铁锰复合污染对美洲商陆生物毒性及超积累特性的影响

采用溶液培养法研究了铁(0,0.5,1 mmol/L)和锰(0,4,8 mmol/L)复合污染对美洲商陆发芽、胚根伸长抑制率及植株体内铁锰含量的影响。结果表明,不同浓度铁锰处理均抑制种子发芽和胚根伸长,当铁浓度为0.5 mmol/L时,随着锰浓度的升高抑制作用减弱,当铁浓度为1 mmol/L时种子发芽及胚根伸长受到明显抑制,添加锰不能起到缓解作用;铁浓度一定时,随着锰浓度的增加,植株根部铁含量明显下降,当锰浓度一定时,随着铁浓度的升高从根部向地上部转运的锰减少;相关分析和多元回归分析表明,美洲商陆体内各部分铁锰含量与锰处理浓度偏相关程度较高,均达极显著水平,尤以根部含量影响最为显著,其中锰处理浓度与植株内锰含量呈正相关,与铁含量呈负相关;美洲商陆在复合污染处理14 d后锰积累量高于7 d的积累量,且地上部锰积累量大于地下部,说明美洲商陆适宜在一定浓度范围内的铁锰复合污染进行植物修复。     

水稻锰毒与铁素营养关系的研究

通过水培试验，研究了水稻锰毒与铁素营养关系，并探讨了过量锰对一些生理指标的影响。试验结果表明：地上部是生长介质中过量锰对水稻危害的主要部位；过量的锰增加铁在水稻根系的沉积，减少铁的吸收，改变体内铁的分布，降低铁的活性，诱发水稻缺铁胁迫；过量锰缺铁胁迫的水稻正常代谢受阻，叶片叶绿素、蛋白质含量减少，过氧化氢酶活性降低，而过氧化物酶活性增加     

应用玻璃碳电极伏安法测定锰有机络合物的稳定常数

土壤中金属离子有机络合物稳定常数的测定,在土壤学研究中有多方面的意义。例如,土壤中铁、锰络合物的稳定性与铁、锰的移动,对植物的有效性及毒性均有密切的关系。     

铁、镁、锌营养胁迫对植物体内活性氧代谢影响机制

活性氧是植物体内常见的一类自由基,对植物有很强的伤害。本文总结了铁、镁、锌元素胁迫影响植物体内活性氧代谢机制。铁对于催化植物体内的Haber-Weiss反应产生活性氧具有重要作用。镁诱导植物体内活性氧代谢失调与光氧化有密切关系。缺锌条件下,植物体内活性氧含量升高,其机制是多方面的:NADPH氧化酶氧化能力提高,O2产生增多;体内铁浓度升高,增强了铁诱导的活性氧的产生;光氧化伤害加重;清除系统活性降低。     

铁锰氧化矿物添加对土壤镉有效态及生物效应的影响

利用铁锰氧化矿物对土壤中镉的吸附特性,研究了镉污染的土壤中施加铁锰氧化矿物后对土壤中镉的有效态及植物有效性的影响,结果表明：在土壤中添加铁锰氧化矿物后,土壤中镉的有效态含量明显降低;铁锰氧化矿物对土壤中镉的吸附在十天左右达到平衡;在相同的加入量,软锰矿比针铁矿的吸附效果好;利用数量化理论预测法,建立了氧化矿物加入量和土壤中镉含量及理化性质之间关系的预测模型,预测精度较好;通过温室土培试验,几种植物添加铁锰氧化矿物后镉的总量明显降低,证明添加铁锰氧化矿物可以明显降低土壤中镉的生物有效性。     

转大麦烟酰胺合成酶基因提高水稻逆境胁迫耐受性的研究

维持铁等金属离子的动态平衡是保持植物细胞功能正常的先决条件。烟酰胺合成酶基因在单子叶禾本科的缺铁胁迫应答反应中起着关键作用,它的催化产物烟酰胺(NA)是铁及其他二价金属离子在体内吸收和转运的重要载体,且能与Fe2+结合形成Fe2+-NA复合物,从而使植物在酸性土壤中免受铁毒害。利用农杆菌介导法,将大麦烟酰胺合成酶基因NASHOR1转入水稻台北309中,经PCR及PCR-Southern杂交检测,确定目的基因已经整合到水稻基因组中。铁、锰、铜和锌含量的检测结果显示:与非转基因对照植株相比,转基因植株的金属元素含量都明显提高,铜、锌、锰和铁元素含量分别增加了15%、80%、31%和44%,但铁、锰和锌元素增量在株系间差异较大。在干旱胁迫下,转基因植株的超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性和脯氨酸含量都高于非转基因对照植株的,暗示大麦烟酰胺合酶基因在一定程度上提高了水稻的耐旱性。     

