~(60)Coγ射线对松褐天牛生育力的影响

用303、5与40Gy三个剂量的60Coγ射线辐照松褐天牛,结果表明辐照对松褐天牛的生育力有一定影响,其中以40Gy辐照剂量影响最为显著。通过保持雌虫不变,更换雄虫,发现雌虫与经辐照的雄虫交尾后再与非辐照雄虫交尾,雌虫的产卵量以及孵化率虽较更换雄虫前略有提高,但明显低于对照。说明辐照对松褐天牛的生殖系统有一定的影响。不同的配比模式之间产卵量和孵化率也存在显著差异。     

吉富罗非鱼雌雄群体遗传差异的SSR分析

为探讨吉富罗非鱼（genetic improvement of farmed tilapia,GIFT）雌、雄群体间的遗传差异,本研究对国家级广西南宁罗非鱼良种场雌、雄吉富罗非鱼进行了遗传差异分析。研究结果表明,选取的11对SSR引物中有10对能获得稳定的目的条带;每个SSR基因座的等位基因数在2～4个之间,雌性罗非鱼的平均等位基因（Na）2.9个,稍高于雄性的2.8个;雌、雄吉富罗非鱼平均观察杂合度（HO）分别为0.4183和0.4154,多态信息含量（PIC）分别为0.4048和0.3932,属中度多态;雌雄个体间的遗传距离和相似性指数分别为0.0908和0.9132。此外,SSR基因座PRL-SO2在雄鱼中偏离Hardy Weinberg平衡（P〈0.005）。上述结果表明,吉富罗非鱼雌、雄群体的SSR多态性基本相同,推测这两者基因组间的差异较小。     

八角尺蠖对八角叶及性信息素腺体浸提液的触角电位反应

触角电位（electroantennogram,EAG）技术是一个在昆虫性信息素和其它挥发性信息化学生物活性测定中的重要方法。本研究利用EAG技术,测定了八角尺蠖对丙酮、正己烷、乙醇和蒸馏水等4种不同溶剂所浸提的八角叶片及八角尺蠖性信息素腺体浸提液的电生理反应。结果表明,正己烷是八角尺蠖性信息素提取的最好溶剂,雄蛾对性信息素腺体浸提液的EAG反应比雌虫强烈,这在一定程度上反映了雄蛾可能更依赖于对雌蛾释放的性信息素的探测,而不是对寄主气味的探测;雄蛾对八角叶片的正己烷浸提液具有最强的EAG反应,而雌蛾则对八角叶片的丙酮浸提液的EAG反应最强,由此反映了雌雄个体在寻找寄主、繁殖后代等行为中的性别差异;雄蛾羽化后3h对八角叶片气味就有较强的EAG反应,在24h内EAG反应值随着羽化后时间的延长而增大,这反映了随着羽化后时间的延长,触角的机能随之趋于完善,因此对于外界的刺激更为敏感。本研究为利用八角尺蠖性信息素活性成分开展害虫的监测和无公害防治奠定基础。     

~(60)Co-γ射线辐射对胭脂虫Dactylopius coccus Costa生物学特征的影响

利用60Co-γ射线对胭脂虫孕卵期进行辐射试验,探讨60Co对胭脂虫生物学特征的影响。结果表明,高剂量(3000rad以上)辐射胭脂虫造成其子代性比严重失调,雄虫几乎为0,无法进行有性生殖,导致无法产生后代,高剂量辐射对雄虫的损伤极大。低剂量辐射(特别是500rad)下F1较对照:各龄级虫口数提高;成虫期雌虫数明显高于对照,雄虫数略高;孵化量、孵化率提高;单株雌成虫鲜重、干重均明显增重;怀卵量大幅增多;雌成虫个体鲜干重、鲜干比、体积无差异。对于500rad辐射的胭脂虫,F2在有效生殖率、鲜干重和鲜干比方面效果较F1还好,存在优势显效滞后现象。但连续培育3代后,与对照已无差异。     

