特大暴雨下油松林根系对土壤元素迁移的影响

根际是元素由土壤进入植物体的主要界面,降水对根际土壤元素的迁移有显著影响。本文用原状土柱淋滤实验装置及大型挖掘剖面壁法,定量分析了特大暴雨下不同深度土层油松林根系影响土壤元素的稳定输出通量的剖面特征,旨在探索黄土区林木根系对土壤养分生物有效性的提高途径。研究结果表明,特大降雨条件下,油松林地的元素随土层深度增加呈明显的递减规律,在农地土壤剖面中变异不明显。油松林地元素稳定输出通量的平均值显著大于无根系土壤。油松林030.cm土壤剖面中的元素输出通量占总剖面元素输出通量的96.32%;油松林根系对常量元素K、Na、Mg、Ca、有益元素Si、微量营养元素Mn有明显稳定强化作用的土层深度范围为030cm,对有益元素Al和微量元素Cu、Fe有明显稳定强化作用的土层深度范围为045.cm。     

黄土区植物根系对营养元素在土壤剖面中迁移强度的影响

不同植物群落根系对土壤元素迁移具有显著影响,不同基因型植物细根的特殊剖面分布特征,是其适应和改善土壤养分物理化学逆境的生理生态学基础。采用原状土柱淋滤实验装置及大型挖掘剖面壁法,在陕北黄土丘陵沟壑区研究并定量分析了不同径级根系对黄土中营养元素K、Na、Ca、Mg、Cu、Mn、Fe、Si、Al迁移强度的影响,旨在探索土壤养分生物有效性的提高途径。结果表明,不同植被类型土壤营养元素淋溶迁移的剖面差异并非完全取决于土壤中元素或矿物含量的大小,而是主要受制于直径1mm的须根根系在剖面中的缠绕分布特征。不同植被类型土壤中营养元素的迁移强度随土层深度增加呈递减规律。不同植物根系对黄土中营养元素迁移强度的影响具有显著差异,其大小顺序为:林地草地农地。林、草地土壤中元素迁移强度序列有明显变异的临界土层深度分别在30cm和10cm处。在林、草地和农地土层中常量元素水迁移强度序列为CaNaMgKSiAl,微量元素基本为CuMnFe。植物根系对营养元素迁移能力的影响具有明显的区域范围,随着直径1mm有效根密度和根量的增大,根系对土壤元素迁移强度的影响显著增强。     

侵蚀性风化花岗岩坡地土壤发育特性

采用CT扫描技术、X射线荧光光谱仪化学全量分析和实验室土壤理化特性测试方法,对浙江省典型风化花岗岩坡地土壤发育的主要物理指标、化学风化系数及风化强度进行了测量计算,分析了侵蚀环境下不同地貌部位的土壤发育特征。结果表明:坡地土壤的发育程度较弱,土壤分层不明显,不同地貌部位的土壤风化发育程度排序为坡底<坡中<坡顶,与坡面侵蚀强度的排序正好相反。土壤物理风化指标随土层深度增加的变化规律较强,脱硅富铝化过程随着剖面深度的增加越来越弱,物理风化指标和化学风化指标具有同等作用的表征效果,不同于当地地带性土壤发育中以化学风化为主的特性。水力侵蚀强烈地区的最大风化强度位于20-40 cm处,推得水力侵蚀对土壤发育的影响深度为0-40 cm。     

