se, and rubidium (Rb) were positively correlated with each other. Tolerable upper limits of Rb intake are not defined for humans illustrating the need to monitor trace elements along with desirable nutrients.     

Interactions Between Sulfur and Selenium Uptake by Corn in Solution Culture

Interactions between sulfur (S) and selenium (Se) uptake and accumulation in corn (Zea mays) plants were investigated in solution culture. Two concentrations (5 and 10 μ M) of Se (as selenate) and three concentrations of S (as sulfate) (0.5, 1.5, and 2.5 mM) were used. Results showed that shoot and root biomass were affected significantly by different S concentrations in solution, but not affected by Se application when S concentrations in solution were lower than 1.5 mM. Selenium concentrations as well as Se accumulation in shoots and roots on a dry weight basis increased dramatically with increasing Se concentrations in solution. At a constant Se level, increasing S in solution reduced Se concentrations. Selenium accumulation in plants was not affected by S application, except in nutrient solution with Se at a concentration of 10 μ M. Sulfur concentrations and S accumulation in shoots increased significantly with increasing Se concentrations in solution, while those in roots were unaffected by Se addition. Solution-to-shoot transfer factors and shoot-root distribution coefficients of Se and S were also discussed. These data suggest that it is necessary to manage carefully both S and Se levels in solution or in soils for supplementation of Se in plants. Results from this study indicate that human Se nutrition can be improved by supplementation of Se in crops.     

四川茶区土壤营养元素背景值研究

采用单道扫描等离子发射光谱仪(ICP-AES)对四川茶区72个产茶县422个取样点035.cm土层中P、S、K等17种营养元素含量进行测定,分析了该地区茶园土壤的无机营养元素背景值特征。结果表明,四川茶区土壤中P、K、Ca、Mg、S等5种大、中量元素均相对贫乏;微量元素Mn、B、Zn在大部分地区土壤中相对富集,而Fe、Mo在大部分地区土壤相对贫乏;其他元素中Se和Sb相对富集,其浓集系数K值分别为5.45和22.3。方差分析表明,17种营养元素的含量在不同产茶地区土壤中的差异均显著。土壤中营养元素的背景值因土壤类型的不同而表现出一定的差异,其中棕壤中的营养元素含量相对丰富,而红壤中营养元素的含量相对缺乏。因此应有针对性地增施有机肥及微量元素肥料,以补充相对贫乏的营养元素。     

硒对大蒜生理特性、含硒量及品质的影响

以金蒜3号为试材,采用盆栽试验,通过叶面喷施不同浓度、不同次数的亚硒酸钠研究了硒对大蒜生理特性、含硒量和品质的影响。结果表明:在生长期4月5日、15日和25日累计喷施1次、2次、3次3个浓度（5、10、15 mg/L）的亚硒酸钠溶液,均不同程度影响大蒜生理特性、含硒量和品质。与对照相比,叶面喷施2次10 mg/L的亚硒酸钠溶液,可显著提高叶片中光合色素含量和光合性能;能显著改善蒜薹和鳞茎品质,单薹鲜质量和单头鲜质量分别提高68.25%和29.00%,可溶性糖、可溶性蛋白、维生素C含量分别提高73.05%、104.66%、18.95%和82.01%、51.27%、69.82%;并可有效提高鳞茎中游离氨基酸含量（38.91%）,降低蒜薹中游离氨基酸含量（36.95%）;同时可降低蒜薹和鳞茎中大蒜素含量,但差异不显著。蒜薹和鳞茎硒含量随硒浓度和喷施次数的增加而显著提高,最高可达19.81和23.96 mg/kg,为对照的3.85和4.41倍。综合各因素指标,大蒜以叶面喷施2次10 mg/L的亚硒酸钠为宜。     