橘小实蝇雄性不育技术应用过程中混入雌虫活力的研究

取羽化前1、2和3d(即-1d、-2d和-3d)来自橘小实蝇遗传性别品系的雌蛹,分别经过90、100和105Gy的60Co辐照后,检测成虫的羽化率、飞行能力和耐压存活率;辐照处理的雌蛹羽化后再分别与普通雄虫和来自遗传性别品系的不育雄虫杂交,在羽化后的第10天、第17天分别采卵,记录产卵量和卵孵化率。结果表明,雌虫羽化率、飞行能力和耐压存活率等变化与雄虫接受辐照后的质量监测结果相同;经过辐照的雌、雄虫相互交配不产卵;辐照处理过的雌虫与普通雄虫交配,成虫的产卵量明显减少,而且剂量越大,蛹龄越小,产卵量越少。     

西花蓟马孤雌产雄生殖繁育的后代种群生命表的建立

孤雌生殖是西花蓟马(Frankliniella occidentalis)繁殖的一种重要方式。前期研究发现,西花蓟马在高温下,雌性的存活率远大于雄性。为探究高温处理后仅有雌性西花蓟马孤雌产雄的情况下其后代建立种群的可能性,试验设定:高温(45℃,2 h)处理西花蓟马单个雌性个体,分别进行孤雌产雄生殖后,雄性子代(F1代)与其母系回交产生F2代;高温(45℃,2 h)处理西花蓟马多个雌性个体,进行孤雌产雄生殖后,雄性子代(F1代)与亲代多个雌性个体共存情况下进行交配产生F2代。两组处理模式下建立F2代实验种群生命表。结果表明,上述两种处理模式,母代雌性个体与子代雄性个体交配后均可产生后代,雄性F1代与其母系回交产生的F2代的雌雄性比为1.05∶1;与亲代多个雌性个体共存下交配产生的F2代性比为1.55∶1。雄性F1代与其母系回交产生的F2代的平均单雌产卵量(F)和内禀增长率(rm)显著小于与亲代多个雌性个体共存下交配产生的F2代(P0.05);各龄期的平均发育历期、平均产卵前期和平均总产卵前期2个繁殖力参数以及净生殖率(R0)、平均世代周期(T)2个种群参数,前者则比后者长(P0.05);另周限增长率(λ)两者之间无显著差异。研究表明西花蓟马在孤雌产雄状态下仍然可以在短期建立种群,具有较强的抗高温能力和繁殖能力,为其成功入侵奠定了生态学基础。     

茶叶挥发物对鞍形花蟹蛛觅食行为的影响

为了探明茶叶挥发物在鞍形花蟹蛛(Xysticus ephippiatus Simon)搜寻猎物——茶尺蠖(Ectropis obliqua Prout)过程中的作用,采用固相微萃取气相色谱质谱联用技术研究了茶尺蠖取食对茶树叶片挥发物释放的影响,并通过蜘蛛行为观测平台研究了蟹蛛在不同味源侧(觅食斑块)的活动行为。结果表明:对照叶片没有释放出挥发物,经茶尺蠖幼虫取食后的叶片能释放31种挥发物,其中有12种绿叶挥发物、9种萜类及其衍生物、4种芳香族挥发物和6种未知化合物。行为观测表明,雌、雄蟹蛛进入处理味源侧(茶尺蠖取食后的茶树叶片)和对照味源侧(未损伤茶树叶片)的初次选择均不存在差别(P>0.05),雌蛛进入处理味源侧和对照味源侧的频次分别为3.37±0.18和3.43±0.15,二者无明显区别(P>0.05);雄蛛进入两侧的频次分别为3.86±0.21和3.66±0.20,也无明显区别(P>0.05);雌蛛在处理味源侧和对照味源侧的停留时间分别为(922.57±19.59)s和(818.89±29.63)s,有极显著差异(P<0.01),雄蛛在两侧的停留时间分别为(937.97±18.05)s和(814.83±18.97)s,也有极显著差异(P<0.01),表明雌蛛、雄蛛在处理侧的停留时间明显延长。这说明,猎物取食诱导改变了茶树叶片挥发物的释放,而鞍形花蟹蛛能感知挥发物的变化并由此调整在不同觅食斑块中的停留时间。另外,本文还讨论了挥发物在蟹蛛搜寻猎物过程中的生态学意义。     