土壤硅磷元素交互作用研究进展

介绍并讨论了国内外有关土壤硅、磷两种元素交互作用的研究动态与进展。硅、磷元素在植物体内的交互作用并非由于硅在生理上代替了植物对磷的需要,而是由于硅的存在降低了过量铁、锰、铝等金属离子的毒害,从而改善了植物的磷素营养。硅、磷元素可以相互促进肥效,提高各自的生物利用率。二者在土壤中存在着竞争性吸附关系,其中土壤对磷的吸附结合能更大。磷的施用不仅降低了土壤对硅的吸附,而且增加了硅的解吸。     

土壤锰毒与植物锰的毒害

本文介绍了土壤中锰的化学行为及锰对植物生长的影响,锰毒与植物营养的关系及植物耐锰性等方面的研究进展作了报导,对植物的锰毒症状、锰毒的诊断与防治作了叙述。     

高岭矿铜锌矿废弃尾矿植物分布及超量积累金属元素植物研究

对高岭土矿，铜锌矿废弃尾矿的植物分布及体内金属元素的积累进行了调查分析。结果表明，新废弃劣质高岭土，呈酸性，寸草不长，但堆放了5－6年后，稀有植物分布，可生长狼把草（Penniserum alopecuroides)一种植物，被铜锌矿尾矿污染的土壤，仅生长柔枝萎竹（Microstegium vimineum(Trin.)A.Camus) ,稗草（Echinochloa crusgalli(L.)Beauv.)两种植物，柔枝萎竹能富集锌，锰，铜，铁等离子，稗草可富集锌，锰离子，狼把草可生长在酸性环境，也可富集锌，锰离子。     

萘乙酸对锰胁迫下甘蔗生长及铁锰含量的影响

近年来,广西地区的甘蔗多出现黄化失绿现象,对甘蔗产量和品质造成了严重影响。现有研究表明甘蔗黄化失绿症状是由于土壤中锰离子过多引起的锰中毒现象,而植物生长调节剂生长素对锰胁迫下甘蔗生长发育有一定调控作用。探讨不同浓度的生长素萘乙酸(0、50、1 000μmol·L-1NAA)对锰胁迫下甘蔗的生长情况及铁锰含量的影响。结果表明,外施生长素能有效缓解锰对植物的毒害作用,生长素施用组的甘蔗根系生长状况(如根长、根表面、根尖数等)比对照组好;外施萘乙酸能显著影响甘蔗根系铁、锰含量及铁锰膜中铁锰含量,可减少甘蔗对锰离子的吸收,增加对铁离子的吸收,显著降低甘蔗根部铁锰膜中铁锰含量,缓解锰胁迫作用。     

GROWTH AND IRON-MANGANESE RELATIONSHIPS IN DRY BEAN AS AFFECTED BY FOLIAR AND SOIL APPLICATIONS OF IRON AND MANGANESE IN A CALCAREOUS SOIL

Manganese (Mn) deficiency may be induced by adding large quantities of iron (Fe), provided that soil manganese is marginally deficient. Results of a greenhouse study showed that iron soil application did not influence shoot dry matter yield of dry bean due to the fact that the iron:manganese ratio in aerial parts of dry bean was higher than 0.4. A foliar spray of 2% iron sulfate significantly reduced it probably due to the high level of shoot iron and iron:manganese ratio greater than 4. Iron application decreased concentration/uptake of shoot manganese due to the iron-manganese antagonistic relationships. Mangenese soil application is not an effective method in correction of manganese deficiency induced by iron fertilizers. Iron did not affect root manganese uptake, indicating that manganese absorption was not affected by iron application. Both manganese/iron soil tests are recommended in calcareous soils with manganese soil test in marginal range.     

铁锰营养失衡对商陆根系分泌物的影响

以商陆为实验材料,用水培方法设置了8个实验处理:Fe0Mn0(对照),Fe0Mn-,Fe0Mn ,Fe-Mn0,Fe-Mn-,Fe-Mn ,Fe Mn0,Fe Mn-,Fe Mn 。处理30 d时,对根系分泌物中可溶性糖、总氨基酸、pH值以及根系质膜透性进行测定。结果表明,Fe-Mn-的可溶性糖含量稍高于对照,其余各处理组均低于对照,Fe0Mn ,Fe Mn 达到显著水平;氨基酸含量在铁锰失衡条件下普遍有所增加,其中Fe-Mn0分泌的氨基酸含量最大,与对照差异显著;除Fe0Mn 外,各处理组的pH值与对照组相比都显著增加,其中以铁毒处理组(Fe Mn0,Fe Mn ,Fe Mn-)的增加率最高;铁毒处理组(Fe Mn0,Fe Mn ,Fe Mn-)使商陆根系质膜透性增加,对商陆根系造成一定的伤害。总体而言,铁锰的缺乏或过量都会引起商陆根系分泌物含量的变化,其中以铁胁迫和锰毒对其影响最大;另外,相对单铁或单锰处理而言,铁锰之间的交互作用对商陆根系分泌物的变化也有一定的影响。     

分光光度法测定有机肥料中铜、铁、锌、锰含量

探索用分光光度法测定有机肥料中的微量元素铜(Cu)、铁(Fe)、锌(Zn)、锰(Mn)含量,并研究了显色反应的酸度条件、干扰因素及消除方法。该检测方法简单快速,可应用于有机肥生产企业中微量元素铜、铁、锌、锰的测定。     