湖南张家界典型植烟土壤地球化学特征研究

为了研究张家界山地植烟区域土壤的成土环境及地球化学元素的丰缺状况和迁移富集规律,为烟区优质特色烟叶的生产和布局提供科学依据,本文采集23个长期耕种的典型植烟土壤剖面样品,测定分析了25种地球化学元素(氧化物)的含量,并对土壤的风化发育状况和元素(氧化物)的迁移富集特征进行了研究。结果表明,张家界烟区主要成土母质如石灰岩、板页岩、紫色砂页岩风化物均受到了较强的风化作用,化学风化指数(CIA)介于73.19～88.03之间,总体上土壤具有Ca、Na贫乏而Fe、Al相对富集的化学组成特征。其中紫色砂页岩风化物发育形成的紫色土的风化作用较强,土壤的淋溶作用较强;石灰岩风化物发育形成的土壤富铝化程度较低。黄壤、水稻土、紫色土中地球化学元素多数表现出一定的富集特征,大量有益营养元素的富集对于提高烟叶产量具有重要作用。土壤剖面淋溶层中元素(氧化物)P、B、Se、Mn、Zn、Cu、Ni、Y、Sc、La、Fe2O3、SiO2的含量均高于中国或世界土壤元素(氧化物)中值(均值),而N、S、Cl、Mo、Co、Sr、Br、I、CaO、MgO、K2O、Na2O、Al2O3的含量偏低,其中元素(氧化物)N、P、S、Mo、Se、Mn、Zn、Br、I、CaO、MgO在土壤剖面中的含量变化较大。通过对元素(氧化物)富集系数的聚类分析,将元素(氧化物)分为3类:呈较强富集特征的元素N、P、S、Se;呈较强迁移特征的元素(氧化物)Br、I、Mn、CaO;变化较稳定的其他元素。微量元素B、Zn、Cu和稀土元素Y、Sc、La含量较丰富且变化相对稳定,表明除了常量元素N、P、S以外,微量元素Se、B、Zn、Cu和稀土元素Y、Sc、La可能是影响张家界烟区烤烟品质的重要特征元素。     

Mineral composition of bermudagrass as influenced by maturity and nitrogen in a cool,temperate environment

Abstract

Warm‐season grasses contribute substantially to herbage supply during summer in cool‐temperate environments, when the productivity of cool‐season grasses declines. Herbage digestibility as well as mineral concentration may limit the amount of essential nutrients available to meet grazing animal requirements. A field study was conducted to determine the productivity and quality of a new selection of bermudagrass [Cynodon dactylon (L) Pers.], RSl, which is capable of growth and persistence in areas where other cultivars of bermudagrass are likely to winterkill. Concentrations and uptake of mineral nutrients in RSl bermudagrass were determined in response to N levels (0, 120, 240, and 360 kg N/ha) and delayed initial harvest (advancing maturity) at 2, 4, and 6 weeks after active growth began. Concentrations of P, Ca, K, Mg, and S in early season growth generally declined with advancing maturity. Concentrations of elements showed mixed response to N levels, and generally were not affected by treatments late in the growing season. Early in the growing season, mineral uptakes increased with advancing maturity. Increasing N levels early and late in the growing season enhanced mineral uptake. Mineral ratios, such as N:S and K (Ca + Mg), were within critical limits for adequate animal nutrition, but the Ca:P ratio was less than 2:1 and could contribute to known mineral‐related disorders in male sheep. Herbage mineral concentrations of RSl generally met or exceeded mineral nutrient requirements for sheep and cattle in growing or lactating physiological states.     

High potential for selenium biofortification of lentils ( Lens culinaris L.)

Beneficial forms of selenium (Se) and their impact on human health are a global topic of interest in public health. We are studying the genetic potential for Se biofortification of pulse crops to improve human nutrition. Lentils ( Lens culinaris L.) are an important protein and carbohydrate food and are a valuable source of essential dietary components and trace elements. We analyzed the total Se concentration of 19 lentil genotypes grown at eight locations for two years in Saskatchewan, Canada. We observed significant genotypic and environmental variation in total Se concentration in lentils and that total Se concentration in lentils ranged between 425 and 673 microg kg(-1), providing 77-122% of the recommended daily intake in 100 g of dry lentils. Over 70% of the Se was present as selenomethionine (SeMet) with a smaller fraction (<20%) as inorganic Se and very small amounts as selenocysteine (SeCys). We found that soils from the locations where the lentils were grown were rich in Se (37-301 microg kg(-1)) and that lentils grown in Saskatchewan have the potential to provide an excellent natural source of this essential element. Our analyses gave us a preliminary understanding of the genetic basis of Se uptake in lentil and indicated that any potential strategy for micronutrient biofortification in lentil will require choice of field locations that minimize the spatial variability of soil Se content.