中国沙棘和俄罗斯沙棘叶片在不同土壤水分条件下脯氨酸、可溶性糖及内源激素含量的变化

通过对中国沙棘(Hippophaerhamnoidessinensis)和俄罗斯沙棘(Hippophaerhamnoides)在野外不同生境和田间不同干旱胁迫条件下叶片脯氨酸、可溶性糖及内源激素含量的变化进行研究后发现:坡上土壤水分含量显著低于沟底的土壤水分含量,坡上中国沙棘叶片中的脯氨酸、可溶性糖含量比沟底明显增加,雌株的增加幅度大于雄株。在田间不同的干旱胁迫条件下,沙棘叶片内脯氨酸含量随着干旱胁迫程度和干旱胁迫时间的延长而增加,脯氨酸积累能力为中国沙棘>俄罗斯沙棘,雌、雄株之间的差异为雌株>雄株。沙棘叶片内可溶性糖含量随着干旱胁迫程度和干旱胁迫时间的延长而持续增加,沙棘叶片可溶性糖的积累能力因雌雄株和品种不同而出现一定差异,表现为俄罗斯沙棘>中国沙棘,雌株>雄株。随着土壤含水量的降低,沙棘叶片中的ABA显著增加,IAA和ZR的含量明显降低,GA的含量在胁迫初期升高,之后逐渐下降;中国沙棘叶片内源激素的变化幅度小于俄罗斯沙棘,雌株的变化幅度小于雄株。综合沙棘叶片中脯氨酸、可溶性糖、内源激素的变化,在干旱的适应性方面,中国沙棘和沙棘雌株更具有优势。     

不同光周期条件下绿色型豌豆蚜性蚜分化规律研究

为了明确豌豆蚜随光周期变化时的种群繁殖策略以及性蚜分化规律,在4个光周期(8L∶16D、10L∶14D、12L∶12D和14L∶10D)条件下,研究了绿色型豌豆蚜经光周期连续诱导2代后(G_1和G_2),后代(G3)中的性蚜分化情况。结果表明:兰州地区豌豆蚜性雌蚜均为无翅型,而雄蚜均为有翅型。光周期对豌豆蚜性蚜分化有显著影响(P0.05)。在14L∶10D光周期条件下,豌豆蚜后代中无性蚜分化;在12L∶12D、10L∶14D和8L∶16D 3个光周期条件下均有性蚜分化,而且随着光照时间的变短,豌豆蚜G_3中雄蚜所占百分比逐渐减小,性雌蚜所占百分比逐渐升高。在12L∶12D光周期条件下,雄蚜比例最高(30.39%),而性雌蚜比例最低(55.67%);在10L∶14D光周期条件下,G_3中胎生蚜比例最高,而性蚜比例最低;在8L∶16D光周期条件下,无雄蚜分化,而性雌蚜比例最高(90.76%)。在同一短光照条件下,G_1产仔日龄对G_3中性蚜分化具有显著影响(P0.05),同时性蚜分化具有一定的时间顺序,即先产性雌蚜,后产雄蚜,由性雌蚜向雄蚜过渡过程中伴随产生胎生蚜。表明绿色型豌豆蚜性蚜产生的临界光照时长介于12~14 h,相对较长的光照条件下有利于雄蚜产生,而光照时间越短性雌蚜比例越高。说明光周期变化是豌豆蚜生殖模式转变和性蚜分化的重要因子,而且豌豆蚜亲代经历光周期处理时间的长短影响后代中性蚜的分化。     