退耕还湖后不同植被群落下湿地土壤有机质及磷素含量差异分析

以菜子湖地区退耕还湖后苔草、芦苇和酸模植被群落下的湿地土壤为研究对象,分析了3种植被群落类型对湿地土壤有机质、全磷、速效磷含量及其在土壤剖面分布特征的影响。结果表明:(1)0-6cm土层土壤有机质含量表现为:酸模>苔草>芦苇,而6-13cm,13-25cm,25-40cm,40-55cm土层均表现为:芦苇>苔草>酸模,总体表现为随着土壤剖面深度增加而下降(2)土壤全磷含量均为0-6cm土层全磷含量较高,6-13cm土层含量最低,全磷含量总体表现为随着剖面深度的增加而递增,递增趋势的强弱表现为:酸模>苔草>芦苇(3)土壤速效磷含量除酸模在0-6cm土层显著大于苔草和芦苇外,其它各个层次间土壤有效磷含量无显著性差异,总体上均表现为随土层加深而下降的趋势(4)除酸模在0-6cm和6-13cm土层的土壤磷素有效率显著高于苔草和芦苇外,其它不同土壤层次间无显著差异。(5)不同植被群落凋落物和根系分布特征差异是引起退耕后湿地土壤剖面有机质和磷素分布差异的主要原因,而水产养殖农家肥投放也促进了湿地表层土壤养分积累。     

土壤胶结物质分布特征及其对黄土大团聚体稳定性的影响

通过对子午岭林区顶级植被辽东栎群落0—100cm土层有机无机胶结物质的含量与类型、土壤大团聚体稳定性进行野外调查采样与室内测定,对胶结物质含量与分布及其对大团聚体稳定性的影响进行了研究,探讨了不同胶结物质对大团聚体稳定性的影响。结果表明:(1)土壤有机碳和碳酸钙含量在剖面上呈现出完全相反的分布规律。有机碳含量随土层的加深而降低,其中0—20cm土层中有机碳含量显著高于20—100cm土层;而碳酸钙含量随土层的加深而增加,其中20—100cm土层中碳酸钙含量显著高于0—20cm土层。土壤黏粒含量随土层的加深逐渐增加,但总体上变化不明显。(2)土壤大团聚体稳定性随土层的加深而降低,其中在20—70cm土层中大团聚体稳定性随土壤深度的增加变化最为剧烈(与0—20cm土层相比,破坏率增加了581.00%)。40—100cm土层中大团聚体破坏率是0—20cm土层中的7.25倍,表明表层大团聚体稳定性远远高于底层。(3)黄土大团聚体稳定性的提高主要取决于土壤有机碳含量。而在有机碳组分中,矿物结合态有机碳对大团聚体稳定性的提高起最直接作用。研究结果揭示了黄土主要胶结物质在土壤剖面中的分布特征,明确了矿物结合态有机碳是直接影响黄土大团聚体稳定性最强烈的胶结物质,这为培育良好的土壤结构体提供了一定的科学依据。     

不同植被恢复措施下剖面根系与SOC的分布特征

根系是影响水土流失和土壤有机碳（SOC）变化的重要因素。在水土流失区,研究不同植被恢复措施下,根系生物量和土壤有机碳的分布特征对了解区域土壤碳循环具有重要意义。在水土流失严重的黄土丘陵沟壑区的燕沟小流域,选择地形条件类似的梁峁坡,采集了10种不同植被治理恢复措施下的剖面（0—100 cm）根系和土壤样品,研究了根系生物量和SOC在剖面的分布特征。结果显示:不同治理措施下的SOC呈现出灌木 > 乔木 > 灌草 > 草本的趋势,而根系生物量呈现出乔木 > 灌木 > 灌草 > 草本的趋势;SOC和细根生物量都随土层深度的增加呈对数递减趋势,但同一土层SOC和细根生物量的分布不一致,且根系比SOC的分布浅。     