Effects of Long-Term Inorganic and Organic Fertilization on Soil Micronutrient Status

Soil micronutrients were studied on loess soil with an 18-year long-term experiment. The results indicated that total soil iron and copper contents were similar under all treatments, but total soil manganese and zinc contents were significantly greater at the surface soil in the fertilized plots than in the controls, and total manganese contents were significantly greater in the whole soil profile under manure plus inorganic fertilizers than under controls. Generally, application of inorganic fertilizers had no effects on available soil micronutrient contents. The straw plus inorganic fertilizers significantly increased available manganese content at surface soil and available iron in subsurface soils. However, manure plus inorganic fertilizers significantly augmented soil-available iron contents throughout the profile, and raised available manganese, copper, and zinc contents, respectively, at surface soil relative to controls. The results suggest that long-term input of organic amendments alter the properties of soil and increase its plant-available micronutrient contents.     

黄土和塿土中Fe, Mn, Cu和Zn向植物根部移动的机理

The pot experiments were conducted in the artificial climate laboratories to determine the relative importance of mass flow and diffusion in supplying Fe, Mn, Cu and Zn to wheat, soybean and maize plants growing in loessal soil and lou soil. It was found that the calculated relative contribution of mass flow of iron, manganese, copper and zinc to plant uptake varied from 5% to more than 100%, depending on the crop species and soil types as well as plant growth stage, soil moisture, atmosphere humidity, etc. The results also showed that the major transportation mechanisms of these micronutrients in soil-root system varied with the crop and its growth, climate and soil, significantly. In general, mass flow was more important for Cu and Zn and diffusion was more significant for Fe and Mn at the seedling stage.     

由石灰性冲积物发育而来的排水不良和排水良好的土壤中游离氧化物的分布

A study on the distribution of free iron and manganese oxides was conducted in soils developed on calcareous alluvial deposits under subhumid climatic conditions, in Western Greece. Soil samples from two well drained soils and from two poorly drained soils, classified as Alfisols, were collected and used in this study. After certification of soil homogeneity the acid ammonium oxalate and dithionite-citrate-bicaxbonate methods were used to extract free iron and manganese oxides from the samples. Iron oxides extracted by the dithionite-citrate-bicarbonate method (Fed) were significantly higher than the iron oxides extracted by the ammonium oxalate method (Feo), indicating that a considerable fraction is present in crystalline forms, independent of drainage status. A confirmation of free iron oxides and fine clay was detected. The ratios Feo/Fed and (Fed-Feo)/total Fe (Fet) could not be used to distinguish the well drained soils from the poorly drained soils. Manganese movement in a soluble form is independent of the fine clay.     

成都市地下水中铁、锰变化规律及成因分析

特殊的水文地质环境和气候是影响成都地下水铁、锰离子形成分布的主要因素，对成都市近10年的地下水动态监测资料和水文地质勘探资料的分析，初步探讨了铁、锰离子的分布形成规律及其影响因素。     

植稻年限对土壤铁锰氧化物的影响

以浙江不同耕作年限水田和旱地为研究对象,探讨了植稻年限对土壤铁锰氧化物的影响,并揭示了水稻土发育过程中铁锰氧化物的剖面运移规律和诊断意义。结果表明:①土壤剖面中,全Fe、游离Fe及全Mn的变异随着种稻时间的延长而增大。种植达到一定年限时,全Fe、全Mn以及游离Fe在土壤剖面下层出现淀积。在各种铁锰氧化物中,对水稻土最具诊断意义的是游离Fe和全Fe。②无定形Fe以及络合态Fe、Mn与有机质呈显著正相关。植稻年限对它们的影响是通过对有机质的影响达到的。     

SILICON NUTRITION AND PHYTOPHTHORA DRECHSLERI INFECTION EFFECTS ON GROWTH AND MINERAL NUTRIENTS CONCENTRATION,UPTAKE, AND RELATIVE TRANSLOCATION IN HYDROPONIC-GROWN CUCUMBER

A hydroponic experiment was performed to investigate silicon (Si) and Phytophthora drechsleri root rot effects on growth and tissue partitioning of Si, zinc (Zn), iron (Fe), and manganese (Mn) in two cucumber cultivars (Cucumis sativus L. cvs. ‘Dominus’ and ‘Super Dominus’). Root length, plant height, and root fresh weight were significantly decreased by P. drechsleri, which were all significantly alleviated by 1.0 mM Si. Increasing Si level in the nutrient solution was accompanied with its enhanced uptake by cucumbers. Plants infected with P. drechsleri transported lower Mn to shoot than non-infected plants. Influence of P. drechsleri infection on root Fe concentration was dependent on cucumber cultivar while a decrease in root Zn concentration was found in infected cucumbers. Silicon nutrition increased Zn and Fe uptake in both cucumber cultivars. It is suggested that Si nutrition improved the crop growth, particularly under biotic stress, and hereby, increased micronutrients uptake by cucumber.