气象要素对陇东塬区玉米产量影响的通径分析

采用通径分析方法分析了陇东塬区玉米产量构成因素中单株籽粒重、百粒重、果穗长、双穗率与光、热、水三要素的关系。结果表明：单株籽粒重和果穗长共同对产量的贡献最大,决定系数为0.3052;其次是单株籽粒重,决定系数为0.2538;果穗长位居第三,决定系数为0.2114。不同发育期各气象因子对单株籽粒重和果穗长影响不同,降水和平均气温在抽雄以前对果穗长和单株籽粒重贡献的直接效应最大;≥10℃积温在播种-拔节期通过平均气温和日照时数对果穗长的贡献以间接效应为主,在拔节-抽雄期对果穗长和单株籽粒重贡献以直接效应为主;日照时数在播种-拔节期对果穗长的影响以直接效应为主,在拔节-抽雄期对果穗长和单株籽粒重的贡献以间接效应为主;抽雄-成熟期各气象要素对果穗长和单株籽粒重影响较小。气象因子对产量构成因素影响主要是在苗期和穗期,灌浆期对其影响明显下降,因此重视田间管理和合理密植等非气象因子也是获取高产的关键。     

Evidence for food limitation in the declining hen harrier population on the Orkney Islands, Scotland

The hen harrier (Circus cyaneus) population on the Scottish Orkney Islands has declined dramatically since the end of the 1970s. We postulate that the cause of this decline was due to a reduction in the amount of available prey and predict that if this was the case the population would currently be limited by food. The evidence for this hypothesis is explored by examining the rates at which males deliver prey to their females in relation to breeding performance both among individuals within the declining population and also between this declining population and another, non-declining population in southern Scotland. Breeding performance within the Orkney population was related to male provisioning rates: males that provided more food to their females were more likely to initiate a breeding attempt and there was a tendency for males with the highest provisioning rates to breed with more females. Comparisons between the two populations revealed that harriers on Orkney had a lower breeding performance and also a lower rate of food provision. Changes in agriculture, in particular decreases in rough grazing and increases in sheep densities are thought to be the most likely cause for a reduction in food supply. Conservation measures should be aimed toward increasing the areas of rough grass habitat.     

阿尔泰山布尔津林区不同草地类型物种多样性特征与生产力的关系

为探讨物种多样性与地上生物量的相关性以及物种多样性的垂直变化特征.以阿尔泰山布尔津林区5种草地类型为研究对象,通过对布尔津林区各草地类型的调查,分析了阿尔泰山布尔津林区各草地类型的物种多样性变化特征.结果 表明:(1)5个草地群落类型地上生物量差异明显,荒漠草原和山地草甸草原较低,山地草原最高,而山地草甸和高寒草甸处于...     

Uptake and distribution of nitrogen and phosphorus in grain sorghum hybrids and their parents

Grain sorghum Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench genotypes responded differently to nitrogen and phosphorus additions to soil, but very little information is available correlating responses of hybrids and their parents. A two‐year study of a set of four male and three female parents and their resulting hybrids was conducted under control and added N, P, or N + P conditions. The treatments caused differences in grain yield and total grain phosphorus among the genotypes. Days to bloom, stover yield, or percent grain and stover nitrogen were not influenced by additions of nitrogen or phosphorus in this soil. The only significant difference detected among groups (females, males or hybrids) was for total grain nitrogen; i.e., male parents had lower grain yields than female parents or hybrids. Differences were found among the four males only for total grain phosphorus and among the females only for days to bloom. Hybrids differed for days to bloom and stover yield. A significant genotype by year interaction occurred for all traits measured, which was due primarily to environmental stress in the first year that significantly lowered the magritude of genotypic differences in the first year compared with those in the second year. Nitrogen and phosphorus applied together generally exerted more influence on most of the measured traits than either element applied singly. The responses of hybrids were correlated more closely with the response of the female than of the male parent for the traits. The only exception was for percent stover nitrogen where the influence of the male and female parents was equal.     