施肥深度对生土地玉米根系及根际土壤 肥力垂直分布的影响

为探明施肥深度对生土地玉米(Zea mays L.)地上部生产力、根系及根际土壤肥力的影响,连续2年以黄土母质生土为供试土壤,采用根管土柱法,以不施肥为对照,研究不同深度(0~20 cm、60~80 cm、100~120 cm、140~160 cm和180~200 cm)施用生物有机肥对玉米地上部生产力及根重、根际土壤酶活性、根际土壤养分含量垂直分布的影响。结果表明:1)在0~200 cm土层范围内,随施肥深度的加深,玉米地上部生产力、总根重等指标均呈先增加后减少的规律。施肥深度在100~120 cm处的玉米总根重(52.3 g)及地上部生产力(361.0 g)最大。2)所有施肥深度的根重垂直分布均呈"T"型,以0~20 cm耕层根重最大,占总根重的50%左右,随根系下延,根重明显递减(P0.05)。施肥深度100~120 cm可以获得最大总根重和0~40 cm耕层根重(27.19 g)。根系N、P和K养分积累适中,平均分别为6.60 g·kg~(-1)、2.38 g·kg~(-1)和8.16 g·kg~(-1)。3)施肥明显提高根际土壤酶活性和养分含量。施肥深度为60~80 cm,0~200 cm土层根际土壤脲酶活性较高,介于0.108~0.354 mg(NH3-N)·g~(-1)(soil)·24h~(~(-1));施肥深度为140~160 cm时,0~200 cm土层根际土壤蔗糖酶活性和速效磷含量较高,分别为12.9~19.6 mg(glucose)·g~(-1)(soil)·24h~(-1)和4.31~6.02 mg·kg~(-1);施肥深度180~200 cm,0~200 cm土层根际土壤有机质含量较高,介于5.55~7.14 g·kg~(-1);施肥深度小于100 cm或大于120 cm,0~20 cm土层根际土壤碱性磷酸酶活性和碱解氮含量较高,分别0.497 mg(phenol)·g~(-1)(soil)·24h~(-1)和25.4 mg·kg~(-1)。4)相关分析表明,在生土地上,不同施肥深度处理下,玉米根重、根系NPK营养、根际土壤酶活性及根际土壤NPK营养密切相关。5)根据FACTOR过程和CLUSTER聚类分析,优化得出改良黄土母质生土地玉米冠-根-土系统的适合施肥深度范围为60~160 cm。本研究结果为通过施肥加快生土熟化提供了新的思路。     

草类根系对土壤抗冲性的强化效应

本文以研究草本植物根系密度、根量及土壤抗冲性的剖面特征为基础,首次对不同土层深度根系的减沙效应及提高土壤抗冲性的有效范围进行了定量分析。结果表明,草类根系提高土壤抗冲性的作用与其在剖面中的分布状况的关系极为密切;20cm土层内,根系的减沙效应不受坡度及雨强的影响,减沙效应系数平均在0.82以上。20cm以下土层根系的减沙效应明显降低。根据对不同坡度及雨强下根系提高土壤抗冲性的效应曲线及减沙效应的综合分析,确定出在坡度≤30°、雨强≤4.0mm/min条件下,草类根系密度超过166根/100cm²时对增进土壤抵抗径流冲剧有极其明显的作用,其根系的有效深度下限值为30cm。     

三峡水库消落带几种草本植物根系的垂直分布特征

[目的]明确三峡水库消落带典型草本植物根系分布特征,为三峡消落带的植被恢复提供依据。[方法]在三峡腹地石宝镇消落带选取牛鞭草(Hemarthria altissima)、扁穗牛鞭草(Hemarthria compressa)、双穗雀稗(Paspalum paspaeoides)三种人工恢复草本和自然恢复草本,利用WinRhizo Pro.2009c根系分析系统研究其根系的土壤剖面分布特征。[结果]4种草本类型的的根系主要分布在0—10cm土层,根长密度、根直径(除自然杂草外)、根表面积密度、根体积密度和根尖密度均随土壤深度的增加而呈指数函数减小;除根径外,在整个土层剖面中(0—25cm),3种人工草本的根系指标都要显著高于自然恢复杂草。[结论]4种草本根系发达,对消落带水淹胁迫的适应性强。     

黄土丘陵区典型植物群落根系垂直分布与环境因子的关系

深入研究植被恢复过程中根系与环境因子的响应规律,对于当前西部地区的生态环境建设中有关林草措施的配置问题具有重要理论意义和实践价值。采用对应分析（CA）和典范对应分析（EtA）方法研究黄土丘陵区4种典型植物群落的根系垂直分布特征及其与环境因子的关系。结果表明,所选群落的根系生物量随土层深度增加而明显减小,0～40cm土层根系生物量超过总根量的85％。借助CA分析将根系的垂直分布特征分为T1、T2和T3,其中大多数群落属于T1型,即表层根量聚积型,0～20cm土层根量远高于其他层次;T2和T3型为深根与浅根型根系的组合类型,层次变化相对缓和。群落根系的垂直分布及变化受环境因子的综合影响,T1型分布在硝态氮含量较高且有机质和全氮含量较低的地段;T2和髓型的有机质和全氮含量较高,硝态氮含量较低;土壤水分含量、密度、硝态氮是影响退耕地典型植物群落根系垂直分布特征的主要环境因子。     

风化作用对沟谷型泥石流发育环境的影响研究

地质条件是泥石流发育环境的三大条件之一,其主要作用是为泥石流提供固体物源。风化作用对产生泥石流固体物源的影响很大。以岩石的坚固系数为基础,研究了物理及化学风化对形成泥石流固体物源的影响。研究结果表明:(1)物理风化是形成泥石流物源的主要原因,冰劈作用往往造成强烈的物理风化,有利于泥石流的发育(2)化学风化不直接提供固体物源,但碳酸根离子的存在使化学风化不利于泥石流的发育。研究得出岩石坚固系数的物理风化和化学风化修正方法,最终得到形成泥石流的地质因子。形成泥石流的地质因子在汶川地震影响区内判别泥石流的暴发与否的应用研究中取得了较好的结果。     

南极Fildes半岛地衣在风化和成土过程中的作用

Lichens play an unparalleledly vital role in weathering and soil-forming processes in Antarctic region,In this study some related chemical components and micromorphological analyses have been carried out on the samples of the weathered rocks and the lichens grown on them from Files Peninsula,Antarctic,The results indicatied that the major chemical components in the bioweathering surface layer of the sampled rocks have been obviously altered and the weathering potential in this layer has greatly decreased by and average range around 4.66 percent in 4 samples,In the weathering surface layer ferruginiztion of some minerals in varying degress was seen by means of microscopic examination through the thin section of the weathered rocks,and its products proved to be dominated by hematitie,limonite,goethite and free iron oxides Meanwhile,the study suggested that the dissolution and absorption of lichens by their secretion accelerated the process of calcitization of minerals in the bio-weathering suface layer,Eventually,the results also show that different species of lichens play different roles in weathering and soil-forming proesses.     

花岗岩风化壳崩岗侵蚀剖面风化强度和粒度分布特征

结合粒度法和化学风化指标法分析了花岗岩风化壳崩岗侵蚀剖面,结果显示:（1）粒度组成以粉砂砾组分最多,平均值为52.52%,砂砾组分为38.38%,黏粒组分最少,平均值为9.09%。4~63 μm粉砂粒组分分别与<1 μm细黏粒组分、<4 μm黏粒组分正相关性较好;>63 μm的砂砾组分与中值砾径呈显著正相关性,与<1 μm细黏粒组分、<4 μm黏粒组分、4~63 μm粉砂粒组分呈显著的负相关性。剖面580~780 cm深度可能是崩岗侵蚀起源区域。（2）化学蚀变指数CIA、风化淋溶系数BA、残积系数Ki和退碱系数Bc一致表明,崩岗侵蚀剖面的化学风化程度高。风化强度从底部往上呈现先小幅度递减而后波动递增的变化趋势。（3）风化参数指标和粒度线性相关性分析得知,化学风化作用强度增强,<1 μm细黏粒组分、<4 μm黏粒组分、4~63 μm粉砂粒组分增加,>63 μm砂砾组分减少。化学风化作用减弱,<4 μm黏粒组分、4~63 μm粉砂粒组分减少,>63 μm砂砾组分增多。     