‘寒富’苹果园生长季土壤氨氧化细菌群落结构与多样性

采用PCR-DGGE技术,对‘寒富’苹果园生长季内土壤氨氧化细菌群落结构、多样性及其与土壤理化因子的相关性进行探讨。结果表明,不同时期土壤硝化强度、氨氧化细菌数量、种群组成及多样性表现出明显差异。其中,11月份土壤硝化强度最高,9月份最低,而氨氧化细菌数量则表现为11月份最低,7月最高。多样性特征分析表明,土壤氨氧化细菌多样性和均匀度指数均表现为11月份最高,9月份最低;而丰富度指数则表现为5月份与7月份最高,11月份最低;优势度指数则为9月份最高,5月份最低。系统发育分析结果表明,苹果园土壤氨氧化细菌均隶属于β-变形菌纲(β-Proteobacteria),多为不可培养菌株,其中亚硝化螺旋菌属(Nitrosospira)为土壤优势菌属。氨氧化细菌与土壤理化性质相关性分析发现,土壤速效磷、速效钾含量与硝化强度、氨氧化细菌多样性指数、均匀度和优势度指数呈显著相关,而与土壤氨氧化细菌数量无明显相关性。说明环境因子时间分布的不均匀性是不同时期土壤氨氧化细菌群落结构组成差异的重要原因。     

Considering fungal:bacterial dominance in soils - Methods, controls, and ecosystem implications

An expectation in soil ecology is that a microbial communities’ fungal:bacterial dominance indicates both its response to environmental change and its impact on ecosystem function. We review a selection of the increasing body of literature on this subject and assess the relevance of its expectations by examining the methods used to determine, the impact of environmental factors on, and the expected ecosystem consequences of fungal:bacterial dominance. Considering methods, we observe that fungal:bacterial dominance is contingent on the actual measure used to estimate it. This has not been carefully considered; fungal:bacterial dominance of growth, biomass, and residue indicate different, and not directly relatable aspects, of the microbial community’s influence on soil functioning. Considering relationships to environmental factors, we found that shifts in fungal:bacterial dominance were not always in line with the general expectation, in many instances even being opposite to them. This is likely because the traits expected to differentiate bacteria from fungi are often not distinct. Considering the impact of fungal:bacterial dominance on ecosystem function, we similarly found that expectations were not always upheld and this too could be due to trait overlap between these two groups. We explore many of the potential reasons why expectations related to fungal:bacterial dominance were not met, highlighting areas where future research, especially furthering a basic understanding of the ecology of bacteria and fungi, is needed.     

An illustrated review of some farmer participatory research techniques

A review of farmer participatory research is given highlighting its variety and wide range of terminologies. Two types of methodology are discussed, rapid rural appraisals (RRA) and participatoryrural appraisals (PRA). Some methods included in the PRA group generate quantitative and qualitative data suitable for statistical analysis. The need to ensure rigor in these studies is emphasized, but this is often shunned by researchers in the belief that their studies are simple and require no more than an elementary summary. Yet the multidisciplinary nature of participatory studies, the inherent data variability, and their small sample sizes render them complex in design, analysis, and interpretation. Using three “simple” sets of ranking data from PRA studies, it is shown that statistical methods must be simple to be adopted, that data are often poor in quality, and that parametric assumptions might not always hold. The complex underlying structure of many datasets demands a flexible approach to analysis and interpretation. Greater collaboration between researchers and statisticians will improve the supply of good datasets that can be used to improve statistical techniques for this type of research and ultimately generate greater confidence in the use of statistical methodologies.     

Endemism and evolutionary history in conflict over Madagascar’s freshwater conservation priorities