Effect of Fine Root Contact on Plant-Induced Weathering of Basalt

The objective of the present study was to provide experimental evidence on the active role of plant roots in rock weathering and the importance of the proximity of roots to rock in the weathering process. The analysis was based on the release of different elements from basalt rock particles by three crop species: rice, soybean and maize. Quantitative results were obtained by chemical analyses. We designed two types of hydroponic crop pots, in which fine roots were allowed (or not allowed) to make contact with rock particles by using coarse (or fine) net bags. Experiments were carried out in a controlled glasshouse during a 42 d period. The release of elements in the presence of the plants was calculated by subtracting the decrease in the amounts of elements in the media from the amounts absorbed by the plants. We observed the positive effect of plants on the release of elements from the rock particles and the highest amounts were released in the soybean pots. The amounts of Si, Ca, Mg, Mn and Al released increased by a factor of 2–5, 2–7, 16–112, 3–19 and 6–60, respectively. The amount of Fe released by soybean plants from the rock particles was 4–6 times higher than that by other plants. Between the coarse and fine net pots, the amount of released elements differed significantly only for soybean (Si, Mg and Mn at p < 0.01 level and Fe at p < 0.05 level), which displayed the most vigorous growth. Our results imply that weathering may be caused partially by the absorption of nutrient elements directly through the interface of fine roots and rock particles, and is most likely associated with alterations of the local rhizosphere conditions surrounding the roots.     

Effect of Fine Root Contact on Plant-Induced Weathering of Basalt

The objective of the present study was to provide experimental evidence on the active role of plant roots in rock weathering and the importance of the proximity of roots to rock in the weathering process. The analysis was based on the release of different elements from basalt rock particles by three crop species: rice, soybean and maize. Quantitative results were obtained by chemical analyses. We designed two types of hydroponic crop pots, in which fine roots were allowed (or not allowed) to make contact with rock particles by using coarse (or fine) net bags. Experiments were carried out in a controlled glasshouse during a 42 d period. The release of elements in the presence of the plants was calculated by subtracting the decrease in the amounts of elements in the media from the amounts absorbed by the plants. We observed the positive effect of plants on the release of elements from the rock particles and the highest amounts were released in the soybean pots. The amounts of Si, Ca, Mg, Mn and Al released increased by a factor of 2–5, 2–7, 16–112, 3–19 and 6–60, respectively. The amount of Fe released by soybean plants from the rock particles was 4–6 times higher than that by other plants. Between the coarse and fine net pots, the amount of released elements differed significantly only for soybean (Si, Mg and Mn at p < 0.01 level and Fe at p < 0.05 level), which displayed the most vigorous growth. Our results imply that weathering may be caused partially by the absorption of nutrient elements directly through the interface of fine roots and rock particles, and is most likely associated with alterations of the local rhizosphere conditions surrounding the roots.     

Amelioration Effects of Pedogenetic Acidification Process on Physical Properties of Soils in Japanese Non-Volcanic Areas with Special Reference to Charge Characteristics

The charge characteristics and physical properties of acid soils were compared with those of reference clays to elucidate the effect of the pedogenetic acidification process on soil physicochemical properties. The soil physics such as clay dispersibility and aggregate stability of the acid soils are considered to be ameliorated by acidification process, which is attributable to the increase in amorphous Al hydroxides and interlayering of 2:1 clays. This means that the pedogenetic acidification process plays an important role in maintaining a desirable soil structure in Japanese non-volcanic areas from the aspect of environmental conservation. The involved mechanism was discussed with special reference to the modification of charge characteristics of clays and binding agents between soil particles.     

不同岩性风化物分形特征及其与渗透系数关系研究

为了探讨不同岩性风化物的结构组成和渗透性能,在野外采样和室内分析的基础上,选择小江流域9种岩性风化物作为研究对象,采用分形理论,分析了不同岩性风化物的分形特征及其与渗透系数之间的关系。结果表明:（1）岩性风化物具有显著的分形特征,分形维数值为2.567～2.833,其关系为白云岩 > 砂岩 > 第四纪沉积 > 玄武岩 > 千枚岩 > 泥质灰岩 > 粉砂岩 > 板岩 > 泥岩;（2）分形维数与 < 0.005,0.005～0.05 mm的粒径含量呈极显著正相关,与10～20,20～40,40～60 mm的粒径含量呈极显著负相关,与其他粒径含量相关性不显著;（3）多元线性回归分析发现, < 0.05 mm的粒径是决定不同岩性风化物分形维数的决定粒径;（4）分形维数与渗透系数呈显著的一次函数关系:y=-276.84x+810.66,分形维数越大,细颗粒物质越多,渗透系数越小,渗透能力越差。因此,分形维数可以作为表征不同岩性风化物粒级组成和渗透性能的参数,可以为泥石流起动发生的研究提供一定的理论依据。     