Regional-scale biodiversity indicators provide important criteria for the selection of protected areas in conservation, but their application is often hindered by a lack of taxonomic knowledge. Moreover, different indicators include different types of information, sometimes leading to divergent conservation priorities. Madagascar tops the world list of biodiversity hotspots and much conservation effort has been directed toward its threatened plants and vertebrates. In contrast, its highly diverse freshwater invertebrate fauna has received comparatively little conservation attention. We conducted an inventory of Malagasy adephagan water beetles (Coleoptera, Dytiscidae, Noteridae, Gyrinidae, Haliplidae) using a combined morphological and molecular approach. In total, 2043 beetles from 153 sites were sequenced for cytochrome oxidase subunit I (cox1), and species delimitation was carried out using the coalescent-based GMYC model. Phylogenetic relationships of the resulting entities were established using cox1 combined with partial 16S rRNA and 28S rRNA sequences. Ten national parks were assessed for their species richness, phylogenetic diversity (PD) and endemism. We were particularly interested in the contribution of endemic species to PD. Congruence between molecular and taxonomic identifications was high (91%), with 69% of sampled species endemic to Madagascar. Interestingly, we found that PD at a site was negatively correlated to the proportion of endemic species, most likely because endemics are the result of recent radiations with relatively little branch-length contribution to the measure of PD. This suggests that ranking sites for conservation priority based solely on PD potentially disfavor endemic species by underrating areas where the evolutionary process is most active.     

Nitrogen efficiency in grain sorghum

Grain sorghum, Sorghum bicolor (1.) Moench has not been fully evaluated for its variability in nitrogen efficiency. A 2‐year study using 12 hybrids was conducted and nitrogen efficiency was calculated as: 1. total dry matter (DM) per unit N uptake (NE₁), 2. total grain yield per unit N uptake (NE₂), and 3. the product of NE₂ and the grain N:stover N ratio (NE₃). NE₁ values increased with plant age and were significantly different among hybrids at all stages of growth. A 20% difference in NE₁ was found between the least and most efficient hybrids at maturity. A significant hybrid x year interaction showed that the environment strongly influenced hybrid ranking. Hybrids which ranked high in one year often did poorly the other year and visa versa for NE₁, NE₂, or NE₃. Each N efficiency criterion ranked the hybrids differently, although NE₁ and NE₂ appeared to be the most closely related. Hybrids generally maintained satisfactory values for NE₃ if one parent (either male or female) had a high NE₃ value in hybrid combination. Differences were more dramatic for partitioning of N between grain and stover than for NE values among hybrids. Due to environmental influences, it appears that at least 3 or more years of data may be needed in order to establish consistent trends for N efficiency in grain sorghum.     

诱发籼稻早熟同型系的研究 Ⅲ.早熟同型系的发生与不同系谱亲缘的关系

辐射诱发早熟同型系的发生率与水稻品种亲缘有密切关系。同一亲缘或组合衍生的品种早熟同型系发生率基本相似 ;不同亲缘品种早熟同型系的发生率不一 ,有强、弱和一般 3种类型。一般亲缘差异较大的亲本杂交后代早熟同型系发生率比亲本亲缘差异较小杂交后代高。研究表明 :IR8(Peta×DGWG)、IR1 2 7(Cpslo×Sigadis)以及IR2 4(IR8×IR1 2 7)衍生的品种早熟同型系发生率都较高 ,属于诱发早熟同型系发生的优势系谱     

Analysis of phenotypic and genetic polymorphism among accessions of saltgrass (Distichlis spicata)

Morphological and genetic analyses were applied on 37 saltgrass (Distichlis spicata) accessions collected from distant locations throughout the American continent in order to: 1) develop and identify morphologic and genetic profiles for the saltgrass genotypes; 2) characterize the genetic distance among saltgrass accessions within the given germplasm collection; and 3) identify a possible linkage between patterns of genetic and eco-geographical parameters. Analysis based on 70 RAPD markers revealed broad polymorphism among the genotypes and enabled their individual characterization. A UPGMA dendrogram clustered the genotypes into groups according to a general pattern of their geographical origin. Yet, only the group of Californian accessions was significantly distinct from other groups, as determined by ² tests. Various statistical analyses indicated that only minor genetic differences existed between seashore and desert saltgrass genotypes, supporting that these two eco-geographical types belong to the same species, Distichlis spicata. Our results suggest that genetic interactions exist between geographically distant saltgrass populations, in spite of the dominance of clonal reproduction in this species. The contribution of dioecy, seed production, and epizoochory to the distribution patterns of saltgrass is discussed at the geographic and at the genetic levels.