Distribution of iron oxides forms on a transect of calcareous soils,north-west of Iran

The iron oxides fractions of four major physiographic units obtained from a transect of calcareous materials were studied to assess the effects of key pedogenic processes and local hydrology conditions as well as physiographic units in controlling iron oxides forms in the north-west of Iran. Samples from different horizons belonging to six pedons were selected and analyzed for soil physicochemical properties, clay minerals, and Fe oxides forms (Fe_d, Fe_o, Fe_p). In general, the soils indicated some variation in the concentration of iron oxides that could be related to rate of weathering, pedogenic accumulations, geomorphologic conditions (as results of different in physiographic units), wet and dry cycle, and organic matter. A wide relative variation in mean values of Fe_d (6.4–9.9 g kg^?1), Fe_o (2.9–4 g kg^?1), and Fe_p (0.68–1.3 g kg^?1) was observed among physiographic units. On the plateau unit, the presence of the most stable geomorphologic conditions and high rate in situ weathering (reflected in clay content), coupled with minor deposition of sediment suggest that the soils have more dynamic conditions than other units, reflecting in the greatest amount Fe_d and the lowest Fe_o/Fe_d ratio. Fe_d content of the soils containing less clay content (15–25%) was significantly different from those with greater clay content (25–35%).     

Particle size fractions and pedogenesis of coastal plain sands

This study established the influence of particle size fractions (psf) on the characteristics of coastal plain soils of southeastern Nigeria. A total of 180 samples were collected according to genetic horizons on 30 profile pits prepared on the upper, middle, and lower slope positions of 10 toposequences. The samples were analyzed for hydraulic conductivity, pH, bulk density, moisture content, electrical conductivity, exchangeable bases and acidity, organic carbon, available and total phosphorus (P) contents, dithionite citrate bicarbonate (DCB) extractable and amorphous iron and aluminum (Al) contents. Particle size distribution was also analyzed, including total sand, very coarse, coarse, medium, fine and very fine sand, clay, and silt. Statistical analysis carried out included analysis of variance, correlation, and principal component. Very coarse sand influenced the distribution of P and DCB-Al within the toposequences. Active pedogenesis was located in the fourth horizons of the profiles that manifest inverse relationship of very coarse sand with P and amorphous Al. The association between sand particles and sesquioxides, especially of Al, was responsible for the low pH associated with coastal plain soils. Principal component analysis confirmed that total sand fractions are the determinants of rate and extent of pedogenesis and influences the properties of coastal plain soils.     

南极Fildes半岛成土过程中不同时期的岩石风化趋势

From the view of energy state of material,this paper introduces a concept a concept of weathering potential in carrying out quantitative calculation of the relevant products at different stages of rock-weathering and primary soil-forming processes,elaborates respectively on weathering degree in the bio-weathering layer of rocks and during the formation of soil material and clay,and evaluats the further tendency of weathering in the above-mentioned stages.The authors have discovered that the scales of weathering potential of the materials increase successively in the three stages,which indicates that the products in the above-mentioned three stages must have undergone stronger and stronger weathering in the primitive forming process of soil in Fildes Peninsula,Antarctic.But,Because of relatively weak chemical weathering,it is reasonable that there are much more skeleton grains and little clay in priamry soils in this region.Meanwhile the authors have also verified that the weathering potential of crde rock determines to some extent decrease in the products‘ weathering potential in the different stages in primary soil-forming,thereby plays an important role in the genesis and development of the primary soil in the studied area.